Kazan Kremlin Research Articles

Kazan Kremlin during the Civil War in Russia

Based on archival sources, facts characterizing the state and use of the buildings of the Kazan Kremlin during the Civil War are analyzed. This period is primarily associated with the deployment of military units in the Kremlin and the deployment of command courses for the Red Army here.

International Symposium on Sculpture "Stone Melody (Tash Mony)" in the Kazan Kremlin: a space for artistic research and experimentation

The article analyzes works of sculpture, created during the international symposium in Kazan under the guidance of the author, that, after being installed in the Kazan Kremlin, became objects of attraction for tourists and guests of the Republic. Various stylistic approaches are described in detail in the disclosure of the theme performed by sculptors representing the national schools of the Turkic world (Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Crimea, Turkey, Tatarstan), accumulating Eastern and Western European traditions in their worklong or recent past.

The influence of Italian architectural traditions on the formation of the appearance of the Suyumbike tower of the Kazan Kremlin

This article examines options for cultural and historical understanding by humanitarians of the architectural style of the Suyumbike tower. The authors consider the influence of the architectural traditions of the Apennine Peninsula of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance on the architectural concept of the Suyumbike Tower. The hypothesis of "Italian influence" is confirmed in the facts of the biographies of famous architects Aristotle Fioravanti and Pietro Antonio Solari, who arrived in Russia in the 17th century from the Apennine Peninsula. The contribution of Apennine masters to the development of the architecture of the Kazan Kremlin is assessed. The authors made a comparison of the historical iconography of the Suyumbike Tower of the Kazan Kremlin and modern versions of its artistic reconstructions. The conclusion is made about the productivity of cultural and historical synthesis in the architectural appearance of the Kazan tower Suyumbike, which incorporated elements of the Italian and Eastern style, rethought by Russian architects.

По следам выставки «Завет братьев Буби» в Музее исламской культуры

The mission of the Museum of Islamic Culture in the Kazan Kremlin is to popularize the heritage of Tatar educators and theologians. The Nigmatullin-Bubi brothers are among those whose contribution to the development and reform of Muslim education is presented both in the main exposition and as part of temporary exhibitions. The article discusses the exhibition presented to the general public in 2021–2022 in connection with the anniversaries of both the brothers Gabdulla and Gubaidulla Nigmatullin-Bubi themselves, and since the founding of the madrasah in Izh-Bobya (240 years). The article presents the concept of the exhibition, the stages of preparing the exposition, and identifies the main partners.

The Chemical and Structural Peculiarities of the Kazan Khanate Cast-Iron Cookware in the 14th–15th Centuries

The article presents the results of the examination of the fragments of cast-iron cauldrons found in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, which date back to the period of the Kazan Khanate in the 14th–15th centuries. The examination of the samples of cast-iron cookware was carried out using the methods of scanning electron microscopy and optical emission spectroscopy. We analyzed the structure and the micro-trace composition of the samples of Kazan cast-iron and undertook its comparative study with the samples of Bolgar and Juketaw cast-iron cookware. We found out that the fragments of cast-iron articles from the Kazan Kremlin are characterized by a wide variety of technologies and chemical composition, in the sample there are both pro-Bolgar samples and those that are chemically and structurally different from it. The correlation analysis of the trace elements of Bolgar, Kazan and Juketaw cast-iron allowed to establish alleged markers of the iron-bearing ore in the territory of the Volga region, which together with other Golden Horde samples may help to understand the phenomenon of the extension of iron foundry tradition and its artefacts in the region. The study also provided convincing evidence of the existence of a link between iron foundry traditions in the Middle Volga region during the two-century period.

Non-Glazed Ceramics from Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin on the Basis of Works by N.F. Kalinin

Non-Glazed Ceramics from Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin on the Basis of Works by N.F. Kalinin

Non-Glazed Ceramics from Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin on the Basis of Works by N.F. Kalinin

Non-Glazed Ceramics from Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin on the Basis of Works by N.F. Kalinin

모스크바 러시아의 팽창과 정교회 수도원 : 16-17세기 볼가 지역의 관리기관적 기능을 중심으로

This study aims to analyze the process of the Orthodoxy monastery’ role as managing function for the state during the 16‐17 century. The Muscovy expanded its territory towards eastern areas over Ivan Ⅲ, Vasilly Ⅲ, Ivan Ⅳ periods, and simultaneously the monastery widened its size in quantity. This situation resulted from the fact that the Golden Horde was divided into some small countries, in addition that the Muscovy became stronger than before. From a political and economic point of view, Ivan IV decided to take the decision of the eastern march in order to take full control of the trading rights of Volga. It is interpreted as the basis of the securing of the Volga river route that the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 were subsequently subjugated. But the conquer over the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate did not work perfectly in the entire institutional framework of the Muscovy. It was necessary to cooperate with the monastery as a partner to assist the deficient state institutions. In this process, the monastery took charge of the management of the new area while receiving economic privileges from Tsar. Typically, the Zilantov monastery near the Kazan Kremlin fortress had commercial interests such as the right to collect fishing and tolls, and it also had a function as a landlord to utilize the serfdoms. The authority of the monastery based on the edicts of the Tsar became an opportunity for the monastery to be deeply involved in the movement of goods such as honey, wax, fish and horses. The commercial network of the city and the country monasteries has obviously become a link between the central and the regional places. And the collection of the taxes required by the monastery on behalf of the government resulted in a further increase in the monastic economic benefits.

Origins of Lead Glaze Technology of the Ceramics of Kazan Kremlin

Relevance of the studied problem is conditioned by a possibility to recovery information on the time and place of vessels production that allows to set the directions of trade relations and to establish a level of technologies development and features of vocational schools. The article studies the fragments of glazed ceramic pottery found on the territory of Kazan Kremlin from 1994 to 2001. The main research method of a problem was the method of the emission spectrum analysis. Study of the element glaze composition showed that it is made of the so-called "lead" compounding and has a chemical composition similar to ceramics from the large production centers that existed during various periods: Kadikalesi in Turkey (12th -13th centuries) and in the cities of the Crimea of the 13th -14th centuries. The conducted researches show continuity of production technologies of glazed ceramics of different schools. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s5p297

Typology of Glazed Ceramics of the Kazan Khanate and Analysis of Its Element Composition

Studying on archaeological material the history of the Kazan Kremlin which was included in the list of UNESCO in 2000 is an actual problem because of the limited written sources remained. The aim of the work is to study the features of trade and craft traditions of the late Middle Ages Kazan on the example of ceramic artifacts. The authors applied a complex of analytic methods which included morphology and element composition of glaze: samples of glazed ceramics with green, brown and blue glaze. The chemical composition of glaze of three ceramics samples was determined in the article by two methods. They are the emission spectroscopy and the method of electron microscopy. The good comparability of analytical data of two independent methods is shown in the article. Both advantages and disadvantages of each type of the analysis are given. The data on a chemical composition in the article show that two samples of the glaze is lead, the third sample is lead-tin with an addition of ash (that is sodium and potassium). Results of the article revealed an optimal range of analytical procedures for the studying of glazed ceramics and may be useful as methodical material for archeometric researches.

Interrelation of the Phase Composition and Durability of More than 800 Year Old Brick for the Example of the Kazan Kremlin

Research has shown that mullite in brick from the Kazan kremlin crystallizes in the form of primary (‘flaky’) mullite, pseudomorphs of glass with needle-shaped mullite in terms of feldspar, and pseudomorphs of glass with short-prismatic mullite. Mossbauer absorption spectra showed that in the brick studied mainly hematite was found on the surface and magnetite in the interior volume.

О кладе русских монет XV–XVI вв., обнаруженом в Казанском Кремле 4 мая 1909 г.

О кладе русских монет XV–XVI вв., обнаруженом в Казанском Кремле 4 мая 1909 г.

Post-Socialist Transition and Remaking the City: Political Construction of Heritage in Tatarstan

Heritage is becoming a significant element of the urban landscape of the post-socialist city. The emerging contested landscapes reflect new political identities and competition between different political actors for influence. In the 1990s, state-sovereignty movements in Russia's ethnic republics gave rise to urban projects aimed at expressing the ideas of nation building, ethnic and religious awareness and new interpretations of the past. The article explores the role of the state in creating heritage discourses and practices by using as a case study the ‘resurrection’ of the Kul-Sharif Mosque in the Kazan Kremlin in the period 1995–2005.

The Politics of the City Image: The Resurrection of the Kul-Sharif Mosque in the Kazan Kremlin (1995-2005)

This article studies the resurrection of the Kul-Sharif Mosque in the Kazan Kremlin in the context of the political transformations that Russia and the Republic of Tatarstan went through in the 1990s. The original structure was destroyed in 1552 when Ivan the Terrible conquered the capital of then Kazan Khanate. In 1990 the Republic of Tatarstan declared its sovereign status. The mosque was cited as a symbol of the heroic resistance to the Russian invaders, restoration of the Tatarstani statehood and cultural revival of the Tatar nation. The mosque became an essential part of the new image of Kazan, the capital city of Tatarstan. The article explores the mechanisms that brought the project into being and attempts to conceptualize the links between the image of the city and political and economic forces of the society.

Electromagnetic sounding and high-precision gravimeter survey define ancient stone building remains in the territory of Kazan Kremlin (Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)

Electromagnetic sounding and high-precision gravimeter survey define ancient stone building remains in the territory of Kazan Kremlin (Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)

Complex geophysical investigations for studying the cultural layer and remains of ancient buildings in the territory of Kazan Kremlin, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

Complex geophysical investigations for studying the cultural layer and remains of ancient buildings in the territory of Kazan Kremlin, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia