Kazakh Intelligentsia Research Articles

Problems of studying historical personalities and socio-political activities of Khairetdin Bolganbaev

At the present stage, historians are actively discussing the problems of relationships and mutual influences of history and biography. In our opinion, this is explained by noticeable changes in historical science, which have caused significant reorientations of research interests, the discovery of new subjects and topics of biographical research, as well as new directions and methods. Taking these factors into account, this article attempts to consider some of the most frequently discussed theoretical and methodological problems, including the modern ideas of historians about biography, its goals and objectives, the role and significance of biographical research for historical science. If you look closely at the history of the twentieth century, the Kazakh intelligentsia has given birth to many outstanding, bright personalities, and one of them is Khairetdin Bolganbaev. In this regard, in the article, based on the biographical method, the authors identified the place and role of Kh. Bolganbaev in the reconstruction and development of Kazakh society at the beginning of the 20th century.

The idea of ‘United Turkestan’ in the Turkic speaking states media: influence on the Western media

ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, amid the transformation of political systems, the idea of independence and autonomy of Turkic-speaking states gained new impetus due to the active work of Kazakh intelligentsia; in the twentieth century, a similar situation emerged – with new challenges and threats. The study aims to analyse the specifics of the formation and development of the idea of ‘united Turkestan’ in the media of Turkic-speaking countries and several European states through the consideration of the problem of protecting the interests of national minorities during the Soviet rule in the Central Asian region. The main methods were the historical method, which was used to examine the peculiarities of the activity of national liberation movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century, and the method of system analysis, which was used to study the factors influencing the creation of the information image of ‘united Turkestan’ in the press. It was found that the role and influence of mass media, mainly printed publications published in some European countries and talking about the real situation in Turkestan, were decisive for the subsequent development of the concept of the community of Turkic-speaking peoples.

ISSUES OF FORMATION OF A NEW TYPE OF KAZAKH SCHOOL IN THE PRESS (The 20s of the twentieth century)

The education system in contemporary Kazakhstan clearly exemplifies the profound transformations occurring in the social and spiritual aspects of society.The search for models in the Kazakh education system that can meet modern requirements leads to a thorough exploration of domestic historical and pedagogical experience. This allows for a comprehensive study of this experience and the resolution of many present-day issues.In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a proliferation of new schools among the general people. Public education departments were established under local councils in all regions and counties of Kazakhstan, which encouraged the population to pursue education.Upon the establishment of the school, numerous challenges emerged, including the task ofenticing students to pursue education, developing appropriate textbooks, and recruiting competent staff. Newspapers and publications such as "Yenbekshi Kazak", "Kazak tili", "Ak Zhol", "Bostandyk tuy", "Zhanbekker tili", "Kyzyl Kazakhstan", "Leninshil Zhas", and "Zhas Kairat" have launched a dedicated education section.A multitude of solutions were submitted by the Kazakh intellectuals to present a resolution to these matters.From the pieces released in the press, it is evident that the Kazakh intelligentsia has made substantial modifications and introduced novel concepts to the new educational system.The study examines the process of succession by systematically organising and analysing the updated school system and the activities of the intelligentsia in magazines. Keywords: publications, updated school, school system, intellectual activity, Kazakh press, sector of educationThe education system in contemporary Kazakhstan vividly illustrates the profound transformations occurring in the social and spiritualfabric of society. The search for models in the Kazakh education system that can meet modern requirements involves a thorough exploration of the country's historical and pedagogical experience. This exploration aims to address various challenges that arise in the present time. In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a proliferation of new schools among the populace. Throughout all regions and counties of Kazakhstan, volosts were founded under local governments, with the specific purpose of promoting education among the population. Upon the inauguration of the school, numerous challenges emerged, including the task of enticing students to pursue education, developing appropriate textbooks, and recruiting highly skilled professionals. The newspapers and periodicals"Yenbekshi kazak","Kazak tili", "Ak Zhol", "Bostandyk tuy","Zhanbekker tili", "Kyzyl Kazakhstan", "Leninshil Zhas","Zhas Kairat" have recently launched a dedicated education section. A multitude of solutions were submitted by the Kazakh intellectuals to present a resolution to these matters. From the pieces published in the press, it is evident that the Kazakh intelligentsia has made substantial modifications and introduced novel concepts to the new educational system. The study examines the process of succession by systematically organising and analysing the updated school system and the activities of the intelligentsia in magazines.

THE SPELLING RULES OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IN 1923 AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE SPELLING OF BAITURSYNULY

Just as every language has its history, it also has a history of symbolic meaning – letters and spelling rules. The writing culture of a particular country, people, or nation with a national language covers several epochs and historicalperiods. It is known that the Kazakh national script has been formed since 1912 in connection with the name of Akhmet Baitursynuly and is still being updated, improved, and developed every year. Therefore, each stage of the development of the spelling rules of the Kazakh language is very important both for linguistics and for the future of Kazakh writing. The article analyzes the history and scientific significance of the "New Spelling Rule of the Kazakh language", consisting of 13 articles describing the beginning of the "national stage" of Akhmet Baitursynuly's letter reform, published by the Council of Education of the Academic Center at the Educational Commissariat of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KazASSR) in 1923. In particular, there are analysed such topical issues as the scientific and social prerequisites that led to the adoption of this provision, its connection with the Baytursynuly’s spelling in 1912, the scientific basis and meaning of each article, achievements and disadvantages, prerequisites for the adoption of this spelling rule by the Education Commission under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkestan Autonomy, the reasons for the reduction of some paragraphs, conclusions of the Kazakh intelligentsia about this situation.

Alash Orda and socio-political activities of Seydazim Kadyrbaev

The study of the problems of the history of Kazakhstan in the first two decades of the 20th century is one of the most relevant, complicated and in many ways contradictory issues of contemporary domestic historical science. The early 20th century holds a distinctive place in the history of Kazakhstan, closely associated with the establishment of Alash Orda. Consequently, the aim of this article is to uncover and analyze the significance of the democratic ideas of Alash Orda and its adherents. The article delves into key aspects of Alash Orda's history, exploring the prerequisites leading to its emergence and the nature of its activities. A comprehensive examination of Kazakhstan's historical issues is undeniably linked to the elite that was shaping up in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and the intelligentsia, representing “a heterogeneous layer” in terms of both origin and perspectives on the development of the Kazakh people. Seydazim Kadyrbaev stands out as one of the notable figures in the Kazakh intelligentsia. The article analyzes S. Kadyrbaev's contributions to the Kazakh judicial system, criminal and procedural legislation. The authors tried to trace the life journey of Alash Orda proponent S. Kadyrbaev and his socio-political activities.

The role of the Kazakh intelligentsia in the reconstruction of conventional society

Relevance. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that at this stage, post-Soviet Kazakhstan often refers to the beginning of the 20th century, when the intelligentsia fought for independence, modernisation of the consciousness of conventional society so the study of this experience will allow answering many challenges of the current time. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the intelligentsia in the transformation and modernisation of society at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper is devoted to the study of how the Kazakh intelligentsia managed to introduce new elements into the conventional society and form a special identity of the Kazakhs. Methodology. The leading approach is the historical approach, which allows considering the specific features of the political context within the framework of the existence of the Russian Empire. The main methods are the method of analysis, comparative, problem method, which allows identifying the features of the development of the intelligentsia in this period. Results. The paper examines the specific features of the development of the Kazakh intelligentsia, the problem of choosing a direction, analyses changes in the political, economic, educational, cultural spheres. The influence of the popular trend of Jadidism in Central Asia on the views of the intelligentsia is highlighted. The study delved into the multifaceted evolution of the intelligentsia and its profound impact on reshaping conventional society. The research yielded valuable insights into the profound impact of the intelligentsia on societal modernization and consciousness. Conclusions. The Kazakh intelligentsia played a crucial role in preserving the Kazakh nation, preventing complete assimilation by colonial authorities despite numerous decrees and repressive actions aimed at suppressing dissent. The Kazakh intelligentsia succeeded not only in preserving and advancing the concept of Kazakh identity but also in influencing many societal spheres. Keywords: development of the Kazakh intelligentsia; development of public education; Jadidism; pre-revolutionary period; modernisation

Intelligence of Kazakh: Idea of national liberation in literary works of Alash figures (XIX-XX)

Relevance. This article highlights the historical context of Kazakhstan's struggle for independence amidst Russian colonial policies, underscoring the importance of literary works as a means of cultural and political resistance.Purpose. The primary aim is to explore the contributions of the Alash Orda movement and key figures like Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakyp Dulatov, and Magzhan Zhumabayev in fostering a sense of national identity and resistance against colonial domination. It examines the use of literature and journalism by the Kazakh intelligentsia to inspire and educate the populace, aiming to understand their role in the broader struggle for Kazakh independence.Methodology. The study employs a historical and literary analysis of primary and secondary sources, including poems, newspapers, and manifestos, to trace the evolution of the national liberation idea among the Kazakh intelligentsia. It also considers academic works and analyses by historians and literary critics to provide a comprehensive overview of the period and the impact of Alash Orda on Kazakh nationalism.Results. The analysis reveals that despite facing severe repression, including imprisonment and execution, members of the Alash movement significantly contributed to the awakening of Kazakh national consciousness. Their literary and journalistic works, such as the publications of "Kazakh" and "Awake Kazakh", played a crucial role in mobilizing the Kazakh people against colonial rule and in advocating for independence and cultural preservation.Conclusions. The article concludes that the Kazakh intelligentsia's efforts in the national liberation movement were instrumental in shaping the modern Kazakh national identity. Their legacy continues to inspire current and future generations, emphasizing the significance of cultural and political activism in achieving national sovereignty. The study underscores the need for continued research into the contributions of these figures to fully appreciate their impact on Kazakhstan's history and identity.

The Policy of the Provincial Authorities of the Southern Urals in Relations with the Kazakh Population in Late Imperial Russia (1911—1916)

This article is devoted to the policy of the provincial authorities of late imperial Russia in the southern Urals in relation to the Kazakh population, its acculturation, using the example of four main aspects of interaction, namely education, health, cattle breeding, as well as agriculture, which appeared among the nomads under the influence of the Russian population. The policy of incorporation or acculturation of the nomadic Kazakh population was necessary to ensure stability in the multi-confessional and multicultural regions of the country, such as the southern Urals and the Volga region. This policy especially affected the formation of the education system in the 19th century, but only from the second half of it became systemic. This allowed the formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia. As for health care in the region, it can be said that the local authorities saw their main task as fighting epidemics, which they successfully coped with. In the field of agriculture and cattle breeding, attempts by the authorities to influence the nomadic population have been manifested since the second half of the 19th century, but only in 1911—1912 the policy in these industries became systematic and effective.

NATIONAL POLICY AND NATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-30S OF THE ХХ CENTURY, ON THE EXAMPLE OF EAST KAZAKHSTAN

The article is determined by the growing interest in establishing the role and mission of the national intelligentsia in the criteria of socio-political transformation of society, which requires a deep understanding and modeling of national value orientations. The importance of the social and cultural phenomenon of the intelligentsia is determined by the specific nature of the activities and the results of the work of representatives of secular labor. In addition, the need to identify effective mechanisms of relations between the state and administrative apparatus with various groups of intellectuals and the need to address issues of the effectiveness of the functioning of regional branches of professional organizations at the present stage. In this way, the existing set of academic, political, social, and cultural-historical factors indicates the need to increase new scientific knowledge on the topic of research. The problems that consider the participation of the Kazakh intelligentsia in the cultural construction of the 20-30s of the twentieth century, and the associated difficulties of education, the creation of a new type of intelligentsia, were the focus of attention of the political leadership of the Kazakh SSR T. Ryskulov, F. Goloshchekin, G. Togzhanov, L. Mirzoyan, etc.

Алаш қозғалысының қайраткері Хайретдин Болғанбаев: тарихтағы жеке тұлғаның рөлі

The study of the problems of the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century is one of the most urgent, most complex issues of modern domestic historiography. The beginning of the 20th century occupies a special place in the history of our country. A broad consideration of the issues of the socio-political history of the Kazakh people is closely connected with the intelligentsia, which was formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and represents the interests of the Kazakh people. In this regard, the relevance of the article is due to the fact that at the present stage, the Republic of Kazakhstan often refers to the beginning of the 20th century, when the intelligentsia fought for independence, for the modernization of the consciousness of the traditional society, so the study of this experience will allow us to respond to many challenges of our time. If you look closely at the history of the twentieth century, then the Kazakh intelligentsia gave rise to many outstanding bright personalities, and one of them is Khairetdin Bolganbaev. The purpose of the article is to identify the participation and contribution of Kh. Bolganbaev in the reorganization and development of the Kazakh society at the beginning of the 20th century.

Жезқазған мыс алыбын игеру тарихындағы Ө.Ә. Бөкейхановтың қызметі

This article is devoted to the famous scientist, geologist Okitay (Sergey) Alikhanuly Bukeikhanov (1910-1957). Okitay (Sergey) Alikhanuly Bukeikhanov was a national leader, well-known public and statesman,scientist, deputy of the State Duma of Russia, leader of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early twentieth century, journalist, Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov’son (the zhuz – Tore). There is a very little information about Okitay (Sergey) Alikhanuly Bukeikhanov’s fate, especially after his relatives were repressed.The authors found rare documents in the archives and prepared them for publication. The authors of the article also analyzed media materials in order to characterize the biography of their personage.

Алаш идеясы және империализм

The article discusses the concept of imperialism in the general history of mankind, the consequences and positive changes in colonial policy, resistance movements and the idea of Alash at the beginning of the 20th century. On the basis of historical-comparative and comparative research methods, quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the struggle of the Alash national liberation movement against colonialism, the views and ideas of the Kazakh intelligentsia on the preservation and protection of national identity (world-identity) are analyzed. Also in the course of the study, methods of studying behavior based on biographical parallels, ideography, structural analysis and a special formulation of the opinions of individuals and groups were used. With the help of these research methods, a historical overview of the colonial policy and aggressive actions of large countries that have made changes in world history is made, the tactics of tsarist Russia in subjugation of the Turkic-Muslim peoples, the armed forces that arise as a result of active interference in political life are highlighted, realizing that the force opposing the colonial policy of the empire is the national awakening. In the course of the study, the views of representatives of the Alash movement on world changes at the beginning of the 20th century, the wave of revolutions, unbridled imperialist views, their consequences were clarified, and their conclusions were differentiated. The conclusion of the study is that the idea is the greatest force used as a defense against the colonial policy and the general imperialist mentality, and the strengths of the Alash idea against the colonial policy pursued by the Russian Empire are also indicated.

Мусульманский вопрос в Степном крае в освящении газет «Казак» и «Колокол» (1913–1914 гг.)

The relevance of the issue under study is due to the interest in the problem of the confessional policy of the Russian state in the eastern outskirts of the empire. The article is aimed at revealing the positions of the liberal Tatar and Kazakh intelligentsia in defending ethno-confessional interests on the eve of the First World War. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article were the conceptual provisions of academic research in the field of state-confessional relations in the Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire. The author applied the historical-systemic method that allows to consider the problem under study in chronological and systemic relationships with ethnic, confessional and political chal-lenges faced by the Turkic peoples in the early twentieth century. The study made it possible to identify ways to solve the ethno-confessional problems of the Tatars and the Kazakhs proposed by the Russian state officials, as well as by the Muslim intelligentsia of the Turkic-Muslim peoples during the prepara-tion and work of the 4th Muslim Congress held from July 15 to July 25, 1914 in St. Petersburg.

Тарихтағы тұлғатану мәселесін зерттеудің әдіснамалық негізі (Сейдәзім Қадырбаевтың мысалында)

The methodological problems of the study of personality (personalistics) are one of the traditional and most fundamental problems in historical science. In the conditions of modern global civilization, it not only does not lose its significance, but, on the contrary, acquires special relevance and urgency. In this regard, the article highlights and characterizes the methodological approaches to the study of personality. The authors consider the methodological basis, specifics and scope of the biographical research method and characterize the main features of biographical research, their significance, advantages and limitations of using the biographical genre for historical knowledge. The article discusses the biography, social and political activities of one of the representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia, a people's teacher and a professional lawyer, the author of the constitution, a prominent figure in the Alash Orda national movement in the early twentieth century — Kadyrbaev Seidazim.

ХХ ғ.басындағы Қазақстанның қоғамдық-саяси өміріндегі Шаймерден Қосшығұлұлының қызметі және атқарған рөлі

Understanding the problems of the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century is one of the most urgent, complex and in many ways controversial issues of modern historical science. The beginning of the 20th century occupies a special place in the history of the Kazakhs. A broad consideration of the issues of the socio-political history of the Kazakh people is closely connected with the elite, which was formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the intelligentsia, representing the interests of the Kazakh people. If you look closely at the history of the twentieth century, then the Kazakh intelligentsia gave birth to many outstanding bright personalities, and one of them is Shaimerden Kosshygulov. Sh. Kosshygulov was twice elected to the State Duma, in 1906 he participated in the All-Russian Muslim faction and in the development of its program, which is an event of great social and political significance. In this regard, the article deals with the socio-political activities of Shaimerden Kosshygulov.

MASS MEDIA OF THE KAZAKH ASSR AND SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF ZHUSUPBEK AIMAUYTULY

   There were fundamental changes in the Kazakh steppe after the formation of Soviet statehood. New reforms were carried out. Socio-political life gradually began to stabilize and the first steps were taken to strengthen the socio-economic situation in the country. The entire Kazakh intelligentsia took part in it. The figures of the former Alash Horde worked almost entirely in the Soviet system. One of them was Zhusipbek Aimauytuly. In turn, Zhusipbek Aimauytuly, like all Alashordin residents, was forced to recognize the new Soviet system, engage in socio-political life and contribute to solving state tasks for the prosperity of the country. The article describes the socio-political activities, creativity and career of Zhusipbek Aimautuli in the Soviet period. Archival materials and historical and source studies conducted on the sources of the printed publication say that he, as a statesman and public figure, urged young people to be responsive citizens who love their people, and also paid great attention to social issues. Keywords. Newspaper, editor, commissariat of public education, government, archive, communist party, education.

Activities of the national intelligentsia to organize assistance to the Kazakhs mobilized for rear work during the First World War

The article examines the role of figures of the Alash movement and the Kazakh intelligentsia in organizing assistance to Kazakhs mobilized for rear work during the First World War. With the beginning of the requisition, the activities of public committees for the organization of assistance to mobilized Kazakhs intensified. The article examines the activities and his direct participation of Alikhan Bukeikhan and his associates in the creation of a foreign department under the Committee of the Union on the Western Front, which monitored the living and working conditions of the rear guards, dealt with their nutrition and treatment. The authors come to the conclusion that numerous appeals of «Alash» figures demanding the immediate return of Kazakh workers mobilized for rear duty and the cessation of further mobilization lead to the fact that the Provisional Government was forced to issue a special decree suspending the mobilization of Kazakhs for rear work. In general, the analysis of archival materials showed that the involvement of educated Kazakh youth in the work of the Foreign Department to assist compatriots mobilized for rear work allowed them to go through a serious political school, and they fully managed to prove themselves during the subsequent revolutions.

The begining of the 20th century: spelling features and punctuation in the process of approbation the letter usul-sotie (tote zhazu) in the newspaper «Kazakh» (1913-1918)

Changes and innovations in the language are normalized by writing. Writing is not only marks the sounds of a language, but is also a factor in determining the future of a language both in the past and in the present. The main goal of writing is to ensure the discreteness of the audible word and the uniform recognition of the word, even if it is repeated many times in different contexts using the alphabet. In the history of Kazakh culture, the reformed letter of A. Baitursunuly «usul-jadid» (tote zhazu) was very important. Writing or the so-called tote zhazu played a significant role in enlightenment, in writing the first textbooks and teaching guide in the Kazakh language, in the development of literacy, as well as in the development of periodicals. The reformed alphabet of A. Baitursynuly showed and introduced to the scientific community the entire Kazakh people, as well as the first bright minds of the Kazakh intelligentsia. With the help of the usul-jadid, the Kazakh intelligentsia under the leadership of A. Baitursunuly, at the beginning of the 20th century, published the newspaper of national importance «Kazakh». In this regard, the article touches upon the issues of spelling, punctuation, problems of Kazakh writing in the early twentieth century. Moreover launch of «Kazakh» newspaper is considered as a start of the systematization and codification of the literary Kazakh language and national journalistic style.

Тұрсынбек Кәкішев публицистикасындағы алаштану мәселелері

The article analyzes and concludes about the study of the problem of Alash studies in the journalism of scientist T.Kakishev, the civil position and personal views of the author in it. The scientist’s writings are dominated by factuality, which considered the circumstances that influenced the development of the opposite view of the idea of Alash in the history and literature of the Soviet period, which has not yet been fully studied. Special attention is paid to research methods in journalistic articles in which the scientist cited statistical data concerning the fate of the slanderous national intelligentsia, which suffered from political ideologies that took place in different periods of national history. Conclusions about the fate of the Kazakh intelligentsia, published in the newspapers «Zhuldyz», «Leninshil Zhas», reveal the scientist in a new light.T.Kakishev pays special attention to the activities of the press when considering the history of literary criticism, a research essay about the journal «Sadak», published by students of the madrasa «Galiya» in Ufa, works from journalistic trips to regional studies, personal study, is a sample of collecting and generalizing, analyzing, forecasting information. The articles of the scientist «Kiyas kisyndar kiyameti», «Kagidaga ainalgan kateler tuzelse», «Ult ziyalylaryn tagdyr-talayy» explain the conclusions concerning the historical event and the political situation of that period, as well as the slanderous statements of the Alash intelligentsia. The article reveals the methods of analysis of works, printed articles on the topic of a scientist who comprehensively investigated the problem of Alash studies.

THE IDEA OF UNITING THE TURKIC PEOPLES IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL VIEWS OF THE FIGURES OF "ALASH" ZHAKHANSHI DOSMUKHAMEDOV AND MUSTAFA SHOKAI

Among the many progressive ideas of the Kazakh intelligentsia, the idea of uniting the Turkic peoples is of particular interest, which is reflected in the political and legal views of Zh. Dosmukhamedov and M. Shokai. In the article, the author considers the idea of unification of the Turkic peoples in the political and legal views of J.Dosmukhamedov and M. Shokai, who are representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early twentieth century and figures of "Alash". They fought for the freedom of their people and became the harbingers of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.