Kazakh Steppe Research Articles

ReligioustraditioninmedievalTurkishliterature

This article is about the influence of medieval Turkic literature on the Kazakh literature ofthe 19th century. It is known that the task of making broad and complex distinctions in the direction of thepoetic, historical and spiritual continuity of the Kazakh poetry of the 19th century with medieval TurkicliterarymonumentsisnowbecomingabranchofKazakhliterarycriticism.Theworksofrepresentativesof medieval Turkish literature Yusuf Balasaguni, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Khoja Ahmed Yassawi and theirinfluence onKazakhliteraturewerenoted.DuetothefactthattheresearchdirectionsofthehistoryofKazakhliteratureweremainlyformedand established in the Soviet period, the religious foundations of the literary heritage have always beenevaluated in negative and negative directions, which had a significant negative impact on the recognitionofheritageonapurelyscientificbasis.Theprocessofassimilationofthedeeplyrootedspiritualheritageof the Turkic-speaking tribes into Islam in the scope of historical and artistic prerequisites beganto becomprehensivelystudiedinthenextfortyyears.However, it becomes obvious that the significance of the literary heritage in revealing the place ofIslamic cultureinKazakhspiritualityis recognizedinthedirectionofa comprehensivestudy.Theinfluence of Turkic literature on the Kazakh literature of the 19th century was considered bydifferentiating theworksofSufiliteratureandKhojaAhmetYassawi.In the 19th century, the tradition of qissa, nazira created a significant creative fieldinthe formation ofan exegetical tradition -an explanation of the foundations of religion in the Kazakh steppe. The beginningoftheexegeticaltraditionintheKazakhliteratureofthe19thcenturyisthehistoryoftheformationofthe Islamic religion in the Kazakh land, the historical situation of a particular period, the problem of theavailability of Islamic literature in the field of spirituality. in the Kazakh steppe, etc. This is due to dozensofhistorical,socialandpoliticalfactors.

Конституционный смысл «Устава Страны Казахов» Б. Сырттанулы (С.Б. Алашинского)

At the beginning of the twentieth century there were two directions of the national liberation movement in the Kazakh steppe, whose representatives assessed the possible ways of liberation of the Kazakh people from colonial dependence in different ways. The national-religious intelligentsia preferred the Islamization of the population in the family of the Muslim peoples of Russia, which, as a powerful cohesive religious force, would be able to break the chains of colonial dependence and lead the peoples to freedom and independence. Another direction of the national liberation movement is represented by the so-called ‘Westerners’ – the advanced national intelligentsia, which absorbed the ideas and values of the European humanitarian and democratic culture. The ideological foundations and postulates of these movements were fundamentally different, although their ultimate goal – the liberation of the people from colonial dependence, was the same. In strengthening the foundations of the ideology of the "Westerners", the essay on the history of the Kazakhs by A.N. Bukeikhan Kirghiz and the Charter of the Country of the Kazakhs developed by B. Syrttanuly on the initiative of the former played a key role. At the same time, in A. Bukeikhan’s essay, the lands originally inhabited by Kazakhs, and in the Charter of the Country of Kazakhs, the constitutional model of a parliamentary republic is presented, whose jurisdiction should be extended to this territory. Thus, the marginal boundaries of the Kazakhs’ residence were to become the state borders of the Republic of the Country of the Kazakhs.

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ВОЕННОЙ УКРЕПЛЕННОЙ ЛИНИИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПАВЛОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ В XVIII В. И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РУССКОЙ ТОПОНИМИИ В КРАЕ

The settlement of the northeastern region by the non-ethnic Russian population was a long process, which included the systematic advance of the Cossack and peasant population into the Kazakh steppe, which led to the appearance of specifc Slavic toponyms. Toponymic names refect these processes as in a mirror. So already in the frst quarter of the XVIII century. a number of military fortifcations were built in the Irtysh region, which became part of the Irtysh military line. By the middle of the XVIII century, the Russian Empire had built entire lines of military fortifcations that covered the Kazakh Steppe with a huge horseshoe: Guryev - Uralsk - Verkhneuralsk - Troitsk - Zverinogolovskaya - Omsk - Ust-Kamenogorsk, which opened up opportunities for further advancement into the depths of the steppe. This article discusses some problems: geographical names are evidence and chronicle of historical events. They refect and capture the history of the settlement of the territory and the economic activity of people, ancient migrations and interethnic contacts, the areas of ethnic groups, historical milestones of the protection of territories from external enemies, heroic deeds of ancestors who defended their native land, etc.

Из истории Сибирского казачьего войска в Казахстане

Various aspects of the settlement of the Siberian Cossacks in the Kazakh steppe in the 18- 19th centuries and the relationship with the local population are analyzed. The features of the economic activity of the Siberian Cossacks, the introduction of new forms of economic activity and the positive aspects of the economic interaction of the Cossacks with the local population – the Kazakhs are noted. The historical experience of the past, in which not only politics, but also economic ties played a leading role, is receiving a new understanding. The scientific novelty of the work is given by the introduction into circulation of materials from the State Archives of the City of Astana, which were not previously used by historians, as well as materials from the Russian State Historical Archives.

«С крайним старанием и без всякой оплошности...»: Вклад российского купечества в социокультурное и хозяйственно-политическое освоение Центральной Азии в первой половине XIX века

The study involves analysis of the participation of merchants in the process of establishing channels of political, cultural, and economic exchange between the Russian Empire, the Asian khanates, and the Kazakh steppe in the first half of the 19th century. The modern government practice of involving private sector in order to strengthen international relations makes retrospective analysis of cooperation between business representatives and officials in solving national problems more relevant. The study is to identify specific examples of entrepreneurs’ efforts in promoting Russia’s diverse interests in Asia and to demonstrate specifics of merchants’ work in execution of special assignments of the imperial authorities. The value of the article lies in the fact that the existing corpus of scientific works is mainly focused on the activities of merchants in collecting intelligence (i.e., specific espionage for Russia), while acculturational, mediatory, and clerical service of merchants remains outside the scope of national historiography’s attention. Its novelty is confirmed by the fact that the examination of this problem drawing on the materials of the Orenburg gubernia of the 19th century is being carried out for the first time. The ariclde draws on documents from fond 6 (Office of the Orenburg military governor) of the Joint State Archive of Orenburg Oblast (OGAOO). To assess the contribution of individuals to the multidimensional process of the Russian Empire’s interaction and rapprochеment with the Asian region in the 19th century, anthropological approach has been chosen as a methodological mechanism specially adapted to studying the problem of the “small man.” The application of the latest methodological concept of “imperial policy of acculturation” provides a better understanding of historical significance and specifics of economic, trade, political, and cultural contacts of nomadic population of the Kazakh steppe and settled culture of the khanates of Central Asia with business community of the Russian state. The merchants’ main area of responsibility was diplomatic, requiring their participation in resolving internecine conflicts of Kazakh clans, as well as search and ransom of the Russians held captive in Central Asia. The authorities’ key criteria in recruitment of entrepreneurs were their foreign trade success, which implied useful acquaintances in Central Asian cities and in camps of the Kazakh nomads, knowledge of the neighboring peoples’ languages, and advanced communication skills. The study may be useful to scientists studying the history of merchants in the 18th-19th centuries, issues of Russia's interaction with the states of Asia in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as specialists in regional history.

Женское погребение тюркского времени из кургана Шагалалы V

At present, the source database expansion on medieval archaeology of the Kazakh steppe is among the priorities in science. Certain success was achieved in the study of sites of such medieval states of the ancient Turkic Khaganates as Kimak, Oghuz, Ulug Ulus, and Kazakh Khaganate on the territory of Kazakhstan.At the same time, the lack of a comprehensive study of this era led to its occasional research. The purpose of the article is to introduce early Middle Ages burial materials from the northern region of Kazakhstan into scientific circulation. Turkic mound is located in the Kenotkel-Shagalaly archaeological microdistrict.The central burial belongs to the era of the early Iron Age, later the fence was added in the early Middle Ages. Such peculiarities of the funeral rite as the eastern orientation, and the accompanying horse burial indicate that burial belongs to the Turkic time.Burial research and items as an earing, a fragment of a mirror and a spindle whorl found in the burial site suggest that it was a grave of a woman. The dating object is an earring and the time of the construction of this funerary structure was determined. That is the second half of the VIII-IX century.

The role of religious leaders in the spiritual life of the Kazakh people in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (based on ethnographic, field materials)

The history of religious figures of the late XIX – early XX centuries, who played a significant role in the spiritual history of the Kazakh people, preached traditional Islamic values, built mosques, madrasahs, schools and worked in the field of spiritual education of the Kazakh people has not yet been sufficiently studied in the national historical science. The policy of atheism alone cannot explain the fact that religious leaders in the Kazakh land became victims of merciless repression in the first years of Soviet power, which continued the colonial policy of Russian imperialism. The real reasons for this are probably the role of these religious leaders in preserving of the national code. The Bolsheviks understood that it was impossible to suppress the spirit of the nation and turn it into a mass completely subordinate to the “red empire”, without losing national identity, without destroying the Ishans, Hazrat, Kalpe and mullahs, who had a powerful influence among the people. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of historical science is an extensive study of the history of religious leaders who worked in the field of the spiritual education of the nation. Research in this area in domestic science is just beginning and is being conducted in a limited way, researching only famous religious figures or local areas. There are still many religious figures who have not found their researcher and have not been able to become the subject of research. The authors of the article strive to make their contribution to the study of this topical problem in Russian science by introducing field ethnographic materials into scientific circulation. As for the methodological basis of the research, the interdisciplinary method and the theory of “regional Islam” were used to determine the forms of development of Islam in the Kazakh steppes, the activities of traditional Islamic figures. Thus, we observe the diversity and uniqueness of traditional culture in each region and the idea of equality of local forms of Islam. Key words: traditional Islam, religious leaders, spiritual education, mosque, madrasah, maktab.

The policy of the Russian Empire in relation to Islam: modern foreign historiography

The article analyzes the views of foreign authors on Russia's confessional policy towards Islam. Most of the written works concerning confessional politics in the empire reflect new and urgent problems. In recent years, the spread of Islam in the Russian Empire and the religious aspects of its state policy towards Muslims have attracted the interest of many researchers. In the religious policy of the Russian Empire, the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly is of great importance. The article analyzes the opinions of a number of authors on this issue and their conclusions, as well as its impact on the Kazakh steppe. One of the characteristic features of the modern period of world history is a broad study based on the influence of the religious factor. In this context, foreign authors studying the religious policy of the Russian Empire, which includes a large number of Muslim peoples, consider the empire as a complex and multi-ethnic state. For foreign researchers, the empire is studied from the standpoint of the concept of a "confessional state" with the aim of interfering in world politics. American researchers, in particular, show the complex process of social regulation of various religious groups in the Russian Empire through religious institutions. Among them, it is necessary to study the performance of the Hajj, which is considered the most important duty of Muslims, along with the issue of education, socio-economic conditions also require special attention.   Key words: Russian Empire, confessional politics, Islam, Hajj, religion.

Крещение калмыков в Семиречье и его последствия

Introduction. In the process of territorial expansion, Imperial Russia was seeking to implement internal policies, including that of Christianization. Christian missionary endeavors across Kazakh steppes were to involve not only Kazakh ethnic groups proper but also other populations to have emigrated from China in the 19th century. Goals. The study aims at exploring problems and consequences of Semirechye Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity after their arrival from China, revealing the role of missionaries in that Christianization campaign, determining key techniques and methods employed by the latter, identifying essentials and crucial events to have proved efficient thereto and based on the destruction of indigenous culture, traditions and lifestyle of ethnic groups who had been forced to stay away from their historical roots. Results. The paper analyzes archival sources to examine the history of how China’s emigrant Kalmyks acquired Russian citizenship and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 1860s–1870s. In the aftermath of the Dungan Revolt, the refugee Kalmyks settled in Qapal, Sarkand, Koksu, Verny, Turgen and other areas of Semirechye. Fertile land plots were allotted for them to conveniently engage in agriculture, gardening and vegetable farming. Another goal was that they were thus to establish close relations with Russian peasants and learn the latter’s language, culture, and peculiarities of the newly adopted faith. Conclusions. The missionary activities and Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity resulted in acculturation characterized by that the newly baptized would often change their personal and family names and receive Russian Cossack peasant clothes in missionary shelters.

Крещение калмыков в Семиречье и его последствия

Introduction. In the process of territorial expansion, Imperial Russia was seeking to implement internal policies, including that of Christianization. Christian missionary endeavors across Kazakh steppes were to involve not only Kazakh ethnic groups proper but also other populations to have emigrated from China in the 19th century. Goals. The study aims at exploring problems and consequences of Semirechye Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity after their arrival from China, revealing the role of missionaries in that Christianization campaign, determining key techniques and methods employed by the latter, identifying essentials and crucial events to have proved efficient thereto and based on the destruction of indigenous culture, traditions and lifestyle of ethnic groups who had been forced to stay away from their historical roots. Results. The paper analyzes archival sources to examine the history of how China’s emigrant Kalmyks acquired Russian citizenship and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 1860s–1870s. In the aftermath of the Dungan Revolt, the refugee Kalmyks settled in Qapal, Sarkand, Koksu, Verny, Turgen and other areas of Semirechye. Fertile land plots were allotted for them to conveniently engage in agriculture, gardening and vegetable farming. Another goal was that they were thus to establish close relations with Russian peasants and learn the latter’s language, culture, and peculiarities of the newly adopted faith. Conclusions. The missionary activities and Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity resulted in acculturation characterized by that the newly baptized would often change their personal and family names and receive Russian Cossack peasant clothes in missionary shelters.

THE FAMINE OF 1921-1922 IN NORTH KAZAKHSTAN: UNSTUDIED PAGES

The article is devoted to the unknown pages of the struggle against hunger in Northern Kazakhstan in 1921-1922 on the example of Akmola and Kostanay provinces. In the article, the author reveals the causes and consequences of the famine of 1921-1922 in Northern Kazakhstan. Here, in comparison with other affected regions, there was a big problem in the issue of food supply due to the large number of livestock deaths and several lean years. The causes of famine in Kazakhstan were the crop failure of 1921, caused by drought and locusts, lack of grain and excessive pumping of it in 1920, as well as the civil war on its territory in 1918-1920. All these reasons and the death of cattle from jute in 1920-1921 led to the utter devastation of agriculture in the republic. The famine in the Kazakh steppe was aggravated as a result of the Bolshevik government policy, when the so-called surplus agricultural products were selected and exported by food detachments, as well as due to radical changes in the economic structure and a reduction in the number of livestock among the Kazakh population. The article analyzes the demographic losses of the region, as well as studies the work of provincial commissions and public international organizations to combat hunger and its consequences.

ӘЛИХАНБӨКЕЙХАН, АХМЕТ БАЙТҰРСЫНҰЛЫЖӘНЕ «ҚАЗАҚ» ГАЗЕТІНІҢ ФЕНОМЕНІ

In the article, the authors raise the question of the influence of Alikhan Bukeizkhan and Ahmet Baitursynuly on the formation of the newspaper "Kazakh" as an important public and political body. The first national newspaper "Kazakh", published in Orynbor for 5 years under the editorship of Akhmet Baitursynuly, covered the socio-political issues of the Kazakh region, the internal affairs of the Russian Empire and its international position, education, science, nomadic and settled animal husbandry and agriculture, culture, human rights , the equality of women, turned into a universal periodical covering all areas, and during the years 1913-1918 single-handedly dominated the public opinion of the entire Kazakh steppe. According to researchers, the Kazakh newspaper and the leaders of the Alash movement created a "cultural renaissance" in Kazakh society and laid the foundation for the modern Kazakh state. The indelible historical role and importance of the first national and international newspaper "Kazakh" for the Kazakh people and the modern Kazakh state cannot be overestimated.

Mediation in Kazakh customs as an institute of volunteerism

The concept of “mediation” is a complex system based on the establishment of a compromise in a historical and philosophical context. Volunteering is the implementation of voluntary activities in providing assistance to vulnerable groups in a social strata. The article considers the answers to the questions what is the concept of mediation in the traditional Kazakh society and its connection with voluntariness, what is its essence. This article will not only allow us to scientifically study the relationship of conciliation procedures in Kazakh society with mediation, moral aspects, but also assess the essence of this concept from the point of view of voluntariness, spiritual and moral value as an ethical phenomenon. The authors take a step towards scientific theoretical analysis based on the theses of scientific works of a number of researchers who studied the patterns of mediation in the article. The ethno-cultural aspects of mediation are revealed, based on the fact that the activities of the board members who carried out voluntary mediation activities in the Kazakh steppe to reconcile the conflicting parties are really connected with voluntariness. Although the historical and theoretical foundations of conciliation procedures are considered only in the law of customs, at the present stage it is concluded that research is necessary along with voluntary, ethical principles

Great Silk Road and Kazakhstan

The author thinks that his short research article on the Great Silk Road has a lot of content, a long period of research, a wide range of research sources and a number of unique features that make it interesting for those who are interested in this field. Today, the study and further development of the Great Silk Road, which attaches great importance to the study of ancient civilizations, is a matter of incalculable importance and significance. From the first appearance of silk to its production and transformation into a valuable commodity, which served as the basis for the name of the great medieval strategic road, the Great Silk Road, is narrated by ancient Chinese sources. At the same time, this article describes the important historical role of ancient Kazakhstan in the formation and development of the Great Silk Road as a medieval strategic road. The original and key parts of the historical path, which marked the beginning of the trade named after silk, have flourished in the Kazakh steppe from time immemorial. The fact that the Kazakh land was not only the territory through which the Silk Road passed, but also played a historical role in turning this simple way of giving into a way of exchanging civilization between the West and the East, is confirmed by Chinese handwritten sources. Moreover, according to the information provided by modern significant Chinese information sources, the connection of the Nurly Zhol program proposed by the ex-President of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the One Belt, One Way program is revealed. It is proved that independent Kazakhstan plays an important role in the modern reconstruction of the historical path. Thus, both the past and the present of the Great Silk Road are inextricably linked with Kazakhstan.

Modern analysis of historical records about kazakh people in journalism of royal Russia

It’s been over century since the question «Did the royal Russian government pursue a tough colonial policy in Central Asia and Turkestan including the Kazakh steppes?» has been the matter of heated debate in the scientific literature. Many articles about colonial policy of royal Russian in Central Asia including Turkestan region were published over the last decade. In particular, scientists from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Japan, Italy, the United States, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom conducted joint investigations. The scientists of Western Europe and the United States consider that Russian royal empire used the harsh methods of colonialism not only economically, but also spiritually and educationally. Purpose of article – scientific assessment of tough colonial policy of royal Russian government in Central Asia and Turkestan region as well as Kazakh steppes on the basis of historical data from articles and essays in Russian newspapers and magazines published in the late XIX and early XX centuries. Main lines and ideas includes the disproof of conclusions of some scientists who considers that «royal government was not an exploiting government; primarily, the policy here was described by tolerance and not by economic exploiting (regions produce revenues for empire), there were strategic objectives; as Russia itself depended from the West; the empire was based on class consciousness  not on Russian consciousness, there were not considerable differences between Russian and Non-Russian people for Russia to include local people». Research methods – critical analysis, comparison of historical sources, content analysis of data and information in articles and essays in newspapers and magazines and their assessment from nationwide belief. Main conclusions, analysis and concept – we conduct research on studying the policy of colonization of the Kazakh steppe as well as Turkestan region for forty years based on the historical sources, such as articles and essays published in newspapers and magazines of royal Russia at the end of the XIX – beginning of the ХХ centuries. We present scientific results which were not published earlier, the results based on the sources, historical data and information collected by us in the context of historical journalism. Research value is that scientific assessment of the modern national idea of Kazakhstan was given to the colonial press published by the royal Russia. Keywords: historical journalism, newspapers and magazines of the royal government, the colonial nature of the press, «Turkestan collection», the colonization policy of the Kazakh steppe.

Relationship between Religion and Customs Law in Traditional Kazakh Society

The article focuses on the relationship between the laws of religion and custom in traditional Kazakh society and the role and importance of oratory in the Kazakh judiciary. The legal system in the Kazakh steppes, the level of implementation of Sharia and its impact on the judiciary, the implementation of the Kazakh "rules of the road" and the peculiarities of the judiciary are also discussed. A comparative analysis of the Kazakh judiciary and the judiciary in Muslim law is made. The comparative analysis is carried out in terms of the order and rules of work of the Kazakh people in the process of the settlement and the solution of the problem of such actions in the laws of peace, appeal, satisfactory ways and Sharia law as kadai, rizai, suly, tahkiy. The rules concerning the appointment of the royal authority and the caliph are compared, and the religious authority and the caliphate are compared with some of the rules of custom and law, such as the feast of religious or customary rules, crime and its punishment. One of the main sources of Kazakh law in the so-called Golden Age of Kazakh history, Tauke Khan, who drafted the law "Seven Charters" and similar legislators, compared them with Western scholars such as "Solon", "Lycurgus" and called them Solon and Lycurgus of the steppe. The legal system based on nomadic life and tribes is politically motivated by the political life of the inhabitants. There are fewer patterns that change from year to year or from time to time. This is evidenced by the fact that the norms and rules are the same everywhere and at all times, regardless of the distance of the territory of the Kazakh steppe for many years. Keywords: Tradition, Customs, Sharia, Court of Judges, Caliph.

Tsarist Veterinary Medicine as State Rhetoric of «Care»: Measures to Introduce New Improved Breeds of Livestock in the Kazakh Steppe

The article analyzes the influence of the mechanisms of intervention of the Russian Empire in the system of traditional animal husbandry of the Kazakhs, an industry such as horse breeding, and the development of cattle. The attitude of the center to the maintenance of livestock in the steppe was defined as a shaky, unstable system of economy, which was characterized by underestimating the genuinely complex and specific nature of the type of economy. The center tried in every possible way to save the primitive economy from natural disasters, by solving the issue of haymaking and paddocks, regardless of the natural and climatic conditions of the steppe itself, improving livestock, through crossing with other breeds, also not providing for the ability to live in a harsh climate and the needs of the Kazakhs themselves hoping to get hardy offspring. In turn, the tsarist administration saw no need for this endurance. They were offering the latter an alternative way of development, in heavy-drawn type producers, first of all, as pack animals, while the cavalry needed tall, graceful in shape, riding horses. In this sense, the rhetoric of improving pastoralism was a justification for imperial rule in the steppe, covered by economic access.

Kazak Janibek Batır Destanı

There are many opinions about the Kazakhs being one of the Turkish tribes living in Central Asia since the time of the Saka-Scythians and appearing on the stage of history. According to the most common view, Kazakhs emerged when a community that did not comply with Abulhayhan Khan tended to live in a nomadic way between the Chu and Talas rivers. In Kazakh Turkish, the word dastan corresponds to the words jir, epos, köne epos, dastan. For heroic epics, batir jiri, batik epos, heroic epos; love epics are used as gaşıgtik jir, romandik epos, liro epostik jir. As in most epic traditions, Kazakh epics are sung in a mixed form in verse and prose, and traditional instruments such as dombra and kopuz are used in the verse. Telling an epic is called jirla-. While heroic epics are sung in the style of jır, love epics are told in the style of black dead. This epic, which is in the library of Muhtar Avezov Literature and Art Institute, is a copy of Aqıt Qajji Ülimjiwlı. Taken from the fifty-ninth volume of the multi-volume publication Atalar Sözü published by the Kazakh Language Development Institute. As the subject, it tells the heroism of the Kazakh folk hero named Janibek, some of his adventures and his fame among the people, and also reveals the life lived in the Kazakh steppes of that period in a plain language. In this study, the translated text of the work, the transfer of the text to Turkey Turkish and its index are presented to the attention of researchers as well as those who are interested in this field.

Genesis and Evolution of Shamanism in the Ancient Turkic-Turkic-Kazakh Steppes: Historical and Cognitive Orientations

In this article analysis of shamanism is carried out, which is formally divided into the following stages: 1. the emergence of world shamanism; 2. its entry into the Turkic-Kazakh steppe; 3. the era of the Revival of shamanism; 4. the competitive (parallel) coexistence of shamanism and Islam; 5. the destruction or revival of shamanism in the Kazakh steppe; 6. «an attempt of Neo-Shamanism». Each stage was given brief characteristics, and finally conclusions were made about its viability. The chronological time of the emergence of shamanism can be determined only approximately, it was told about the wide spread, de-ployment of shamanism in the Turkic-Kazakh steppe, about conflicts and convergence in the context of dialogue with Islamic culture. The destruction of shamanism in the Kazakh steppe is associated with the ideology under the Soviet government and examples and analogies were given by archetypal elements of shamanism in the modern art of the twentieth century, especially in music. As a result of the research, the author drew attention to the appearance of shamanism, which can be called an integral culture, and came to the conclusion about its viability, in which remnants are preserved in the spheres of public life. But shamanism as a whole was limited to being considered as a sacred, occultistic, mystical phenomenon.

Шаймерден Қосшығұлұлының өмірі мен қызметі

The national liberation movement of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries covered the multifaceted social, cultural, political problems of the Kazakh society, and at the present stage, the issues of education, the national economic economy have not lost their relevance. During the years of independence, these issues acquire new meaning and content. The second half of the 19th–early 20th century particularly interests researchers. The development of capitalist relations in Russia led to great changes not only in the center of the country but also in all spheres of life on the colonial outskirts, in the state structure and culture. Under the influence of the objective laws of the new economic order, great changes took place in the public consciousness of the Kazakhs, and a national intelligentsia began to form. At the same time, the creation of a parliamentary system in Russia, the election of representatives of the Kazakh steppe as deputies to the 1st and 2nd Dumas contributed to the improvement of the political consciousness and experience of the national intelligentsia. The North-Eastern region of Kazakhstan developed under the influence of the political processes taking place in Russia. Local national representatives were involved in state-political processes. Sh. Kosshegulov was twice elected to the State Duma, in 1906, he participated in the All-Russian Muslim faction and in the development of its program, which is an event of great political significance. Sh. Kosshegulov conscientiously performed his work and did a lot of useful things to open the eyes and awaken the consciousness of the Kazakh people. Therefore, the article discusses the life and work of Sh. Kosshegulov in the socio-political, spiritual, and cultural development of Kazakhstan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.