Kazakh Research Research Articles

Substantiation of the parameters of a typical seed-growing farms of the republic of kazakhstan on the basis of digitalization of seed production

In general, the state of seed production in Kazakhstan can be characterized by the following figures. According to Kostanay branch of Kazakh research Institute of mechanization and electrification of agriculture total requirement of seeds is around 2 million tons. These farms provide 70% of the Republic'sfarms with seeds, the remaining 30% are imported from Russia. The studies have shown that all grain-producing regions of Kazakhstan can be classified into three categories according to the annual gross grain harvest, respectively, 16; 15; 3.26 and 2.9 million tons. It is advisable that typical seed farms have the following characteristics: in the first category of regions — the average area of one farm — 2.8 thousand hectares, the average annual grain harvest — 8.06 thousand tons, agro term — 10 days, the required total seed collection -1.78 million tons for all seed farms in the amount of 220 units. Accordingly, in the second category of regions — 1100 hectares; 2.82 thousand tons; 9.5 days 360 thousand tons and 128 units. In a third category — 322 hectares of 1.02 million tons, or 9.1 days, 320 thousand tons and 312 units. Total number of typical specialized farms should be approximately 660 units.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВА РЫБ РЕКИ УРАЛ В ЗАПАДНО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

The article highlights the conditions for natural reproduction of fish in the Ural river in the West Kazakhstan region. Spawning of semi-anadromous and migratory fish in the lower and middle Ural on the territory of Kazakhstan has great importance for growing qualitative composition of fish populations due to the vigorous recruit-stocks. There are given the data obtained in the course of research in 2007-2018 by the researchers of a regional affiliate of Kazakh Research Institute of Fisheries. Concentration of fish juveniles in the river, dynamics of numbers, size and weight data have been brought, as well as new fishing gear for juveniles developed and tested in 2012-2018. The data on the hydrological regime of the reservoir and its influence on the efficiency of fish spawning are highlighted. It has been stated that in arid years insufficient water content and short flood period create unfavorable conditions for spawning phytophilous specious, especially, for late spawning of sazan. There has been shown the yearly interrelation between hydrological parameters and juvenile productivity. The flood land spawning grounds of abundant phytophilous specious in the Ural are found to require a regular technical melioration because of fast weediness in summer and girts clogged with snags during the flood. Absence of sturgeon species in samples signals for the lack of their natural productivity and the need of stocking the middle part of the Ural with beluga, ship, sturgeon juveniles. Recommendations for improving the conditions of natural reproduction of fish in the reservoir have been presented.

THE ROLE OF ETHNOPEDAGOGY IN SHAPING POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADITIONAL VALUES OF KAZAKH PEOPLE AMONG MASTER’S STUDENTS MAJORING IN EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

Since gaining independence in 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been consistently working on restoring the national identity. An important role in this process is played by education, therefore, there is a growing Government interest in instilling national values in pre-service and in-service teachers. The aim of the research was to establish whether the attitudes towards the traditional values of the Kazakh people held by Master's students majoring in Education would change as a result of studying an elective course in Ethnopedagogy. Based on an analysis of the traditional values of the Kazakh people undertaken by Kazakh researchers, a classification of these values was developed and used as a basis for a questionnaire designed to identify attitudes towards these values. A survey was conducted with the students from two universities. The sample of the research was 119 people: 59 students formed the experimental group (the one where the elective course was taught), the remaining 60 were in the control group (that did not study the course). The survey was conducted twice: before the beginning and after the end of the course. The results of the first survey showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The second survey clearly showed positive changes in the attitudes towards the traditional values of the Kazakh people in the experimental group, while in the control group the results remained approximately at the level of the first survey. A conclusion was made that it is necessary to strengthen the national and cultural components in the content of pedagogical education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Keywords: attitude formation, postgraduate education, ethnopedagogy, Master's degree students, survey-based methodology, the Republic of Kazakhstan, traditional values.

Common Bunt Resistance of Winter Wheat Genotypes Under Artificial Infection

Common bunt (Tilletia caries) is a seed-transmitted fungal disease in wheat. The resistant cultivars and germplasm lines of wheat will be useful for control this type of disease in organic farming. A set of 75 wheat cultivars and lines from International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP) of Turkey were used to determine resistance to common bunt. The experiment was carried out at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and experimental material was grown in an artificially inoculated nursery during the 2016-2017 season. The productivity of wheat genotypes under artificial infection ranged from 1.13 t/ha to 7.29 t/ha. The susceptible check to common bunt, GEREK 79 had a high level of susceptibility to common bunt with 59.7% infected heads. The high mean disease incidence in the nursery was 74.4%. Sixteen genotypes were resistant to disease under artificial inoculation. Out of 75 wheat cutivars, 42 wheat genotypes (56% of all genotypes) were classified as moderate resistance to disease. Identified resistance genotypes will be useful for breeding programs for forming resistance cultivars to common bunt in Kazakhstan.

CREATION AND EVALUATION OF THE VARIETAL-LINEAR HYBRIDS OF ONION IN KAZAKHSTAN

The experiments were conducted in 2015-2017 on the experimental fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Growing located on the northern slope of the Zailiysky Alatau, 40 km to the west of the city of Almaty, under irrigation conditions. The aim of the research was a comprehensive field assessment of selective onion samples with sterile cytoplasm from onion Galantum and their derivatives – varietal-linear hybrids obtained by pollination with domestic cultivars. Visual assessment, which was conducted on the background of natural disease infection, showed that 20 accessions of onions had a very weak susceptibility to peronosporosis (1-10% of leaves); 63 – weak susceptibility (11-25% of the leaves); 91 - average susceptibility (26- 50% of leaves); 118 – severe susceptibility (more than 51% of the leaves). As the results of the research showed, onion accessions differed significantly in terms of productivity: the gross yield varied from 13,3 to 83,6 t/ha, the commodity yields ranged from 10,6 to 78,3 t/ha, and the marketability ranged from 65,4 up to 98,8%. Yield level above 70 t/ha had breeding accessions with sterile cytoplasm from onion Galanthum: ON518, ON533, ON519 and ON516, amounting to 83,6; 75,3; 74,2 and 73,4 t/ha, respectively. Very high marketability of bulbs had breeding accessions ON171 – 98,8%, ON439 – 97,6% and ON158 – 96,8%. The value of storage losses varied depending on the genotype of the selected onion breeding material. The greatest physiological reduction in weight was observed in the accessions ON517 – 32,1%, ON516 – 26,5%, ON533 – 24,2% and ON336 – 17,7%, and the lowest - in the accessions ON431 – 4,6%, ON486 – 4,0% and ON327 – 3,4%. The correlation analysis showed a weak relationship between the parameters of the onion yield and its storabilioty (R = -0,10-0,24). Storability was mainly due to the physiological reduction in weight (R = -0,59), bulb soft rot (R = -0,59) and bulb sprouting (R = -0,69).

LANDRACES OF VEGETABLES AND CUCURBITS FROM KAZAKHSTAN INTO VIR COLLECTION AS INITIAL MATERIAL FOR THE BREEDING

The article gives a historical overview of expeditionary surveys of the Republic of Kazakhstan territory by the VIR employees with the aim of collecting local vegetable and melon crops from the first expedition in 1925 and to present days. A total of 13 expeditions of VIR were carried out across Kazakhstan, including cooperative surveys with employees of the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Growing. The role of Vavilov and his associates in the formation of the Institute's collections, the continuity of ideas and traditions in the scientific work with plant genetic resources are emphasized. The analysis of the dynamics of receipt of expeditionary samples in the collection of VIR is given. The current state and significance of local vegetable resources of vegetable and melon crops of Kazakhstan for breeding use in the Russian Federation is shown. The botanical status of the collected seed material is reflected and the results of long-term comprehensive ecological and geographical study of the collection at VIR stations are presented. Genetic sources of valuable traits are identified in various directions of breeding in cabbage, tomato, carrot, radish, radish, watermelon, melon and pumpkin for use in breeding programs. It is emphasized that the creation of highly productive varieties and plant hybrids that combine high quality with resistance to a complex of biotic and abiotic factors can be successful in breeding with the wide use of wild species, semi-cultural and primitive forms and local varieties with a high degree of adaptation . Taking into account the exclusion of local varieties from production by highly productive varieties, the role of preserving their variability in gene banks is growing. Long-term international scientific cooperation contributes to the solution of the tasks of mobilizing plant resources by conducting expedition collections, conservation and rational use of plant genetic resources.

Productivity of Lettuce Varieties in Conveyor Cultivation in the Open and Protected Soil of the Southeast of Kazakhstan

In the framework of diversification of vegetable production in Kazakhstan, special attention is paid to minor vegetable crops. Conveyor cultivation of green vegetables plays an important role in providing fresh vegetables to consumers year-round. In this regard, two types of lettuce have been studied: Leaf lettuce and heading lettuce. The studies were performed in 2014-2016 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetables Growing and at the Kazakh National Agrarian University. It has been established that the conveyor cultivation of leaf and heading lettuce with the use of protected and open soil is an efficient method of uninterrupted supply of local green products to the population in the off-season period. In protected soil, lettuce should be cultivated in four periods with the use of rootstock, by sowing seeds from the first third of January until the second third of February. The age of rootstock is 23 to 26 days for leaf lettuce and 28-32 days for heading lettuce. For obtaining early lettuce in the open ground, it should be sown in four periods, starting from the first third of April until second third of May. During the first period, rootstock is to be used (18 days old) and in the other three periods, the method without rootstock is to be used. Varieties of Odessian Kucheryavets lettuce (leaf lettuce) and Krupnokochanny (heading lettuce) are recommended for vegetable farms.

The experimental debris flows in the Chemolgan river basin

Debris flows are one of the most dangerous and common hydrological phenomena in mountainous regions. They are extremely various in their type and character, but they are always mountain flows consisting of a mixture of water and loose-fragmental debris. The problem of calculation and forecasting the mudflows still remains intractable. There are several reasons for that: Firstly, the representatives of the whole spectrum of the Earth Sciences (Hydrology, Geology, Geomorphology, Geography, Mechanics, Rheology) deal with this problem from their point of view. Secondly, systematic monitoring of passing debris flows are currently held only in several countries only (USA, Canada, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, China), because they require significant funding. Thirdly, the calculation methods, having been accepted for the present time, give certain errors. In this article, the results of the artificially triggered debris flow experiments conducted in 1972–1976 in the Chemolgan river basin, organized by the Kazakh Research Hydrometeorological Institute are described. These were the first full-scale experiments with the detailed recording of the numerous debris flows characteristics ever conducted. The movie is attached as supplementary material to the Editorial of the Special Issue. The information about the used measurement equipment, the obtained characteristics of debris flows, the debris flow classification accepted as a result of the experiments is given. Conducting such experiments in nature allowed us to assess various aspects of the formation of these natural phenomena and made it possible to build the mathematical models of the debris flow processes.

Impact of Absorbing Agent on Moisture Reserves of Winter Wheat in the Conditions of Semiprovided Dry Farming Land of the South-East of Kazakhstan

In the conditions of dry-land farming, the leading factor of productivity, which is minimal, is moisture. Soil moisture directly influences the growth of plants by means of aeration, transfer of nutrient substances, absorption and transformation. The main crop acreage of the spike cereals in the south-east of Kazakhstan is located in dry farming lands that are characterized as dry and semidry, which means the region has a water deficit. The lack of natural moisture reserves, especially in dry years, as a rule, is one of the main reasons for the reduction in yields of winter wheat, which is the leading crop of non irrigated farming. The objective of this research is to determine the impact of the absorbing on the moisture reserve of soil and the yield of winter wheat. The research was performed in the field stationary land lot of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production in the conditions of the semi provided dry farming land in the south-east of Kazakhstan. The field test was performed by means of applying the famous water-retaining absorbing agent Aquasorb before seeding winter wheat. The following application rates of the absorbing agent were used in the test: 0,20,40 kg/ha and their combination with the nitrogen top dressing in the dose N45. The results of the research revealed that the absorbing agent applied in the soil improved significantly the provision of winter wheat plants with the available moisture during the vegetation period and also made it possible to efficiently use the moisture for the formation of high yield.

К вопросу о концептуальной основе развития Евразийской интеграции

This research was conducted in the context of important historical events, such as the beginning of the Eurasian Economic Union’s activity on the 1st of January 2015, as well as the sanctions of Western countries against the Russian Federation. The article deals with the distinctive features of the modern concepts of the Eurasian integration: classical (Russian) eurasianism, geopolitical concept, the western and eastern eurasianism, Neo-eurasianism. Similarities and differences in the approaches of scientists to the studied problem were analyzed. Criteria of the analysis of the region and regional integration are also defined. The approaches of Kazakhstan scientists to the subject of the article were presented - similarities and differences in the views of Russian and Kazakh researchers were marked. The article describes researches of scientists involving this theme - Gumilyov, Dugin etc. The authors analyze the phenomenon of Eurasianism concept and come to the conclusion that it is based on cultural identity, principles of interaction between peoples, united Eurasia.

ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF TABLE BEET FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND STORABILITY

The experiments were performed during the two successive seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Growing, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. The experiment was aimed to study the efficiency of 117 different beetroot accessions for productivity and storability. To study the storability, 20 beetroot roots without any external sings of diseases were taken in two replications from each variety accession and left to be stored. The wet fresh weight of beetroots placed into storage varied from 132 g to 320 g depending on the shape and the size of roots. Beetroots were stored in polypropylene bags, which were placed on barred shelves 30-35 cm high. The storing temperature in autumn and spring period of time fluctuated from 3-5o to 6-8°, but in winter period it was 1-2°. The observed results showed that the gross yield of beetroot accessions ranged from 25.0 to 105.4 t/ha, marketable yield – 16.7 to 74.9 t/ha, marketability – 33.8 to 97.2%. Storability of beet roots mostly depended on accession genotype with different natural decrease of weight and root rot diseases. Natural decrease of weight varied from 0.0 to 12.3%, total losses from root diseases were from 0.0 to 90.0%. The analysis carried out showed that the link between yield capacity and storage characteristics was weak, R= -0,042-0,144. The correlation between storability and root rot was R = -0,516-0,644, that was stronger than it was in natural decrease of weight, R = -0.115.

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS GENOTYPES OF CARROTS IN THE NURSERY OF INITIAL BREEDING FORMS

The investigations were conducted on the fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Growing located on the northern slope of the Zailiysky Alatau, 40 km to the west of Almaty city, under irrigation conditions. The soil of the experimental site is dark chestnut with medium-loamy structure. 37 carrot accessions with different geographic origins were the object of the study in the nursery of the initial breeding forms to evaluate their productivity and field resistance to foliar diseases such as Alternaria, Powdery Mildew. When symptoms expressed maximally 1.5 months before the harvest of carrot, visual assessment of leaf surface damaged by foliar infections was carried out according to the scale of infection, where 0 meant no damaged leaves; 1 meant very light damage (1-10% of leaves); 2 meant light damage (11-25% of leaves); 3 meant medium damage (26-50% of leaves); 4 meant severe damage (over 51% of leaves). The visual observation showed that two breeding accessions CR00655 and CR01253 had immunity to powdery mildew that maximally spread out over other carrot accessions approaching of 100% of damage of leaf surface with the score from 1.8 to 3.8 points, when disease developing from 45.0 to 93.8%. Alternaria spread on carrot plants not very intensively, only 17% of plants in the nursery were hardly attacked at 0.1-0.4 points as scored. The correlation analysis showed the absence of any link between characteristics of productivity and damage parameters caused by foliar diseases at r=0,005-0,225.

Некоторые вопросы изучения истории Джунгарского ханства в современной историографии Казахстана

Insight into relations between the Dzungar and Kazakh Khanates in the 17th - mid-18th centuries shows the important and essential historical role performed by the Oirats in Central Asia during the period under consideration. At the same time, the once complete and well-established Soviet range of views on the history of Russia’s and Kazakhstan’s peoples, as well as other Central Asian states and nations during the mentioned period, tends to fall to pieces nowadays. This requires deep and critical analysis of the accumulated experience pertaining to contemporary historiographic studies (in Kazakhstan) of Kazakh-Dzungar, Russian-Kazakh, Russian-Dzungar relations, including the issues of organizing research on the history of the Dzungar Khanate and Oirats by Kazakhstan’s scholars who, to a certain extent, revise the existing historical ideas which results in a ‘new reading’ of the Kazakh history and that of other peoples involved in centuries-old mutual relations. Thus, when it comes to Kazakh national historiography, the years of state sovereignty are marked by significant development of ‘historical mythology’. This historiographic world-view is vividly represented in the form of Kazakhstan’s ‘alternative history’ which, following the new trends, re-examines historical events one-sidedly. So, the present-day Kazakh historiography introduces significant ‘corrections’ and distortions into the history of Kazakh-Dzungar relations. The article provides a detailed analysis of a number of contemporary Kazakh historiographic works on the history of the Dzungar Khanate; it notes both positive and negative stereotypes inherent to the historical science of Kazakhstan. The 17th - mid-18th cc. Dzungar-Kazakh relations were a key stage in the development of Kazakh statehood and a crucial direction of international relations in the whole of Central Asia. The topic has been investigated in a number of works by western, Chinese, Japanese and Kazakh researchers. And it is the Kazakh historiography which is abundant in most specific accounts of the period under study. The paper considers some concepts adopted by contemporary Kazakh scientists on the topic of Kazakh-Dzungar relations.

The Author's Response: Educating Researchers and Editors: Contributing to Ethical Publication Activity.

We are pleased to know that our recent report on publication activity in Kazakhstan (1) attracted attention of our colleagues, who commented on it and contacted us to share their impressions. Admittedly, we did not explore a variety of possible solutions to the numerous problems. It seems that the challenges of poor English writing, plagiarism, difficulties with choosing quality target journals, and 'predatory' publishing are widespread. However, there aren't precise figures to compare, for example, the prevalence of text plagiarism in Kazakhstan and elsewhere in the world. The same refers to predatory publishing, which is a relatively new problem for research evaluation and academic promotion in Kazakhstan and other Eurasian countries. We may analyze and compare the numbers of articles, which have been published by authors from different countries in predatory Open-Access journals delisted from Scopus and Web of Science. But, again, the resultant absolute figures will not reflect the real picture of wasteful publishing. Experts in publications advise to check the lists of suspended journals (2). However, information about reasons and dates of discontinued indexing is scarce, not widely distributed, and not linked to already processed articles, which may add uncertainties in any related analysis. Many actively indexed Open-Access and subscription journals continue producing redundant, erroneous, plagiarized, and incomprehensible journal articles without correcting response measures. Adding to the complexity, students continue their studies by preparing mediocre annotations while their supervisors copy and publish textbooks and didactic lectures for local unwitting audience. There is only one case of plagiarized and retracted original article from Kazakhstan, which we found in PubMed and presented in the index report. Possibly, the growing online access and readers' attentiveness will result in more retractions (3). But inevitable delays with the process of retraction will hardly change the situation overnight. Students and young researchers, who are unaware of what constitute unethical and erroneous research reporting, will continue repeating their mentors' mistakes and producing wasteful articles. Therefore, one of the much desirable measures at the current stage is to arrange effective research and writing courses for under- and postgraduates by skilled, ethical, and internationally recognized professionals. Such training courses may be helpful not only for the medical community of Kazakhstan, but also for other professional communities in the country and elsewhere in the region. Currently, Kazakh research administrators, researchers, and authors are aggressively targeted by foreign brokering agencies, offering services of their editors and promising 'gold' publications in indexed English journals. Such an aggressive brokering campaign is a real threat to the growing publication activity in the region (4). Some of the authors 'cooperate' with the agencies to get 'easy and fast' academic credits unaware of what is an indexed journal and types of misconduct they encounter. Of course, the 'pressure to publish' is at play here, and research administrators should be held responsible for demanding numbers and unrealistic scientific production. Journal editors, in turn, publishing without quality peer review and substantive editing and seeking profits at the expense of professionalism should be also held accountable for perpetuating the circles of problems. We believe that firm action against unethical brokering, careful evaluation of what and where is published, and crediting useful and ethically cited articles, regardless of the numbers, could be a solution to some of the discussed problems. More efforts and investments for improving the quality of local university-affiliated journals and bulletins could be also helpful. Most Kazakh bulletins are not attractive for authors because of their low visibility and absence of any indexing services. That particular problem lies partly with the editors and publishers, who are reluctant to implement the 'real' peer review, improve publishing standards, and apply to Scopus and other indexing and archiving organizations. Improving credentials of local editors by providing access to updated editorial guidelines, arranging outcome-oriented trainings, and regulating their relationships with authors, reviewers, and other editors with advanced skills could be another major step toward ethical publication activity in the country.

Creation of New Competitive Grape Varieties with Different Ripening Times and With High Commercial and Gustatory Qualities Bred by the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture

Creation of New Competitive Grape Varieties with Different Ripening Times and With High Commercial and Gustatory Qualities Bred by the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture

Studying the spatiotemporal variability of the components of the North Caspian Sea water balance using the water balance model

Considered is the water balance model of the estuarine seaside of the Volga and Ural rivers and the North Caspian Sea as well as of its separate parts. The following computational spatial elements, three parts of the North Caspian Sea, are singled out: the shallow zone of the Volga River estuarine seaside, the deep zone in the western part of the North Caspian Sea, and the eastern part of the North Caspian Sea. The input parameters in this model are evaporation from the water surface computed using the ISPAR technique and precipitation depth corrected using the technique of the correction of the measured amount of precipitation worked out by the Main Geophysical Observatory and Kazakh Research Hydrometeorological Institute. The computations are based on the data of observations at four weather stations: Zelenga (Russia), Peshnoi Island, Kulaly Island, and Fort Shevchenko (Kazakhstan). The water inflow to the Volga River delta top corrected by the value of natural evaporation loss in the delta is used as the water inflow to the North Caspian Sea. The water inflow from the Ural River delta to the North Caspian Sea is estimated from the data of Makhambet hydrological station. Using the water balance model, the water balance components can be computed for the separate parts of the North Caspian Sea and the water balance equation can be solved regarding the water balance outflow from these parts. The volume of the water outflow from the North Caspian Sea to the Middle Caspian Sea is determined as a result of water exchange between them. The variations of basic components of the North Caspian Sea following different typical scenarios (typical years determined from the Volga River runoff) are computed using its water balance model. Analyzed are the spatiotemporal regularities of water redistribution in the North Caspian Sea with account of the river runoff volume, evaporation loss, and amount of precipitation at different background levels of the Caspian Sea.

The potential of development of medical and improving tourism in the Pavlodar Region

In article the resource capacity of the Pavlodar region is considered, the factors promoting and limiting development of medical and improving tourism are analyzed. Measures for development of medical and improving tourism in the Pavlodar region are offered. As a prerequisite for the development of tourism using recreational and geographic assessment. The study, conducted by the evaluation method in the same area that is compatible with the use of the territory of the local tourism and recreational tourism and recreational potential for the assessment of Kazakh research methods. State National Park Bayanauyl as an example of the exploitation of natural resources in the development of tourism in the way to the signing of a comprehensive study assessment. As an object of research in the field of tourism and recreation, and the current state of tourism involves an integrated study. As well as the identification and evaluation of natural and socio-economic conditions for the development of a comprehensive study. Prospects for further development in the field of recreation is the timely provision of quality services to tourism and recreation, save the environment at the appropriate level, define a new direction for the recreational use of the environment. Shore Zhasybai Sabyndykol, Toraigyr were taken under protection, as they are considered promising for tourism. It is convenient to conduct tours and travel routes. The evaluation identified the necessary resource base for tourists, and the possibility of their use. Keywords: Resources, tourism, medical and improving tourism, wellness-tourism.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of second-line bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in second-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

619 Background: Advances in molecular biology and a wide introduction to the practice of targeted therapies have improved outcomes and significantly affect the overall survival of patients. To investigate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BEV) beyond first progression combined with chemotherapy (CT) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods: 68 patients with mCRC who received chemotherapy treatment at the Department of the Kazakh Research Institute of Oncology and Radiology. Selecting second-line chemotherapy based on oxaliplatin or irinotecan depended of an earlier first-line therapy (FOLFOX, FOLFIRI). The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier, comparison of survival curves was performed by log-rank. Results: The study included 68 patients, who were randomized from February 2009 to November 2011(to 33 [48.5%] BEV + CT and 35 [51.5%] to CT alone). Analysis of the immediate results of treatment showed that in neither case was not achieved complete response of the tumor. Partial regression in group 1 – 11 (33.3 ± 8.2)%, and group 2 - in 9 (25.7 ± 7.3)%. Stabilization is achieved in 20 (60.6 ± 8.5)% and 23 (6.7 ± 8.0)% of cases, respectively. The progression of the disease was observed in the group 1 in 2 (6.1 ± 4.1)% and 3 (8.6 ± 4.7)% of cases. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 11.5 months (7-16) and 12.2 months in group 1, and 9.7 months (6-13.2) (PFS), 9.1 months(OS) in group 2, respectively. The adverse event profile was consistent with previously reported data for BEV + CT. BEV-related significant adverse events included bleeding grade 3-4 (1.5 %) and venous thrombosis (2.3 %). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that BEV + CT continued beyond progression significantly prolong OS and PFS in second-line therapy mCRC.

RSRNAS 2 Design Decision Estimation

Kazakh Research Institute of Water as a leading research organization on water problems works on scientific reasoning of water problems solution in the republic. The institute activity is a multifaceted and an integral part of its activity is, particularly, a system research, analysis and evaluation of developed projects of hydro economic rebuilding in the river basins. One of such significant documents of the last time is the project of regulation of the Syr-Darya River and the north-end of the Aral Sea. The experts of the institute took part in the state expertise of this project and estimated its significance for ecological revival of the region.

Water dynamics in soil-plant systems under grain farming in Northern Kazakhstan

The water dynamics and budget in soil-plant ecosystems under dry farming in northern Kazakhstan were investigated for two consecutive years from autumn in 1998 to the end of the cropping season in 2000. In total, 12 plots were established at the experimental farm of Barayev Kazakh Research and Production Center of Grain Farming, Shortandy, and the soil moisture content up to the 90 cm depth was measured several times throughout the period. In spite of snow management during the winter time, in which parallel snow rows were developed in order to accumulate additional snowfall between the rows, the increase in the soil moisture content at the time of thawing widely ranged from -40 to 74 mm in 1999 and from -6 to 84 mm in 2000, respectively. Monitoring of the soil temperature revealed that, in the plots after fallow, a higher moisture content in the frozen subsurface soil layer was responsible for the slow thawing there, resulting in slower water percolation from the overlying layers of the profile and 0n water loss through enhanced evaporation and possible surface runoff. After thawing, the soil moisture content decreased throughout the cropping season, except during several rainfall events. The evapotranspiration was estimated to range between 194 and 259 mm during the cropping season. The bNonmass and yield of wheat at harvest time were linearly correlated with the estimated evapotranspiration, indicating that crop production here was mostly determined by the amounts of available water. The initial soil moisture content accounted for 27 to 52% of the total evapotranspiratiou. In the summer fallow plots, 39 to 104 mm more water accumulated in 1999 and 100 to 119 mm in 2000 than in the cropped plots, respectively. Comparison of the water budgets during the pre-cropping and cropping seasons in the plots under fallow and cropping revealed that both summer fallow and snow management could increase the soil moisture content up to approximately 100 mm, but that the benefit of snow management would be occasionally canceled by the effect of the summer fallow. Given the possibly adverse effects of the summer fallow on enhanced decomposition of soil organic matter, we recommend that snow management should be the main approach for capturing water in the studied plots rather than the summer fallow practice. Further studies should be carried out to determine whether soil and /or topographical conditions are more effective for individual water-capturlng management and also are more suitable from economic and environmental viewpoints.