Kantian Approach Research Articles

공화주의적 민주시민 교육 탐색 : 비에스타의 정치적 접근을 중심으로

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of republican civic education through three approaches of democratic education by Biesta. Biesta categorises democratic civic education into three: Kant's individual approach, Dewey's social approach, and Arendt's political approach which he introduces as a way of alternative democratic education in the post modern era. Drawing upon Biesta’s approaches has two advantages when we appropriate republicanism into the area of education. On the one hand, it helps to overcome the limitation of republicanism by interpreting Arendt’s republican idea in the post modern context of difference and plurality as Arendt’s core ideas are considered to boil down to republicanism. On the other hand, Biesta's perspective on democratic civic education presents an important pedagogical implication, especially when applying republicanism into the area of education where easily returns to the forms of production in modern education. This is expected to have a significant influence on the more delicate thinking about republican civic education by presenting subtle pedagogical points that should be considered separately from the political discourse when they are applied into education.

Time Layers or Time Regimes

In this article, I examine Koselleck’s vision on time layers and the forward-looking view they entail. According to me, both its future orientation and its division into time layers are debatable, given his Kantian approach to concepts and his misappropriation of the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous. My research is quite urgent since several authors are following in his footsteps. Hartog does this by distinguishing between three time regimes, the second being based on Koselleck’s future-oriented time. Lucian Hölscher prefers Koselleck’s empty time to an embodied one. Zoltán Boldizsár Simon and Marek Tamm started a project in 2021 called ‘Historical Futures,’ in which they propose a time regime that decouples the past and present from the future. They have concluded it with a plea for an open future. In this way they hope to have a better starting point for dealing with the issues of the Anthropocene. Unfortunately, all of them sharpen Reinhart Koselleck’s vision of a forward-looking time and thus also reinforce its shortcomings. Hartog’s time regimes would have been a better choice. Thinking ahead and disconnecting the past and present from the future cannot solve our current time out of joint. A more balanced view of time is a better way out.

Tanggung Jawab Etis Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence Di Tanah Pendidikan: Formulasi Paradigma Baru Untuk Teknologi Otonom

This study examines the application of Immanuel Kant's ethical principles in the use of autonomous technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the academic domain. AI technology has significantly impacted academic efficiency and innovation but has also raised serious ethical challenges, such as algorithmic bias, dependency on technology, and threats to privacy and transparency. Using a Kantian ethical approach, this research identifies key issues and proposes an ethical framework that places justice, transparency, and respect for human dignity at the core of the design and implementation of autonomous technologies. The findings indicate that algorithmic bias can exacerbate academic inequities, while excessive reliance on AI risks diminishing the critical and creative capabilities of academics. Additionally, privacy and accountability in the management of academic data emerge as major concerns requiring ethically grounded policy interventions. This study also highlights the need for a new paradigm ensuring that autonomous technologies uphold humanistic values in academic settings, such as inclusivity, intellectual autonomy, and justice.

A Kantian Justification of Fair Shares: Climate Ethics and Imperfect Duties

ABSTRACT The debate surrounding individual climate duties is divided between collectivists and unilateralists. The fair shares argument is the most influential unilateralist position. In this paper, I demonstrate how a Kantian approach could solve three problems the fair share argument faces. Firstly, the Kantian focus on an agent’s will avoids skepticism regarding the causal connections between individual actions and climate effects. Secondly, a Kantian argument for the imperfect duty to minimally restrict our emissions to an equal share justifies egalitarian fair shares. Thirdly, a Kantian ethical approach has direct political implications, taking away concerns about a distracting focus on individual efforts.

Когнитивная археология: между Кантом и Выготским

The paper touches upon the problems of historical development of thought. One of the approaches to the evolution of human cognitive abilities – cognitive archaeology – is considered. The relation of cognitive archaeology to broader debates about the evolution of mind and its specificity is defined. It is shown that in general theoretical and worldview terms, one of the branches of cognitive archaeology is based on evolutionary psychology (in the broad sense) and its inherent (quasi-)Kantian worldview. The second branch is associated with the recognition of the significant role of materiality, material and practical collective activity in the formation of the mind, and in this respect it is much closer to the ideas of cultural-historical approaches than to the Kantian approach. It is argued that the current state of the discipline is predominantly associated with this second strand.

Observații filosofice despre arhitectura religioasă și arta sacră

This article tackles the aesthetic implications of religious architecture, somehow outshined by dominant metaphysical undertakings of the sacred space. The first part of this study deals with the interpretation of the principles of religious architecture explained by Vitruvius and their impact on the German and Scottish Enlightenment. The second part sheds light on the Kantian approach of the religious space through the aesthetic category of the sublime in its two paradigms – mathematical and dynamical – closely observing to what extent they support Kant’s intention to project religion within the limits of reason. From here, the research tracks the inheritance of these traditions reflected by Hegel’s Lectures of Aesthetics, for whom the architecture is embedded in the so-called symbolic art, one of the three major components of the system of arts. In the end, we will see how modern philosophy leaves a last trace of interest on religious architecture and the phenomenon of living in some Heideggerian writings, but without any aesthetic intention. We will check what the possibility of a theological program of religious architecture still means at the end of modernity, relying on some notes of Le Corbusier, and how we can recover a traditional model of religious architecture, which can explain the aesthetic experience beyond the metaphysical one, in the Eastern Orthodox Romanian mental space.

Individualistic Versus Relational Ethics – A Contestable Concept for (African) Philosophy

AbstractThaddeus Metz, in his book “A Relational Moral Theory” compares the relational African view to Western theories of right action with a focus on Kant (respective contemporary Kantianism) and Utilitarianism. In focussing on the opposition between a relational and an individualistic view, Metz questions the interpretation of basic normative assumptions that are guiding central Western moral and political institutions. He particularly focusses on Kantian and Utilitarian approaches to which he ascribes substantive moral assumptions in terms of utility respective autonomy. In this paper, we reconstruct Metz’s position on the opposition between a relational and an individualistic view on ethics. We then investigate whether his relational conceptualisation is a convincing reconstruction of African views and question his take on Western positions, focussing in particular on views around individual rights and communality as presented in the Kantian tradition. We highlight the value of ubuntu in intercultural discourse to foster ethical and moral reasoning in a holistic way and conclude that any reflection on ethics necessarily involves an understanding of our common human nature, which is at the core of philosophical anthropology.

Perceptive area and coordinating management in inter-refessional relations

This paper reveals the perceptual field of interfaith contacts, its content, functions, forms, scope. The relationship between traditional and non-traditional religious communities is empirically verified at different depths of church formation. The field work, which served as the basis for further generalization, was carried out in Moscow, the Kama region, Bashkortostan on a sample of about 3,000 believers. Among the studied confessional groups there are Orthodoxy, Islam, Finno-Ugric paganism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, Pentecostals, Vaishnavs (Hare Krishnas). The methodological position is grouped through a compilation of Kant's transcendental, socio-cultural and structural approaches, dialectics, cultural anthropology and social phenomenology. The study was conducted by means of included observation, with full immersion in the everyday life of the studied confessional groups, as well as the use of semantic, projective, and survey methods. Thus, the paper analyzes the specifics of social attitudes at the emotional, cognitive and behavioral levels, as well as the semantic fullness of perceptual images. Moreover, it also illustrates the specifics of reactions in conflict situations and touches upon the problems connected with revealing the discourse on the potential danger and real threat in the confessional sphere of public relations, the impossibility of abandoning these processes in the sphere of free and uncontrolled pluralism, the need for state mediation. Finally, the research discusses the means of containing interreligious antagonisms.

La ética de Kant, la ética kantiana y la ética contemporánea

Among the basic elements of Immanuel Kant's ethics, stand out the categorical imperative as the main reason of ethical determination, its appeal to the capacity to judge, and the possibility of considering Kantian ethics of duty also as the model for the formation of character and therefore also as virtue ethics. Kant's approach is productive even in ethical proposals that differ from him in what could be called his "material ethics". Finally, it is show how contemporary ethical discussion cannot do without the insights offered by the philosopher of Königsberg.

THE LOGIC OF EU NORMATIVE POWER IN THE WESTERN BALKANS

This research focuses on comprehending the political logic behind how the EU's normative power is manifested in its engagements within the region. It's evident that numerous studies emphasize the dual role of EU conditionality in the membership criteria for Western Balkan countries, illustrating both normative unity in foreign policy and a complex interaction between interests and norm adaptation. This highlights the intricate nature of the EU's approach in the Western Balkans. The study is grounded in the semi - realist perspective, which argues that democracy norm promotion and peace building constitutes a relevant, but secondary foreign policy aim. It aligns with scholars from various viewpoints who suggest that EU democracy promotion is more strategically motivated for enhancing national security rather than strict ideational diffusion. Instead of a Kantian cosmopolitan approach, the EU's normative power is seen resembling Hobbesian normative homogenization. We argue that striving for a normatively homogenous Europe through ideational diffusion yields varied outcomes in different regions due to distinct structural conditions and institutional practices qualitative methodology, we delve into the achievements and limits of EU normative power in the Western Balkans . The study concludes that normative ideational diffusion rarely results in uniform outcomes even within the region. Thus, during times of crisis and ongoing multidimensional challenges, resilience as norm diversity rather than normative homogenization offers more effective political power implications.

Kant's Turn: Between Actual and Potential Infinity

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to show that Kant's turn is the answer to the problem of actual infinity, in the light of which it becomes clear how Immanuel Kant contributed to the turn of Western epistemology to non-classics. The relevance of the research is due to the need to make modern epistemology more “sighted” in relation to its own prospects and opportunities.Methodology and sources. The author of the article reconstructs and critically analyzes Kant's approach to neutralizing the problem of actual infinity on the basis of the involvement of both primary sources and historical-philosophical and historical-scientific works, modern research in the field of the theory of cognition. Results and discussion. Kant's separation of “in itself” and “for us” separates the finite and dependent world from the infinite and independent. The latter is emptied of its theological content (inherited from Nicholas of Cusa) and, instead of a central meaning, receives a peripheral one, is declared an unknowable thing in itself. And the former is endowed with some properties of the latter and is declared a self-sufficient education. So the transcendent becomes transcendental, and the problem of the connection between the finite and the infinite, discussed by Kant's predecessors (Galileo, Descartes, etc.), is neutralized and passes into the category of antinomies. But the discovery of the inconsistency of Kant's separation “in itself” and “for us” makes the problem of the ratio of the finite and the infinite relevant again. However, now the former becomes completely blind to the latter, so that everything that is beyond “for us” can be attributed to “in itself”. Thus, in place of the actual infinity as transcendent, a potential infinity arises that does not know the limits of its immanence. The author of the article shows that such substitution, while remaining unidentified, can disorient the modern theory of cognition even more.Conclusion. Revealing how Kant's reinterpretation of the relation of the finite and the infinite contributed to the substitution of the actual infinity by the potential infinity makes it clear that such a substitution does not neutralize the original problem of the actual infinity, but that such a substitution is itself a real problem, the sharpening of which promises great changes in the theory of knowledge.

A Kantian Approach to the Moral Considerability of Non-human Nature

A Kantian Approach to the Moral Considerability of Non-human Nature

The New Anthropomorphism Debate and Researching Non-Human Animal Emotions: A Kantian Approach

Researchers of non-human animal emotions tend to defend some forms of anthropomorphism and seek ways to make it more critical, self-aware, and useful for scientific purposes. I propose that to achieve this goal, we need first to conduct a Kantian investigation into the deeper structure of anthropomorphism. I argue that we can distinguish at least three levels of anthropomorphising: a narrative level, a cognitive level and an in-between, metatheoretical level which is the deeper structure determining how we anthropomorphise. Because the current debate tends to focus either on the narrative level or on the cognitive level, this paper concentrates on the metatheoretical level, discusses its role in emotion research, the possible errors it may cause, and how we can work on it, drawing on predictive processing-based theories of emotions and an evolutionary approach. The key to being critical in anthropomorphism is to be aware of the complexity of this whole structure, as well as to be able to challenge and put into question all and any of its elements.

The Objectivity of Analyticity: Quine's Two Dogmas Argument Revisited

From a classical view, analyticity entails objectivity, as opposed to syntheticity. With "Two Dogmas" and other essays, the traditional analytical aprioricity is dead, various attempts for seeking recourse to conventions also reveal to be insufficient to account for the leak from subjective experiences about the external world and objective knowledge reserved in a law-governed sphere. Although Quine cast doubt on a traditional analytic-synthetic distinction and a priori truth obtained by virtue of meaning and disapproved of Carnap's logical empiricism, i.e., logical truth in the sense of conventions that defined by linguistic structrue, it is clear that he has never refused the possibility of seeking a common picture of our external world, a kind of objectivity neither based on a transcendental Kantian approach of a priori intuition, nor the one that relies on a logical framework and certain structural properties that are isomorphic between private experiences. Quine opposed these views mainly by providing a holistic approach which states that confirmation is holistic where interdeterminancy sets the accountability of every single given expression. However, this claim eventually resuscitates the question of the relation between objectivity and the questioned analyticity, i.e. truth by virtue of meaning. This essay argues that in fact, a new kind of objectivity has emerged with the Quinean approach, namely the analytical objectivity.

The Biosynthesis of Proteins for Nano Engines as a Normative Process

In this article two questions are discussed with regard to semiosis in protein biosynthesis for nano engines. (1) What kind of semiosis is involved in the construction of these proteins? and (2) How can we explain the semiotic process observed? With regard to the first issue we draw attention to comparisons between semiosis in protein biosynthesis and human natural language. The notion of normativity appears to be of great importance for both. A comparison also demonstrates differences. Nevertheless, because of the normative symbolic information processing in it, we suggest to employ the term symbolic reference (employed in linguistics as a distinguishing feature of human language) to indicate the semiotic processes in protein biosynthesis. With regard to explaining semiosis in protein synthesis we compare different approaches. We conclude that a Kantian approach should be preferred. In such an approach strengths of the mechanistic and organicist approaches can be combined, and the observed symbolic information processing acknowledged.

Understanding the Roles of Genius and Taste in the Production of Beauty: A Kantian Approach to Artistic Intention

Understanding the Roles of Genius and Taste in the Production of Beauty: A Kantian Approach to Artistic Intention

Questioning the formalist facet of Kant's approach to music - an application to Mussorgsky, a comparison with Hanslick and a response to Samantha Matherne

In this article I explore the formalist facet of Kant's theory of music and how this facet can be reconciled with sensory gratification and emotional expression. I argue that 1) Kant does not give us an adequate notion of musical form, 2) the status that Kant gives to sensations in music is not plausible, and 3) the presence of an emotionally expressive component introduces inconsistencies within Kant’s text. Remarks about the status that Kant assigns to sensations in music are illustrated by analyzing a work by Mussorgsky later orchestrated by Ravel. Kant's formalist facet is problematized through a comparison with Eduard Hanslick's musical formalism. I conclude by examining Samantha Matherne's (2014) proposal to reconcile the aforementioned dimensions. I argue that Matherne's "expressive formalism" does not resolve all the inconsistencies and implausibilities it tries to resolve

Simmelian Contributions to a Relational Sociology of Senses and Emotions: the Case of “Platforms of Delivery Workers”

I
 In The View of Life, the last Simmel criticizes the Kantian approach to Ethics, because it considers the individual exclusively from his rational dimension, leaving aside his sensitivity; that is, "temptation and seduction by the senses." At the same time, he warns about the dangers for modern life of the technical expansion of the sensitive world, such as when “a being who has the structure of a giant telescope” or legs, “half-kilometer stilts” is conceived.
 Beings conceived in these way are today the delivery workers. Riding around the city very fast their bikes or motorcycles, receiving orders from their cellular phones, they administrate their bodies and senses –especially the view- at the service of their self-entrepreneurship. The article examines for the case of Buenos Aires, this emerging phenomenon of contemporary capitalism, such as the constitution of precarious working relationships between distributors of the current platform companies of delivery

Regulative idealization: A Kantian approach to idealized models

Scientific models typically contain idealizations, or assumptions that are known not to be true. Philosophers have long questioned the nature of idealizations: Are they heuristic tools that will be abandoned? Or rather fictional representations of reality? And how can we reconcile them with realism about knowledge of nature? Immanuel Kant developed an account of scientific investigation that can inspire a new approach to the contemporary debate. Kant argued that scientific investigation is possible only if guided by ideal assumptions—what he calls “regulative ideas”. These ideas are not true of objects of nature, and yet they are not heuristic tools or fictional representations. They are necessary rules governing the construction and assessment of scientific explanations. In this paper, I suggest that some idealizations can be interpreted as having necessary regulative value and as being compatible with scientific realism. I first analyze the puzzle of the nature of idealization and present the main approaches to this topic in the literature. Second, I reconsider the puzzle vis-à-vis a restricted, Kantian definition of idealization and a novel characterization of the relation between idealization and truth. Finally, I discuss in detail an example of idealization (the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) along the suggested Kantian lines.

An Uneasy Alliance in the Battle of the Absolute: William James and George Holmes Howison

Abstract: The closing section of James's "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results" contains a surprisingly abrupt dismissal of Kant's philosophy. This paper suggests that James's real target is his host, George Holmes Howison, whose Philosophical Union had invited James to speak at Berkeley. James and Howison shared a common commitment to pluralism in opposition to the Absolute monism such as Josiah Royce was developing. Howison relies on Kant's account of the a priori as well as his moral ideal of a Kingdom of Ends in order to fashion a pluralistic form of |idealism that would avoid the errors he found in Absolute monism while also countering the influential evolutionary philosophy of Herbert Spencer. While James shared Howison's opposition to monism, as well as his critical view of Spencer, he did not share his aversion to evolutionary ideas. Ultimately, the pragmatism that he announced at Berkeley would reply to Howison's Kantian approach by retaining a pluralism while building on the modern psychology growing out of evolution. James's position would test the alliance that they had forged against monism. In time, it would prove too fragile to withstand their growing differences until a final break came in the year before James's death.