Kappaphycus Research Articles

Enhancement and bioavailability of phenolic content in Kappaphycus alvarezii through solid substrate fermentation

Known as carrageenan, Kappaphycus alvarezii is a popular species of red edible seaweed which is mainly cultivated for its hydrocolloids. K. alvarezii is a good source of phenolics which are considered to be natural antioxidants that promote myriads of health benefits. Extraction of phenolic compounds using conventional solvent extraction may result in hazards and toxicological effect and low yield of bound phenolics. Therefore, this study was conducted to increase the release of bound phenolics through solid substrate fermentation. In the present study, three different varieties of K. alvarezii were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae through solid substrate fermentation (SSF) at 30 ℃ for 2 to 6 days. The changes of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity due to the effects of SSF were investigated. Results obtained revealed that the highest total phenolic content for green (10.022 mg GAE/g) and purple (4.037 mg GAE/g) varieties of K.alvarezii were on the fourth day of fermentation while for yellow (4.479 mg GAE/g) variety was on the sixth day of fermentation. A remarkable enhancement of antioxidant activity was discovered through DPPH radical scavenging activity on the fourth day of fermentation for all varieties of K. alvarezii tested. Total phenolic content also showed a significant correlation with antioxidant activity of fermented seaweed. Cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase enzymes produced by A.oryzae during SSF were also investigated to see the relationship with the release of phenolic compounds after fermentation. The highest cellulase activity was observed on the fourth day of fermentation. The similar observation was also found for xylanase enzyme in yellow and purple varieties of K. alvarezii , except for green variety where the highest xylanase activity was on the sixth day of fermentation. The maximum β-glucosidase activity in yellow and green varieties was observed on the fourth day of fermentation while purple variety exhibited the maximum β-glucosidase activity on the sixth day. There are positive correlation between the enzymes studied and the polyphenols content in all varieties of K. alvarezii . This study demonstrated that fermented K. alvarezii contained more phenolic content compared to non-fermented seaweed.

Analysis of growth and quality of seaweed carrageenan Kappaphycus alvarezii in different locations on the Banggai’s Waters, Central Sulawesi

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Analisis pertumbuhan dan kualitas karagenan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii pada lokasi berbeda di Wilayah Perairan Banggai ProvinsiSulawesi Tengah Seaweed is a potential of coastal resources. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or some species of red algae (Rhodophyceae). Seaweed growth is strongly influenced by two factors: internal and external factors. But twthat determine the success of the seaweed growth is the management carried out by people working on it. Banggai Regency is one of the largest seaweed production centers in Central Sulawesi. The main objective of this studyis toexamine the potential of seaweed cultivation (Kappaphycus avarezii) by looking at the growth and the carrageenan, inBanggai waters, Central SulawesiProvince. The temperature range obtained during this study r25to 31ºC. The results of carrageenananaliysis wasvery different due to differences inlocation, showed by content. The highest and lowest ashcontentwere obtained from two locations, 1,8% (Jayabakti) and 2.8% (Liang), respectively.Rumput laut merupakan sumberdaya pesisir yang sangat potensial. Karagenan merupakan polisakarida yang diekstraksi dari beberapa spesies rumput laut atau alga merah (rhodophyceae). Pertumbuhan rumput laut sangat dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Namun yang sangat menentukan keberhasilan pertumbuhan rumput laut yaitu pengelolaan yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Kabupaten Banggai merupakan salah satu sentral produksi rumput laut terbesar di Sulawesi Tengah. Tujuan utama penelitian ini mengkaji tentang potensi budidaya rumput laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) yang dikembangkan dengan melihat pertumbuhan dan analisis karaginannya di perairan Kabupaten Banggai Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Kisaran suhu yang didapat selama penelitian ini adalah berkisar 25–31ºC. Hasil analisa rendemen karagenan ini sangat berbeda yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan lokasi memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kandungannya. Nilai kadar abu tertinggi dan terendah berturut-turut yang di peroleh dari kedua lokasi ini adalah 1,8% (Jaya Bakti) dan 2,8% (Liang).

In Vitro Culture of Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii under Different Formulation of Growth Stimulating Substances and Culture Media

This study aims at obtaining a sustainably superior seed stock following the characteristics of the parent plant, determining the best formulation of the growth stimulating substance. In general, cytokinin and auxin combination was used, but this study also added with the combination of cytokinin and giberelin and cytokinin and abscisic acid (AA).Parameters measured were bud length, number of buds, and survival rate. Bacterial Vibrio sp test was also done as a cause of the explant mortality. Results showed that the longest bud was recorded in treatment C (S+A 1:2.5) cultured in a jar, 1.343 mm long, 38% of survival, while the highest number of buds was found in treatment B (S+A 1 : 2) 8.86. The shortest bud was recorded in treatment J (S + AA 1:2.5) cultured in a jar, 0.093 mm long, 2.64 buds, 10% of survival, while the explant cultured in the bottle had a length of 0.051 mm long, 1.50 buds, 4% of survival. As conclusion, the best growth stimulating substance was found in the treatment C for the bud length and the survival rate, while the best number of bud was recorded in the treatment B. The best culture tank was topless bottle (aerated). In vitro culture could also use S + G formulation. The explant mortality was caused by Vibrio charchariae. The use of S + AA formulation had lower growth than that of control treatment.Keywords :in vitro, growth stimulating substance, culture media, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Vibrio charchariae ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh benih unggul secara berkelanjutan yang mengikuti karakteristik dari tanaman induk, menentukan formulasi terbaik dari substansi pertumbuhan merangsang. Secara umum, kombinasi sitokinin dan auksin digunakan, tetapi penelitian ini juga menambahkankombinasi sitokinin, giberelin, sitokinin dan asam absisat (AA). Parameter yang diukur adalah panjang tunas, jumlah tunas, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup. Bakteri Vibrio Uji sp juga dilakukan sebagai penyebab kematian eksplan . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tunas terpanjang terdapat pada perlakuan C (S + A 1: 2,5) kultur dalam toples, 1,343 mm, 38% hidup, sementara jumlah tertinggi tunas ditemukan pada perlakuan B (S + A 1: 2) 8.86 . Jumlah tunas paling sedikit terdapat pada perlakuan J (S + AA 1: 2,5) yang dikultur dalam toples, 0,093 mm, 2,64 tunas, 10% hidup, sedangkan eksplan yang dikultur dalam botol memiliki panjang 0.051 mm, 1. 50 tunas , 4% bertahan hidup. Sebagai kesimpulan, pertumbuhan terbaik merangsang zat ditemukan dalam perlakuan C untuk panjang tunas dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup, sementara jumlah tunas terbanyak ditemukan pada perlakuan B. Penggunaan wadah budaya terbaik adalah topless yang diaerasi. Kultur in vitro juga dapat menggunakan formulasi S + G. Kematian eksplan disebabkan oleh Vibrio charchariae . Penggunaan formulasi S + AA memiliki pertumbuhan yang lebih rendah dari pada pengobatan kontrol .Kata kunci : in vitro, zat perangsang tumbuh, media kultur, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Vibrio charchariae

Isolation and amplification of 16S rRNA gen of Associated Microbial isolates in Red Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii from Belang, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi

This study aims to obtain isolates and amplify the associative bacterial 16SrRNA gene in K. alvarezii algae. The K. alvarezii algae was collected from seaweed cultivation area in Belang, Southeast Minahasa, North Sulawesi. Associative bacteria were sampled from K. alvarezii algae, grown in Nutrient Agar and separated based on their morphological characteristics. Each isolates were extracted their DNA genome and.the16S rRNA gene of each isolate was amplified using PCR. Eight associative bacterial from K. alvarezii algae were successfully isolated based on morphological characteristics which were dominated by round shape, smooth edges, convex elevation, and white color of the isolates. The results of genomic DNA extraction from each of these isolates were successfully used as templates to amplify the 16s rRNA gene.Key word: Bacteria, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Taxsonomy, 16S rRNAABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat dan mengamplifikasi gen 16SrRNA bakteri asosiatif pada alga K. alvarezii. Metode penelitian diawali dengan pengambilan sampel alga K. alvarezii di lokasi pembudidayaan rumput laut di desa Belang, Minahasa Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara. Selanjutnya, bakteri asosiatif pada alga K. alvarezii tersebut ditumbuhkan dalam media Nutrient Agar, isolat yang tumbuh kemudian dipisahkan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologinya. dan gen 16S rRNA masing-masing isolat diamplifikasi menggunakn PCR. Delapan isolat bakteri asosiatif pada alga K. alvarezii berhasil diisolasi dengan karakteristik morfologi berbeda yang didominasi dengan bentuk round, tepian smooth, elevasi convex, dan warna putih. Hasil ekstraksi DNA genom dari masing-masing isolat tersebut berhasil digunakan sebagai template untuk mengamplifikasi gen 16s rRNA.Kata Kunci: Bakteri, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Taksonomi, 16S rRNA

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIVIRAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MARINE ORGANISMS COLLECTED FROM THE COASTAL AREAS OF MALAYSIA

Many marine organisms have developed the capability of producing unique metabolites and thus are highly likely to contain anti-infective agents. This study was conducted to investigate extracts of three seaweeds (Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Kappaphycus alvarezii), two soft corals (Lobophytum microlobulatum, Sarcophyton auritum) and a marine sponge (Spheciospongia vagabunda) collected from Malaysian coast for antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. The samples were subjected to sequential solvent extraction in order to obtain hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and water extracts. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were studied using a colorimetric broth microdilution method. The hexane extract of L. microlobulatum had the strongest antibacterial activity and exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.04 mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (0.08 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. For antifungal activity, the lowest MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration values were produced by the hexane extract of S. auritum against the dimorphic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, both with 0.04 mg/mL. None of the extracts were active against the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Only the hexane and ethanol extracts of L. microlobulatum and the ethyl acetate extract of S. auritum exhibited strong inhibition on the cytopathic effect induced by the Chikungunya virus (a re-emerging mosquito-borne virus) with 50% effective concentrations of 14.3 ± 0.2, 124.3 ± 1.9 and 176.6 ± 9.7 μg/mL, respectively. Extracts from the two soft corals, L. microlobulatum and S. auritum possessed stronger antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities compared to the seaweeds and the sponge.

Novel flotation model for the experimental culture of macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii in Florianópolis, Brazil

Abstract - A new flotaton model for the experimental culture of macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva is described and illustrated. The ellipsis-shaped 90L apparatus is made of medium density virgin polyethylene, measuring 2000mm long x 300mm wide x 200mm high, and weighing 9kg. The device has been successfully tested in the litoral region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, throughout the experimental period. Contrastingly to traditional models available on the market, with their instability in strong sea currents, the current model is an alternative to enhance algae-mollusks integrated culture, by providing stability to culture structures. It may also serve as a spacer and support for mooring of double long lines. Resumo - Um novo modelo de flutuador para o cultvo experimental da macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva e descrito e ilustrado. Confeccionado em polietleno virgem de media densidade, possui formato eliptico e dimensoes de 2000 mm de comprimento x 300 mm de largura x 200 mm de altura, com volume de 90 litros e peso de 9kg. O aparato foi testado na regiao costeira catarinense e obteve grande exito durante todo o periodo experimental. Diferentemente dos modelos tradicionalmente disponiveis no mercado, cujo principal entrave diz respeito a sua instabilidade ante as fortes correntes marinhas litorâneas, o presente modelo emerge como uma alternativa para viabilizar o cultivo integrado de algas e moluscos, oferecer estabilidade as estruturas de cultivo e servir, ao mesmo tempo, como espacador e suporte para amarracao de long lines duplos.

Study on carrageenan content and growth of seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, infected by white spot disease using different doses of NPK in Banggai Islands

This study was aimed at assessing the carrageenan content and the growth of seaweed K. alvarezii in white spot disease infection conditions with different doses of NPK in Banggai waters. Results showed that all doses could increase the carrageenan content of the white spot-infected seaweed, with the highest content in treatment D (25 g of NPK/ 10 liters of water), 43.862 ± 19.546, followed by C (20 g of NPK /10 liters of water) 35.685 ± 14.693, B (15 g of NPK/10 liters of water), 23.208 ± 5.992, A (10 g of NPK/10 liters of water),19.132 ± 4.405, and K (without dose), 10.225 ± 2.782, respectively. The highest growth was recorded in treatment D, 401.333 ± 3.215 g, followed by treatment C, 310.000 ± 6.000 g, B, 7.211 g ± 298.000+ 7.211 g, A, 256. 667 ± 11.547 g, and the lowest in control treatment, 218.000 ± 9.849 g, respectively. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kandungan karaginan dan pertumbuhan dari rumput laut K. alvarezii pada kondisi terkena penyakit white spot dengan dosis NPK yang berbeda di Perairan Kabupaten Banggai. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semua dosis mampu meningkatkan kandungan karaginan pada rumput laut yang terinfeksi white spot. Kandungan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan D (dosis NPK 25 g/10 liter air) yaitu 43.862±19.546, diikuti perlakuan C (dosis NPK 20 g/10 liter air) 35.685±14.693, B (dosis NPK 15 g/10 liter air) 23.208±5.992, A (dosis NPK 10 g/10 liter air) 19.132±4.405 dan K (tanpa dosis) 10.225±2.782. Pertumbuhan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan D yaitu sebesar 401.333 ± 3.215 gram, kemudian diikuti oleh perlakuan C 310.000 ± 6.000 gram, B 298.000 ± 7.211 gram, A sebesar 256.667 ± 11.547 gram, dan terendah pada perlakuan kontrol yaitu sebesar 218.000 ± 9.849 gram.

Effect of NPK ferlilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) on seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, growth and white spot desease prevention

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Pengaruh pupuk NPK [nitrogen, fosfor, kalium] terhadap pertumbuhan dan penanggulangan penyakit ‘white spot’ pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii This study aimed to analyze the effect of NPK fertilizer absorption on the growth of seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and the white spot disease prevention. This study could become a source of information for seaweed farmers to increase seaweed production through the use of NPK fertilizers. This study was conducted from January until March, 2014 in the waters of Toropot Village, the District of Bokan Islands, Banggai Laut. To know whether the different doses affect the white spot infection, ANOVA with Tukey's test was used. Results showed that all doses had the same potential to recover from white spot disease and heal faster than the control (no dose). The addition of nutrients N, P, and K at high dose could accelerate the recovery of the algae from white spot desease and increase the growth rate. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penyerapan pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan penanggulangan penyakit white spot pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii. Penelitian ini dapat sebagai sumber informasi bagi pembudidaya rumput laut untuk meningkatkan produksi rumput laut melalui penggunaan pupuk NPK. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai Januari sampai Maret 2014 di perairan Desa Toropot, Kecamatan Bokan Kepulauan, Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Untuk mengetahui apakah perbedaan dosis memberikan pengaruh terhadap serangan white spot, maka dilakukan pengujian ANOVA dengan uji Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa bahwa semua dosis memiliki potensi yang sama untuk memulihkan penyakit white spot dan lebih cepat penyembuhannya dari kontrol (tanpa dosis). Penambahan nutrien N, P dan K pada dosis tinggi dapat mempercepat pemulihan alga dari penyakit white spot dan dapat meningkatkan laju pertumbuhannya.

The effects of stimulant growth hormones on tissue culture of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in vitro

In order to anticipate the qualified and sustainable seed requirement for seaweed culture, it is necessary to conduct tissue culture for vegetative cultivation of isolated leaves, bud, and stemin an artificial medium enriched with nutrient and growth regulator. The purpose of this study is to obtain newly grown plant in a big quantity in relatively short period of time, with physiological and morphological properties similar to the stocks. Culture media used were Grund Medium and PES with an addition of a growth regulator, IAA (Indol acetic acid) and BAP (Benzil amino purin). The buds produced were buds with similar properties as the parent. The longest bud (1,851 mm) was obtained in Grund Medium with IAA treatment, while the length of bud in PES medium was only 0.612 mm. The number of buds was highest (10,6) in Grund media with IAA+BAP (1:1) treatment, and 6,82 with IAA treatment in PES media. The survival rate of explants was highest in media enriched with 0.5 mg/L IAA (indol acetic acid). The best media for growing seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii was Grund Medium© Untuk mengantisipasi kebutuhan bibit yang berkualitas dan tersedia secara kontinyu, diperlukan suatu upaya kultur jaringan untuk perbanyakan tanaman secara vegetatif dengan mengisolasi bagian tanaman seperti daun, mata tunas, serta batang dalam media buatan secara aseptik yang diperkaya dengan nutrien dan zat perangsang tumbuh. Tujuannya untuk mendapatkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah banyak dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, yang mempunyai sifat fisiologi dan morfologis sama dengan tanaman induknya. Media kultur yang digunakan adalah media Grund Medium dan PES dengan penambahan zat perangsang tumbuh yaitu IAA (Indol acetic acid) dan BAP (Benzil amino purin). Tunas yang dihasilkan merupakan anakan yang mempunyai sifat yang sama dengan induknya. Panjang tunas tertinggi dicapai pada media Grund Medium dengan perlakuan IAA (1,851 mm) dan media PES sebesar 0,612 mm. Sedangkan jumlah tunas tertinggi dicapai perlakuan IAA+BAP (1:1) sebesar 10,6 pada media Grund dan perlakuan IAA sebesar 6,82 pada media PES. Untuk tingkat kelangsungan hidup (sintasan) eksplan yang paling baik pada media yang diberikan pupuk IAA (indol acetic acit) dengan kosentrasi 0,5 mg/L. sedangkan media yang baik untuk pertumbuhan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii adalah media Grund Medium©

Inhibitory effect of marine algae collected from the Eastand West coast of India against luciferase andluminescence producing Vibrio harveyi

This study explored the development of inhibitors from marine algae against luminescence disease causing Vibrio harveyi. Organic solvents such as ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol:chloroform (CM) were treated to extract compounds from marine algae such as Skeletonema costatum, Ulva fasciata and Kappaphycus alvarezii. Antagonistic effect of algae extracts was determined against marine V. harveyi. EA extract of S. costatum and U. fasciata at 300 µg showed maximum zone of inhibition (12.6 and 12.3 mm) against V. harveyi. Similarly, CM extract of S. costatum also showed maximum zone of inhibition (8.3 mm). When crude EA extract of S. costatumat 300 µg/ml was used for V. harveyi, the level of luciferase was reduced to three to seven counts per second (CPS) as compared to the control for 4 days as read by luminometer. 300 mg/ml of CM extract of U. fasciata, reduced the luciferase to 3 to 6 CPS. When EA extract of S. costatum at (300 µg/ml) was treated against V. harveyi, the luminescence was reduced 10 to 15 CPS. The CM extract from U. fasciatashowed reduction in the luminescence production (7 to 13 CPS). Considering the cumulative effect of anti-luminescence and anti-Vibrio activities, 300 mg of crude extract prepared from S. costatum in both solvents were confirmed as inhibitory to V. harveyi. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the levels of luciferase and luminescence in all the extracts but S. costatum showed less. This study confirms that marine algae extracts can be used to control luminescent disease causing V. harveyi among the shrimp grow-out system and larviculture. Key words: Algae extracts, antagonism, Vibrio harveyi, anti-luciferase, anti-luminescence.

Antibacterial activity of seaweed (Kappaphycus) extracts against infectious pathogens

Natural products represent a potential source for the search of new drug. Among them, seaweeds can be highlighted because of its abundance in nature and richness in bioactive compounds. Screening of these for antimicrobial compounds is vital due to increasing demand of therapeutic drugs in treatment of pathogenic infection. In this study, the antibacterial activity of seaweeds (Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva and Kappaphycus striatum (F.Schmitz) Doty ex P. C. Silva. was tested against human bacterial pathogens (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Serratia sp. and Proteus sp.). Different seaweeds extracts (acetone, benzene, butanol, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, methanol, propanol and toluene) were evaluated for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion methods. In the present study, the best results were obtained for chloroform and isoamyl alcohol extracts, which presented inhibition zones for the majority of the pathogens. The K. striatum species activity was high when compared with K. alvarezii. The chloroform and isoamyl alcohol extracts showed maximum activity and showed highest zone of inhibition of 22 and 20 mm, respectively. The results indicate significant capacity and future scope for the use of seaweed against a wide range of microbial populations. Key words: Seaweed, antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Kappaphycusalvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum.

Recruitment of Eucheuma and Kappaphycus on a farm in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines

Recruitment of Eucheuma and Kappaphycus on a farm in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines

Aspects of the farming and processing of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Indonesia

Aspects of the farming and processing of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Indonesia