Kabuli Chickpea Research Articles

Zinc seed treatments improve productivity, quality and grain biofortification of desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a leading food legume primarily grown in marginal areas and consumed all over the world. However, its production is limited owing to zinc (Zn) deficiency in many chickpea-based cropping systems. This study was conducted over two years to evaluate the effect of Zn application through seed treatments on productivity and grain Zn biofortification of kabuli and desi chickpea types in Punjab, Pakistan. Pre-optimised doses of Zn were applied as (i) seed priming (0.001 m Zn) and (ii) seed coating (5 mg Zn kg–1 seed), using ZnSO4.7H2O (33% Zn). Hydropriming (soaking in water) and non-primed dry seeds were used as control treatments. Zinc seed treatments significantly improved leghemoglobin contents, nodulation, grain yield, grain Zn yield, grain bioavailable Zn, grain minerals and grain Zn concentration compared with control treatments in both chickpea types. During both years, kabuli chickpea receiving Zn seed coating had higher grain yield (2.22 and 2.73 t ha–1) and grain Zn yield (103 and 129 g ha–1) than kabuli receiving other treatments. Likewise, during both study years, maximum grain bioavailable Zn (4.58 and 4.55 mg Zn day–1) was recorded with Zn seed coating in both chickpea types. Kabuli chickpea had more grain bioavailable Zn than desi. With regard to seed treatments, desi chickpea was more responsive to Zn osmopriming, whereas kabuli was more responsive to Zn seed coating. In conclusion, Zn seed treatments, as seed priming and seed coating, are effective methods for improving the productivity, grain quality and Zn biofortification of both desi and kabuli chickpea.

Immunomodulatory Activity in vitro and in vivo of Polysaccharides from Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Hull.

SUMMARYResearch backgroundPolysaccharides isolated from plants, fungi and bacteria are associated with immunomodulatory effects. Chickpea hull, which is regarded as food industrial waste, contains considerable amount of antioxidants and bioactive compounds.Experimental approachIn the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull (CHPS). In vitro study was conducted with RAW264.7 cell line while in vivo study was carried out using specific pathogen-free BALB/c mouse animal model.Results and discussionIn in vitro test with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, the three purified fractions of chickpea hull polysaccharides showed potent immunomodulatory activity. Sample CHPS-3 showed stronger effect on cell viability, promoted the phagocytosis index to a greater extent and had the best effect on acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, it was found that CHPS-3 significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the secretion of nitrogen monoxide and cytokine (interleukins IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) levels. In in vivo study, CHPS-3 improved thymus and spleen indices in cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. Increased activities of lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, serum haemolysin content and total antioxidant capacity were observed, while the amount of malondialdehyde in the liver decreased.Novelty and scientific contributionThe results suggest that chickpea hull polysaccharides enhanced the immune activity and could be developed as the ingredient of functional foods.

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The Study of Genetic Diversity, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Phenological Traits and Yield in Kabuli Chickpea International Genotypes

The Study of Genetic Diversity, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Phenological Traits and Yield in Kabuli Chickpea International Genotypes

Influence of Soil Application of Organic Manures and Foliar Spray of Liquid Biofertilizers on Growth and Seed Yield of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties

The field experiment was carried out at WALMI Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16 and 2016-17 on organically maintained field to study the influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of liquid biofertilizers on growth and seed yield of kabuli chickpea varieties. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications constituting two kabuli chickpea varieties and seven fertilizer treatments. The results revealed that, kabuli chickpea variety BG1105 (V1) recorded significantly higher values for seed yield and its yield attributes compared to MNK-1 (V2) while, application of 100 % organics equivalent to RDP (50 % FYM and 50 % vermicompost) in combination with either of foliar application with Panchagavya @ 3 % or Biodigester @ 10 % or cow urine spray @ 10 % at flowering and 15 days after flowering can be used for obtaining higher seed yield in Kabuli chickpea varieties.

Comparative Biochemical Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in Commonly Grown Legume Varieties

In this research study, quantitative determination of phytoconstituents in seed coat, dehusked raw dal, cooked dal and whole seed of locally grown pulses viz. pigeonpea, lentil, desi and kabuli chickpea, and ricebean was carried out. Among the four treatments of all the pulses, highest yield in methanol was found in ricebean. Total phenolic content (mg GAEg-1) varied from 1.72-103.62 in all of the extracts. Similarly, flavonoids (mg CAEg-1) ranged from 1.13 to 33.66 which also found to be reduced in dehulled and cooked extracts. o-Dihydric phenols, hydrophobic and hydrophilic phenols followed order as: seed coat&gt; whole seed&gt; raw dal&gt; cooked dal. Results obtained by DPPH method showed that free radical scavenging capacities ranged from 53.80 to 92.00% while antioxidant activity ranged from 51.00 to 78.60% by FTC method. A highly significant correlation (plessthan0.05) between antioxidant activities/free radical scavenging efficiencies and phenolic contents as well as flavonoids was observed in most of the extracts under study. The results concluded that the pulse seed extracts may be valuable natural source of secondary metabolites for nutraceutical industry.

Effect of barrel temperature and feed moisture on protein quality in pre-cooked Kabuli chickpea, sorghum, and maize flours.

The effect of barrel temperature (120 and 150 ℃, held constant in zones 4-6) and feed moisture (20 and 24%) on the protein quality of Kabuli chickpea, sorghum, and maize flours were examined, which included amino acid profile, invitro protein digestibility and invitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (IV-PDCAAS). It was found that the limiting amino acid of chickpea changed from threonine to valine after extrusion, whereas both sorghum and maize were limiting in lysine before and after extrusion. The invitro protein digestibility increased from 77 to 81% for chickpea and 73 to 76% for maize; values for sorghum remained at 74% after extrusion. However, the IV-PDCAAS for the extruded flours generally remained at the same level, 69% for chickpea, 22% for sorghum, and ∼35% for maize. The effect of extrusion temperature, moisture and their interaction was significant on protein quality of sorghum and maize, but in the case of chickpea, only the extrusion temperature was significant. Only chickpea extruded at 150 ℃ (regardless of the moisture) met the protein quality (PDCAAS > 70%) requirement to be used in food assistance products.

Effect of Bacillus Species Rhizobacteria on Kabuli Chickpea Plants Growth under Pots and Field Conditions

Effect of <i>Bacillus</i> Species Rhizobacteria on Kabuli Chickpea Plants Growth under Pots and Field Conditions

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The paper presents the yield gaps, adoption of improved varieties and the commercial behaviour in seed of smallholder chickpea producers based on the primary data collected from 612 randomly selected farmers covering 36 kebeles from 18 chickpea-producing districts, in 2017. The results indicate that the estimated average yield gaps were lower by 37.97 and 49.17% for desi chickpea and by 29.62 and 40.97% for kabuli chickpea, than the yields achieved on farmers&rsquo; fields with improved variety and recommended practice and on-research stations, respectively. Overall, 43% of the chickpea producers were full-adopters, 9.5% partial adopters and the remaining 47.5% are non-adopters of improved varieties. Given the recent introduction of kabuli chickpea, all respondents reported the use of improved varieties (42.5%). Of the total 57.5% desi chickpea producing farmers, only 9.6% were full adopters. The commercial behaviour in chickpea seed use indicates that 55.4% of the farmers were autarkic who did not engage in chickpea seed markets, whereas 22% used purchased seed, 11.4% sold seed, and the remaining 11.1% were engaged in the seed market both as buyers and sellers. These results imply that there is a huge potential to narrow the yield gaps provided that the national seed system responds adequately to the key factors of adoption along with the smallholder farmers&rsquo; commercial behaviour in chickpea seed system.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: Chickpea, yield gap, adoption, commercial behaviour, seed system. &nbsp

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Comparative analysis of metabolites in contrasting chickpea cultivars

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a good source of nutrients for animals and human consumption. In the present study, we analyzed the anthocyanin and total phenolic contents in two contrasting (desi and kabuli) chickpea cultivars. The quantification of anthocyanins showed higher amount in desi as compared to kabuli chickpea. The total phenolic contents was estimated in desi and kabuli chickpea using two different solvents (50% Acetone and 70% Methanol extracts) for coverage of all potential phenolic compounds. In continuation, desi chickpea culitvars (himchana and ICC4958) were found to be significantly higher total phenolic contents (in both solvent extracts) as compared to kabuli cultivars (JGK-03 and L-552). Higher phenolic contents was found to be directly correlated to higher anthocyanin contents in desi as compared to kabuli chickpea. The volatile organic compounds were also analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy technique in both cultivars. The significant compositional differences in volatile organic composition (polar and non-polar) of desi and kabuli cultivars were also found to be noticed using two different solvent extractions (methanol and chloroform). The comparative analysis of volatile organic acids in methanolic and chloroform extracts of desi cultivars (himchana and ICC4958), kabuli cultivars (JGK-03 and L-552) and between desi and kabuli cultivars was also carried out for in-depth understanding of the differential patterns of low molecular weight metabolites. Six metabolites were found to be common in all four selected cultivars in chloroform extracted samples, while four were found to be common in all four selected cultivars in methanolic extracted samples. The remaining detected metabolites are uncommon among different cultivars and represented as cultivar specific signatory metabolites. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed higher anthocyanin and phenolic contents in desi cultivars as compared to kabuli cultivars and differential accumulation of volatile organic compounds in chickpea cultivars. The metabolite alterations among desi and chickpea cultivars could be the potential attribute for diversity, resilience and commercial usuages.

Inheritance and relationships of flowering time and seed size in kabuli chickpea

Flowering time and seed size are the important traits for adaptation in chickpea. Early phenology (time of flowering, podding and maturity) enhance chickpea adaptation to short season environments. Along with a trait of consumer preference, seed size has also been considered as an important factor for subsequent plant growth parameters including germination, seedling vigour and seedling mass. Small seeded kabuli genotype ICC 16644 was crossed with four genotypes (JGK 2, KAK 2, KRIPA and ICC 17109) to study inheritance of flowering time and seed size. The relationships of phenology with seed size, grain yield and its component traits were studied. The study included parents, F1, F2 and F3 of four crosses. The segregation data of F2 indicated flowering time in chickpea was governed by two genes with duplicate recessive epistasis and lateness was dominant to earliness. Two genes were controlling 100-seed weight where small seed size was dominant over large seed size. Early phenology had significant negative or no association (ICC 16644 × ICC 17109) with 100-seed weight. Yield per plant had significant positive association with number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, 100-seed weight, harvest index and plant height and hence could be considered as factors for seed yield improvement. Phenology had no correlation with yield per se (seed yield per plant) in any of the crosses studied. Thus, present study shows that in certain genetic background it might be possible to breed early flowering genotypes with large seed size in chickpea and selection of early flowering genotypes may not essentially have a yield penalty.

Influence of seed treatment with botanicals and chemicals on storability of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

The storage experiment was carried out at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory, Seed Unit (National Seed Project), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from March 2017 to March 2018 to study the influence of seed treatment with botanicals and chemicals on storability of Kabuli chickpea varieties. Seed quality parameters were significantly influenced among varieties and seed treatment with botanicals and chemicals. Among the treatments, seed treatment with Sprint (Mancozeb 50 % + Carbendazim 25 % WS) @ 2 g per kg of seed or Vitavax power @ 3 g/kg of seed or Sweet flag rhizome @ 10 g/kg of seed maintained seed quality for more than ten months during storage. However, Sweet flag rhizome @ 10 g/kg of seed can be used as alternative to chemicals which is safe, eco-friendly and economically feasible for maintaining seed quality for organic seed growers/producers and seed companies.

Study of the Phytochemical Kabuli Chickpea (cicer Arietinum L) as an Anionic Coagulant for the Treatment of Water.

The treatment of water by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, is a highly realized treatment throughout the world, and the most commonly used coagulant substances are aluminum sulphate, aluminum polychloride and ferric chloride; these substances produce a large quantity of sludge with high aluminum and iron salts, the production of these coagulants is carried out by complex chemical reactions, which demand a large amount of natural resources and produce sludge with high concentrations of these metals, and has shown that aluminum is toxic to plants and animals in different ways; This study shows the comparison of efficiencies between aluminum sulphate and a chickpea extract, which shows a very important coagulant activity. The turbidity and color removal efficiency were evaluated using an anionic coagulant obtained from Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) with an isoelectric point at pH of 3,7, its performance being compared with aluminum sulphate, for the treatment of synthetic water. Laboratory-scale synthetic solutions were prepared at initial values of 200 NTU. Parameters such as turbidity, color, pH and conductivity were measured. The Jar test was used to determine the optimal doses of coagulants, using 70, 80, 90 and 100 mg / L doses for the anionic coagulant and 60, 70, 80 and 90 doses of aluminum sulphate mg / l. The highest removal of turbidity and color was for the anionic coagulant with 98% and 94.71% with a dose of 90 mg / L and in the case of aluminum sulphate values of turbidity removal of 97.5% and of Color of 93.94% with the same dose, respectively. For the tests performed values were obtained within the range established by current Colombian legislation. It was concluded that the anionic coagulant can be used as a primary coagulant.

Influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil application of organic manures and foliar spray of organic nutrients on resultant seed quality in Kabuli chickpea varieties. The experiment was carried at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory, Seed Unit (National Seed Project), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi of 2015-16 and 2016-17. Seed quality parameters were significantly influenced among varieties and organic amendment treatments. BG1105 (V1) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to MNK-1 (V2), While among the treatments, application of 100 % organics equivalent to RDP [50 % Farm yard manure (FYM) and 50 % Vermicompost] + Foliar application of Panchagavya @ 3 % at flowering and 15 Days after flowering (T2) recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters as compared to all other treatments and control. This treatment can be used to improve seed quality attributes in kabuli chickpea varieties.

Effect of seed priming on growth and seed yield in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

The field experiment was carried out at Water and Land Use Management Institute (WALMI) Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of seed priming on growth and seed yield in kabuli chickpea varieties. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications constituting two kabuli chickpea varieties and nine seed priming treatments. The results of pooled data revealed that, kabuli chickpea variety BG1105(V1) recorded significantly higher values for all parameters over MNK-1 (V2) while, seed priming with Sprint (Mancozeb 50% + Carbendazim 25% WS) @ 2 g per kg of seed (T9) recorded significantly higher chlorophyll content (53.45 SPAD value/plant) at 75 DAS, plant height (48.01 cm/plant), secondary branches (23.38/plant), number of pods (44.73/plant), seed yield (33.97 g/plant and 16.59 q/ha) compared other treatments and control (T1) (44.07 SPAD value/plant, 42.34 cm/plant, 17.98/plant, 32.25/plant, 19.95 g/plant, 12.09 q/ha, respectively) at harvest.

Genome-wide identification, characterization and in-silico profiling of genes encoding FAD (fatty acid desaturase) proteins in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are involved in introducing double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids leading to the formation of unsaturated fatty acids. These unsaturated fatty acids are known to play important role in plant development and generating stress tolerance against various environmental stresses. In this study, 21 full-length FAD genes were identified in Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and 18 FAD genes in Kabuli chickpea genome by a thorough annotation exercise. An extensive analysis was done to establish their chromosomal locations, construct a phylogeny, structure prediction, motif analysis, in-silico expression analysis and co-expression with other interconnected pathways. In desi chickpea, out of 21 FAD genes, 19 were located on seven chromosomes and two additional scaffolds whereas in Kabuli, out of 18 FAD genes, 17 were located on seven chromosomes and an additional scaffold. Identified soluble and membrane-bound CaFADs were phylogenetically clustered into four and eight subfamilies, respectively with their counterparts from other plants. It was observed that gene structures, motif composition and positions were highly conserved in each subfamily. Furthermore, in-silico gene expression analysis of CaFAD genes in various tissues as well as under abiotic stress conditions revealed differential expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages. Nine FAD genes were down-regulated in all three abiotic stresses as compared to control. Whereas, five FAD genes were up-regulated in shoot tissue during drought, two FAD genes during salinity and three FAD genes were up-regulated during cold stress. In root tissue, 9 FAD genes were down-regulated and 3 FAD genes were up-regulated during all three abiotic stresses. In co-expression analysis, fatty acid synthesis, TAG synthesis genes and Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes were expressed more during flower development and shoot apical meristem. JA signaling gene (CaJAR1) was also expressed more in bud, shoot apical meristem and seeds. No other relationship was observed with respect to modulation during abiotic stresses.

Influence of the preparation process on the chemical composition and nutritional value of canned purée of kabuli and Apulian black chickpeas

Chickpeas are classified into two main commercial seed types: desi, and kabuli. Furthermore, the Apulian black is another chickpea type, less common, which has peculiar phenotypic and genetic features and is the object of an increasing attention by geneticists to avoid the risk of genetic erosion. A strategy to increase the consumption of pulses consists in proposing ready-to-eat gastronomic preparations which, however, must keep their natural features and nutritional value as intact as possible. In this paper the influence of the preparation process on the chemical composition and nutritional value of ready-to-eat canned purée of Apulian black chickpeas has been evaluated, in comparison with purée of kabuli chickpeas. Total dietary fiber content was high enough to consider the kabuli chickpea purée as "source of fiber", and the black chickpea purée as "high fiber", in accordance with the current European Regulation on nutrition claims. Along the preparation process, an increase in lipid content was observed. Protein content, instead, showed a different behaviour, i.e. increased in Apulian black chickpea purée and remained constant in kabuli chickpea purée.The preparation process strongly influenced fatty acid composition. In particular, unsaturated fatty acids decreased in both Apulian black and kabuli chickpea purées, whereas saturated fatty acids significantly increased during processing.Apulian black chickpeas are particularly rich of bioactive compounds, but the preparation process of purée caused a strong decrease of total carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. However, even after processing, this purée could still be a good source of bioactive compounds.All these features make canned purée of chickpeas a healthy ready-to-eat food, which is at the same time rich in fiber and bioactive compounds, able to fulfill the time-saving needs of modern lifestyle. These findings could promote a greater use of Apulian black chickpeas and contribute to reduce the risk of genetic erosion.

ABC Transporter-Mediated Transport of Glutathione Conjugates Enhances Seed Yield and Quality in Chickpea.

The identification of functionally relevant molecular tags is vital for genomics-assisted crop improvement and enhancement of seed yield, quality, and productivity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). The simultaneous improvement of yield/productivity as well as quality traits often requires pyramiding of multiple genes, which remains a major hurdle given various associated epistatic and pleotropic effects. Unfortunately, no single gene that can improve yield/productivity along with quality and other desirable agromorphological traits is known, hampering the genetic enhancement of chickpea. Using a combinatorial genomics-assisted breeding and functional genomics strategy, this study identified natural alleles and haplotypes of an ABCC3-type transporter gene that regulates seed weight, an important domestication trait, by transcriptional regulation and modulation of the transport of glutathione conjugates in seeds of desi and kabuli chickpea. The superior allele/haplotype of this gene introgressed in desi and kabuli near-isogenic lines enhances the seed weight, yield, productivity, and multiple desirable plant architecture and seed-quality traits without compromising agronomic performance. These salient findings can expedite crop improvement endeavors and the development of nutritionally enriched high-yielding cultivars in chickpea.

Physicochemical Attributes, Phenolics and Proline Content in Ninety Desi and Kabuli Chickpea Genotypes from Different Geographical Locations

Physicochemical Attributes, Phenolics and Proline Content in Ninety <i>Desi</i> and <i>Kabuli</i> Chickpea Genotypes from Different Geographical Locations