Kashmir Conflict Research Articles

Kashmiri women in conflict: a feminist perspective

Kashmiri women are diverse individuals with a wide range of origins, histories, experiences, and aspirations. Women in Kashmir are deeply entwined with the region’s complicated socio-political landscape, especially in terms of the protracted conflict in Kashmir. The living patterns of women in Kashmir are severely influenced by insurgency, militancy, and the consequent militarization of the region, as well as a wide range of socio-economic, historical, religious, and geopolitical circumstances. Kashmiri women’s day-to-day existence, safety, security, and mobility are strongly impacted by enhanced security protocols and the existence of armed personnel and militants in the region. Even though a great number of research works have been performed on Kashmir’s politics, history, philosophy, and religion, the struggles and challenges faced by women amid the conflict need to be further explored. This research aimed to comprehend and unveil the situation of Kashmiri women in the conflict zone through a comprehensive review of the existing literature on gendered violations in Kashmir, thereby emphasizing the need for the recognition of the suffering of Kashmiri women from a feminist perspective. Furthermore, the contributions of Kashmiri women activists, politicians, and feminists were highlighted, thus accentuating their role towards gender equality and sustainable peace in the region.

Media Discourse on the Kashmir Conflict after Abrogation of Article 370

The study tries to unfold how the Kashmir conflict is constructed in the Pakistani media after the abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. To understand the media discourse a Critical discourse analysis of the news stories published about Indian held Kashmir (i.e. that part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by India post the 1947 partition, notably the valley of Kashmir) in the e-paper of Dawn was carried out. The findings reveal a distinctive narrative strategy employed by Pakistani media in response to the abrogation of Article 370. This strategy accentuates the negative aspects of the Indian government's actions in Kashmir while simultaneously highlighting the voices of Kashmiris advocating for their right of self-determination. The findings also indicated that media discourse revolved around challenging the legitimacy of the Indian Parliament’s act of abrogating Article 370 and also focused on the casualties and losses which took place as a result of clashes between the Indian security forces and the Kashmiri separatist fighters. The media also gave significance to social media trends about Indian held Kashmir and also to posts of Kashmiri and Pakistani politicians. Negative actor description was used to highlight Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)’s propaganda regarding the return of normalcy in the Indian held Kashmir whereas positive actor description was used for the Kashmiri separatist fighters.

Islamism in Pakistan and the Kashmir Conflict

The conflict in Kashmir is influenced by various interactive factors among which the Islamization of Pakistan and the following Talibanization of the entire Sub-Indian region undoubtedly have played a significant role. The emergence of the dispute is a consequence of the decolonisation process which peaked after the Second World War. Unfortunately, this same period was also marked by the beginning of the Cold War. Hence, it is argued that the Islamization of Pakistan is the product of the negative interaction of two main factors – the geopolitical rivalry of the superpowers at that time, especially considering the negative impact of the war in Afghanistan, and the rise of Islam as a consequence of the overall religious revival around the world. Adding to them is the local rivalry between the newly emerged states of India and Pakistan producing an extremely explosive mixture with the potential to ignite the entire region of South-East Asia, involving also the leading international powers. Thus, the conflict in Kashmir became an integral part of the post-Cold War world directly affected by the Islamic revival and the dissemination of the Islamist principles in Pakistan.

In/secure childhoods: Children and conflict in Kashmir

This paper focuses on art productions by children participating in an art-based wellbeing intervention project in Kashmir. Drawing on feminist security studies, we conducted narrative analysis to explore how children represent in/security. The locations of in/security were the environment, the body, and the socio-political realm. Children articulated nuanced and complex representations of the natural and social world, influenced by local and global forces, and created their own meanings and practices of in/security.

US Drawdown from Afghanistan and Its Impact on Kashmir Conflict

US Drawdown from Afghanistan and Its Impact on Kashmir Conflict

Indo-Pak conflict in South Asia: dynamics of Kashmir issue and the way forward for peace

India and Pakistan have experienced various military conflicts since their inception in 1947. The Kashmir issue is one of the most pertinent causes of conflict between both nations as they have gone to war in 1948, 1965 and 1999 on the issue of Kashmir. This matter was also brought to the United Nations Security Council for resolution. However, India has categorically refused to seek any international mediation over this issue by terming it as an internal issue of India. Both countries officially joined the nuclear club in May 1998, which posed a severe threat to the security of the South Asian region as it enabled them to use the nuclear option in future. After acquiring atomic status, both countries came close to war in 2001 when armies were deployed on forward positions on international borders and in 2019 when Pakistan shot down the Indian Air Force fighter jet in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Since 2019, especially after India revoked Article 370, relations between the two countries have been dismal. The paper contemplates the background of this conflict and the resultant wars between India and Pakistan and presents confidence-building measures for the pursuit of peace-making in South Asia.

Çatışma Çözümlemesi Bakımından Keşmir Sorunu

Hindistan’ın ve Pakistan’ın bağımsızlıklarını ilan ettikleri tarihten itibaren Keşmir bölgesinde fiili bir çatışma durumu mevcuttur. Literatürde Keşmir sorunu olarak tartışılan bu durum, bölgesel ve küresel düzeyde etkilere sahiptir. Keşmir sorununun temel aktörleri Hindistan ve Pakistan iken Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC), Rusya Federasyonu (RF), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) gibi ülkelerle Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) ve bazı yerel İslami örgütler sorunda etkinliği bulunan diğer önemli aktörlerdir. Makalede Keşmir sorununun çözümüne yönelik olarak; aktörlerin rolleri ve çatışma dinamikleri Simon Mason ve Sandra Rychard‘ın geliştirdiği “Çatışma Çarkı Modeli” formülasyonu ve “Çatışma Çözümlemesi” kavramlarından hareketle tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bakımdan çalışma, sorunun çözümüne yönelik yeni bir bakış açısı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada Keşmir sorunun çözümüne yönelik olarak yapılan analize göre taraflar, Ahimsa Felsefesi’ne uygun olarak barışçıl politikaları uyguladıkları takdirde hem tarafların karşılıklı çıkarları güvence altına alınmış olacak hem de çatışma sona erecektir. Böylece aktörler arasında sürdürülebilir barışın inşası mümkün olacaktır.

South Asian Conflicts and Regional Security in the Context of Pakistan-India Relations: A Political Analysis

Pakistan and India are geographically proximate and possess a shared historical and cultural background. Consequently, they ought to possess the most favourable interactions, although they have consistently exhibited hostility towards one another. The subject of Kashmir holds significant importance for both states involved. The conflict has occurred on three separate occasions. Despite the existence of significant and effective endeavours aimed at fostering peace, the fundamental challenges that perpetuate the strained relations between the two nations remain unresolved. Pakistan has consistently demonstrated a willingness to propose potential improvements. However, India does not consistently accord them due consideration. India and Pakistan have maintained their independence for a period of over 70 years; nonetheless, they exhibit a lack of concern towards addressing enduring challenges such as the Kashmir dispute and the water crisis. The region of South Asia is predominantly characterised by peace and stability for the two major nations. The inability of the two primary actors in South Asia to reach a peaceful resolution to their respective issues has significant implications for the local security framework.

Analyses of Past and Future Initiatives in the Kashmir Disputes

This article meticulously examines the historical, present, and future dimensions of the Kashmir disputes, encompassing key aspects such as historical initiatives, challenges faced, recent developments, and future prospects. It delves into the complexities of political obstacles, regional and global influences, and the profound impact on the Kashmiri people. After scrutinizing attempts post-independence and international involvement, the article confronts major setbacks, emphasizing the role of intransigence in impeding resolutions. The evolving dynamics and current state of the Kashmir dispute are explored, providing a nuanced understanding of the region. Drawing from historical analyses, the article extracts crucial lessons and offers insights into future initiatives, underscoring the significance of international community engagement for bilateral diplomatic efforts. Humanitarian concerns take center stage, emphasizing the necessity to address the grievances and protect the rights of the Kashmiri people. The article concludes by presenting future scenarios, ranging from best to worst-case possibilities, encouraging a holistic understanding of potential outcomes. This comprehensive analysis serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, academics, and stakeholders invested in fostering a peaceful resolution to the enduring Kashmir conflict.

Kashmir Conflict in Perspective of UN Resolutions and Narendra Modi's Kashmir Policy

Hindistan ve Pakistan, 1947'deki bağımsızlıklarından bu yana dört kez savaşmışlardır. Bu iki devlet arasındaki rekabetin temel nedeni Keşmir çatışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, Keşmir sorununun ortaya çıkışı ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in rolü ele alınmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler’in Keşmir'deki rolünü anlamak için Hint Yarımadası'nın bölünmesinin tarihsel arka planına değinilmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler kararları çerçevesinde Keşmir sorununun hangi tarihsel süreçlerden geçtiğini ve geçmekte olduğunu ortaya konulmuştur. 1947'de Pakistan ile Hindistan arasında bölge paylaşımında ortaya çıkan en büyük sorunlardan biri Keşmir eyaletini hangi ülkenin ilhak edeceğiydi. Keşmir'in bölünmesi Hindistan’ın parçalanmasından bir yıl sonra gerçekleşmiştir. Bölünme sırasında Keşmir'in durumu Hindistan’ın diğer bölgelerinden farklı gözlemlenmişti. Dolayısıyla nüfus olarak Müslüman çoğunluğa sahipken hükümdarı Hindu olan bir prensli devlet olarak yer almıştır. Keşmir'i kimin (Pakistan veya Hindistan) ilhak edeceği konusundaki anlaşmazlık artık askeri müdahaleye dönüşmeye başladığında Birleşmiş Milletler devreye girmiştir. Bu makalede Keşmir meselesinin nasıl uluslararası bir mesele haline geldiği ve Birleşmiş Milletlerin bu meseleyi neden çözemediği hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Keşmir çatışması sırasındaki kritik tarihi olaylara ve Modi yönetimi sırasında Hindistan'ın Keşmir’in yönetiminde gerçekleştirdiği anayasa değişiklikleri de dikkate alarak değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu çerçevede Keşmir sorununun çözülmesine ilişkin bir engelleyici durum daha ortaya koyulmuştur. Modi hükümeti, anayasa değişikliği ile Keşmir'in bir bölümünü (Ladakh bölgesi) Keşmir'den ayırmayı başarmıştır.

SERVICES OF SYED ALI SHAH GEELANI IN THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT OF KASHMIR

One of the few figures from Kashmir who has written extensively on the conflict there is Syed Ali Shah Geelani. He has written over a dozen books, all of them in Urdu, that cover different facets of the issue. His range of news releases, communication with the Pakistani and Indian prime ministers, and other notable figures (many composed during his protracted incarceration in India), interviews with Kashmiri and Pakistani journalists, and public addresses are compiled in his work titled "Kashmir: Voice of Freedom" (Nava-e Hurriyat). This book explores several facets of the Kashmir problem from Geelani's point of view. on the causes of the crisis in Kashmir, his disapproval of Indian governance, his support for Pakistan's inclusion of Kashmir, and his rejection of Jammu and Kashmir's independence. His ideas on nationalism, jihad, and intercommunity interactions within what he considers the normative Islamic paradigm, as well as his understanding of the link between Islam, politics, and the state, are all crucial to the current struggle in and over Jammu and Kashmir

THE RISE OF POPULIST PHENOMENON IN INDIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA`S RELATION WITH PAKISTAN AND CHINA

This study endeavors to qualitatively analyze the surge of populism in India through an interpretative paradigm in order to contextualize the phenomenon with respect to non-western settings. It is imperative to operationalize the western originated concept of populism in India to analytical understand its causes and effects. The trans-continental phenomenon of populism manifest itself in India due to the economic and political factors that are played at discursive level by the political leaders. The preferred medium used by the populists is digital media as compared to the mainstream media due to the former`s less constraints on content moderation and control. The populist government in India derive legitimacy of their legislative actions based on self-other dialect. Therefore, populism in India would have implications for Pakistan and China. The contentious and Hobbesian nature of anarchy based on constructed binary identities, grounded on nationalism and civilizational perspective, makes the region prone to intractable instability. The undecided territorial and border disputes of India with Pakistan and China, along with the Kashmir issue, would makes it difficult to develop a pragmatic policy options to achieve regional stability and peace.

Ideological Framing and Polarization in Imran Khan’s Speech at UNGA on 27th September 2019: A Political Discourse Analysis

The aim of this study is to critically analyze the components of the speech given by Imran Khan, the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan, during the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on September 27, 2019. Van Dijk's (1997) Political Discourse Analysis framework was employed to examine how politicians persuade their audience, propagate their ideologies, and construct in-group and out-group divisions in their speeches. The study sought to achieve its objectives by analyzing both macro and micro structures in the speech and exploring the underlying agenda behind the utilization of these discourse structures. The qualitative data consisted of the English transcript of the speech, totaling approximately 2,577 words. NVIVO software and Dijk's Political Discourse Analysis framework were employed for the analysis of the speech. The findings of the study revealed that the macro elements in the speech provided an overview of national, regional, and global issues such as climate change, money laundering, Islamophobia, and the Kashmir conflict. Through the use of microstructural elements, the speaker effectively expressed his ideological and political beliefs regarding these aforementioned issues. In summary, this research examined Imran Khan's UNGA speech through the lens of discourse structures, shedding light on the macro and micro elements utilized by the speaker to convey his perspective on various socio-political topics.

Nurturing Peaceful Minds: Fostering Peace Education Amid Conflict in Jammu and Kashmir

The basic purpose of the paper is to explore the issues and challenges faced by educational administrators, parents, students, and teachers concerning the effects of armed conflict on educational outcomes. It emphasizes the significance of peace education initiatives in Jammu and Kashmir a region enduring unrest for nearly three decades, profoundly affecting its educational sector. Employing a descriptive qualitative survey method, the study examines the experiences of different stakeholders of education and the factors influencing various stakeholders. The results indicate that academic stress emerges as a dominant risk factor leading to physical and psychological difficulties among the students. The research advocates for integrating peace education into the curriculum, creating a conducive learning environment to empower students in overcoming such challenges. Empirical findings strongly suggest that introducing peace education into the curriculum and peace education as a subject can be instrumental in addressing conflict-related issues.

Perubahan Paradigma Strategi Deterensi Nuklir India dan Pakistan

This paper discusses the shifting in the nuclear deterrence strategies of India and Pakistan. The conflict between India and Pakistan is marked by several high tension such as Kashmir dispute. The presence of nuclear weapons, which is pretty much significant and balanced possession between India and Pakistan make the situation more complicated and challenge the political stability in South Asia. The deterrent strategy of both parties has shifted from full deterrence, where nuclear ownership is to deter the opposing party, to creating second-strike and pre-emptive strike capabilities because they feel an increase in potential threats. India applies the no-first-use (NFU) doctrine, which was initially quite strict but has now become flexible considering the threat from Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistan tends to be a risk-taker by never declaring the NFU doctrine. The author uses nuclear deterrence theory and security dilemma to elaborate the shifting concept of a deterrent strategy by both parties. The rationality of both parties in nuclear deterrence must be the basis of nuclear doctrine, considering the massive impact if both sides engage in a nuclear war. Globally, there needs to be cooperation in mutual control not only in nuclear-armed countries but also in diplomacy among countries that do not have nuclear powers to create global peace. At least in the event of war, both countries do not use their nuclear power.

Kashmir conflict in Perspective of UN Resolutions and Narendra Modi's Kashmir Policy

Hindistan ve Pakistan, 1947'deki bağımsızlıklarını kazanmalarından bu yana dört defa savaşmıştır. Bu iki devlet arasındaki rekabetin temel nedeni Keşmir sorunudur. Bu çalışmada Keşmir sorunun ortaya çıkışını ve Birleşmiş Milletlerin rolünü değinilecektir. Birleşmiş Milletlerin Keşmir'deki rolünü anlamak için Hint Yarımadası’nın bölünmesiyle ilgili tarihsel arka planı kısaca tartışılacak. Keşmir sorunla ilgili önemli tarihi olaylarını da ele alınacaktır ayrıca Modi yönetimi sırasında Hindistan tarafından yönetilen Keşmir'deki anayasal değişikliklerini da vurgulayacaktır.

China’s Particular influence on the Nature of the Kashmir Сrisis

The Kashmir crisis has a protracted multi-year character and its relevance in today’s scholarly discourse is characterised by a global confrontation between East and West. Apart from the main actors India and Pakistan, there are a number of stakeholders, the first of which is China. Beijing’s longstanding support to Islamabad has contributed to the latter’s military capabilities. China’s strengthening is also taking place around India’s borders. The authors of the study aim to analyse the current situation, clearly defining the role of the Chinese side in it.

Kashmir Conflict after Article 370 and 35 A: Challenges and Options for Pakistan

This research explores the complex dynamics of the Kashmir Conflict following the abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35A by the Indian government on August 5, 2019. The historical roots of the incessant dispute, stemming from the British partition of the Indian Sub-continent, set the stage for ongoing tensions between two regional arch-rivals, Pakistan and India over the region. The revocation of constitutional provisions granting special privileges and autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir presents various challenges for Pakistan. Internal security concerns, diplomatic isolation, humanitarian issues, and economic implications form critical challenges. The options of Pakistan include bilateral talks, diplomatic engagement, humanitarian initiatives, promoting internal reforms, and regional stability. Balancing these challenges and options requires navigating a complex geopolitical and strategic landscape, recognizing historical grievances, and fostering peace and stability in the region.

Analyzing Recent (2019) Kashmir Socio-Political Issue: A Voyant Sentiment Analysis of Tweets

Computational Textual Analysis (CTA) is an effective way to analyze large texts by incorporating computational tools, such as, Voyant. The current study takes computer-assisted textual analysis (mixed method) to investigate the sentiments on tweets through Voyant computational method, in order to grasp the emotions of the global public who have tweeted about the recent (2019) Kashmir issue. This research is based on the conceptual framework of Ortony, Clore, and Collins (OCC) model and the keyword approach. For this purpose, different tweets have been analyzed to check the level of sentiments as either positive, negative or neutral. The findings suggested that sentiments were neutral towards the issue of Kashmir and negative towards the Indian government. Voyant has also presented the word count, density, and correlation of phrases within the larger text context. Voyant procedures like; cirrus, trend and summary showed the results based on quantitative and qualitative measures. These toolsets are easy to use without any programming skills and seem to be the best for researchers of social sciences and humanities who are trying to work in digital humanities. The study also recommends Voyant as an operative tool for textual analysis for Computational Linguists, Postmodernism, Critical Discourse Analysis, English Literature, History, Sociology, Theology, and any other field of knowledge that falls under the domain of digital humanities.

Pakistan – w kierunku triady jądrowej

Pakistan’s political history since independence has been marked by periods of political, military, and economic instability. The Kashmir conflict remains a major point of contention between Pakistan and India. Therefore, Pakistan’s main reason for building nuclear weapons was as a deterrent against Indian conventional forces and a desire to gain a leading role in the Islamic world. The assessment of Pakistan’s nuclear potential is very difficult due to limited information and lack of transparency on the part of military circles. While all nuclear-weapon states generally aim to lower their capabilities, Pakistan, on the contrary, is developing its nuclear capabilities and is currently projected to have around 165 nuclear warheads. Pakistan’s nuclear policy is to have a full spectrum of nuclear weapons from tactical nuclear weapons to strategic ballistic missiles. The main task of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal is deterrence. Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine is intended firstly to deter India from aggression against Pakistan and secondly to prevent India from being victorious in the event of war. The basis of the doctrine of the Pakistani armed forces is the current concept of offensive defense, which assumes conducting a counterattack, the purpose of which will be to transfer a possible armed conflict to the enemy’s territory.