Klebsiella Pneumoniae Research Articles

The Outcome of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infection and Its Associated Factors in Critical Care Unit.

Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study was conducted to describe the outcomes and the prognosis of hospital-acquired BSI in the Critical Care Unit, Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM), as well as to identify associated factors of treatment failure and mortality at 28 days. This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Critical Care Unit of HPUSM from September 2019 to March 2021. Eligible participants included patients with a positive blood culture recorded after 48 hours of admission to hospital. There was a total of 250 patients, whose positive blood cultures were isolated. The main isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumonia (23.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (19.2%), Escherichia coli (12.8%) and Acinetobacter sp. (9.2%). The mortality of hospital-acquired BSI was 27.6%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.09; p < 0.001], cases with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (adjusted OR = 5.57; 95% CI: 2.04, 15.21; p = 0.001), with multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms (adjusted OR = 14.70; 95% CI: 3.97, 54.48; p < 0.001) and those with a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score > 11 (adjusted OR = 4.16; 95% CI: 1.31, 13.19; p = 0.015) had statistically significant associations with treatment failure. Factors significantly associated with 28-day mortality included age (adjusted OR: 1.06: 95% CI; 1.03, 1.09; p < 0.001), MDR organisms (adjusted OR = 14.70; 95% CI: 3.97, 54.48; p < 0.001) and SOFA score > 11 (adjusted OR = 4.16; 95% CI: 1.31, 13.19; p = 0.015). The elderly, ESBL, MDR organisms and high SOFA scores were associated with treatment failure and 28-day mortality in hospital-acquired BSI.

Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria in urinary tract infection patients visiting tertiary care hospital in Central India

Antimicrobial resistance showed by different uropathogens is one of the barricades that might hinder the successful treatment (Bajpai et al., 2019). Detection of extended beta–lactamase (ESBL) production among uropathogens is an important marker of endemicity. Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pathogens in urinary tract and their antimicrobial susceptibilities, based on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase production in Central India. Methodology and results: The prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in urinary tract and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified in 400 isolates from patients with urinary tract infections. Combined disc diffusion was performed to identify the presence of ESBL-producing strains. Moreover, disc approximation assay, disc potentiating test and double disc synergy test were performed to determine the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase producing bacterial strains. This study demonstrated a higher prevalence of UTIs in females (81.25%) than in males (18.75%). The most common pathogen was found Escherichia coli (44.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%) Enterobacter species (5%) and Proteus species (2.5%). ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase production occurred more frequently in E. coli (17.5%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (5.5%) respectively. Significance and impact of study: The result of this study would provide physicians with important information which help them to make a judicious choice of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes. However, it is emphasized that continuous surveillance of antibiogram of medically important organisms causing UTI is necessary for adopting a rational antibiotic policy in the country.

Determination of Antimicrobial activity and Total Hemocyte Count in the Larval Hemolymph of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Following Application with Fusarium proliferatum

The impact of entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes on the immune responses of insects has been extensively examined in model and medically important insects. However, the single time point selected in these studies presents a challenge in comprehensively understanding immune responses throughout infection in pest species. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the cellular and humoral immune responses of Galleria mellonella larvae, a model organism, to infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum at two different time points (24h and 48h). In the antimicrobial activity tests conducted as part of the humoral immunity studies, hemolymph was induced by varying concentrations of conidial doses. After conidial dose applications, the largest zone diameters were observed against Klebsiella pneumonia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella typhimurium (15 mm/24h), Proteus vulgaris (16 mm/24h), and Escherichia coli (18 mm/48h). Topical application of fungal conidia to G. mellonella larvae in the later stages reduced the total hemocyte count in the larval hemolymph 24h and 48h after treatment. Our findings show that the immune system of G. mellonella responds differently to F. proliferatum depending on the infection timeline. Further studies on fungal regulation of the immune system could provide new pest control methods in agriculture.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Glycoconjugate Vaccine Leads Based on Semi-Synthetic O1 and O2ac Antigens.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a common opportunistic pathogen that emerged as a new critical threat to human health, due to its hypervirulence and widespread resistance against many antibiotics, including carbapenems. Alternative intervention strategies such as vaccines are not available. Cell-surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are attractive targets for vaccine development. We present a method to synthesize LPS substructures, covering over 70% of virulent KP strains that were used to characterize the antibody repertoire of infected patients. Thereby, glycoconjugate vaccine leads against the Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes O1, O2a, O2afg and O2ac have been identified.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Glycoconjugate Vaccine Leads Based on Semi‐Synthetic O1 and O2ac Antigens

Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a common opportunistic pathogen that emerged as a new critical threat to human health, due to its hypervirulence and widespread resistance against many antibiotics, including carbapenems. Alternative intervention strategies such as vaccines are not available. Cell‐surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are attractive targets for vaccine development. We present a method to synthesize LPS substructures, covering over 70% of virulent KP strains that were used to characterize the antibody repertoire of infected patients. Thereby, glycoconjugate vaccine leads against the Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes O1, O2a, O2afg and O2ac have been identified.

Evaluation of Anticancer and Antimicrobial Potentials of Tarantula cubensis Venom (Theranekron® D6)

Tarantula cubensis venom (Theranekron®D6) is widely used in veterinary medicine as a drug with anti-tumor, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic properties. The purpose of the study was to explore Theranekron®D6 (TD6)'s antibacterial activity and its impact on apoptotic cell death in human colon and liver cancer cell lines. TD6 showed a dose and time dependent cytotoxic effect at 12h and 24h in HT-29 and HUH-7 cancer cell lines. The IC50 values of TD6 were calculated as 12.18 µg/mL and 25.10 µg/mL in HT-29 and HUH-7 cell lines at 24h, respectively. TD6 induced apoptosis in HT-29 and HUH-7 cell lines. In these cells exposed to TD6, while the BAX/BCL-2 ratio and CASP-3 mRNA level increased, the HSP90 mRNA and protein level decreased. Also, TD6 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Candida utilis. Obtained results demonstrated that TD6 has great potentials as alternative therapeutic for cancer and infectious diseases as apoptosis inducer and antimicrobial agent.

2-Carboxyquinoline Boronic Acids as Highly Potent KPC Inhibitors.

The expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), a type of carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase, in Gram-negative bacteria has caused significant bacterial resistance to carbapenems, the antibiotic of last resort. Herein, we describe the discovery of 2-carboxyquinoline boronic acids as inhibitor of KPC. We have identified fluoro-substituted carboxyquinoline boronic acids 1e as the most potent inhibitor, with an IC50 of 8.3 nM for KPC-2, while this compound is significantly less efficient at reducing the activity of other β-lactamases. This compound proved to have low cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells, as well as low hemolysis and antibacterial activity. However, 1e potentiated the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., meropenem and ceftazidime) against KPC-2-expressing resistant Klebsiella pneumonia by up to 256-fold.

Isolation and Screening of Bacteria with Antibiotic-producing Properties From the Soil at the Marmara and New Market Abattoirs, Wukari

Antimicrobials are substances made by organisms that harm other organisms. Rising antibiotic resistance is a global issue, creating a need for alternative treatments. This study screened bacteria with antimicrobial properties from Marmara and New Market abattoirs in Wukari, Nigeria. Twelve soil samples were collected at each location from four sites: slaughtering, animal waste dumping, washing, and point of sale. Samples were taken at three soil depths: 0 cm, 10 cm, and 30 cm, totaling 24 samples. Isolates were screened and preliminarily identified using conventional methods. Eleven (11) bacterial species were isolated, which are Enterobacter species (N1, N2, N3), Pseudomonas species (N4), Staphylococcus epidermidis (N5), Escherichia coli (N6), Staphylococcus aureus (N7), Salmonella species (N8), Nessieria species (N9), Corynebacterium species (N10), Proteus species (N11), Bacillus species (N12) and Klebsiella species (N13). Enterobacter species was identified as the most frequently isolated organism. These isolates were further screened against some known human pathogens; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella species. The result showed that one of the Enterobacter species (N1) has activity on all the pathogens, the other Enterobacter species (N2) has activity against four except Klebsiella pneumoniae and the last Enterobacter species (N3) has activity also against four pathogens except Salmonella species while Pseudomonas species have activity against three of the pathogens except Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. Lastly, Staphylococcus epidermidis has activity on two pathogens and no activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. This study showed that some soil microorganisms could be an interesting source of antimicrobial substances against some human pathogens. Pharmaceutical industries can explore this ability during antimicrobial production and synthesis.

Urinary tract infections among under-five children with congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract in hospitalized patients in Addis Ababa

BackgroundCongenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are significant clinical concerns in children. Children who have UTIs are also at risk of developing long-term complications, notably kidney disease and scarring UTIs. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection and its determinants among under-five children with congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract in Addis Ababa.MethodsA health institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed on 389 randomly selected medical records of children with CAKUT, out of a total of 850 cases. The children were admitted to Tikur Anbesa and Menelik II Hospitals between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022. The study hospitals were purposively selected as they were the only referrals in the nation for CAKUT cases. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were captured using a data extraction sheet created in the Kobo Toolbox and transferred to SPSS for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of variables with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%.ResultsThe majority of the study participants (336 [86.4%]) were males. A total of 194 (49.8%) children were older than 25 months, with a median age of 23 (95% CI: 22–27) months, and 117 (30.1%) (95% CI = 25.4–35.2) participants were positive for urinary tract infection (UTI). Forty were culture-positive out of 103 urine specimens tested, where, Escherichia coli (60%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (20%), Enterobacter spp, (12.5%), and Staphylococci spp. (7.5%). Factors associated with UTI among CAKUT children were found to be being female (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI = (1.4–13.07), children having Posterior Ureteral Valve (PUV) (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI = (2.32–9.93), duration of hospitalization (> 4 days) (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI = (1.52–6.24), and children having fever (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = (2.81–11.97).ConclusionIn this study, almost one-third of the children developed UTIs, and female sex, longer hospitalization, PUV, and fever were identified as independent risk factors of UTIs. This emphasizes special attention should be given to high-risk children.

Unlocking the pharmacological potential of Brennnesselwurzel (Urtica dioica L.): an in-depth study on multifaceted biological activities

Brennnesselwurzel (Urtica dioica L.) is recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties. With a range of chemical constituents, such as vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, fibers, and amino acids, Brennnesselwurzel (BWE) has a long history of traditional medicinal use in Europe and Asia. The correlation between a plant's metabolite composition and its activity can vary depending on considerations such as geographic location, environmental conditions, and genetic variations. In the present study, we explore the phytochemical profile and biological activity of the 70% acetone extract of the BWE plant. The chemical profile of the BWE extract was explored using several techniques, including amino acid analyzer, HPLC, GC–MS, and other colorimetric analysis. The antioxidant activity of the BWE extract was assessed by evaluating the total antioxidant, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2), and metal chelating scavenging activity (FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating). Furthermore, we assessed the antimicrobial and antiproliferation activities of the BWE extract against 29 microbial strains and 15 cell lines, respectively. Our phytochemical analyzes revealed that the BWE extract has a unique profile of metabolites including amino acids, flavonoids, phenolics, volatile oils, lipids, and vitamins. The BWE extract showed a total antioxidant capacity of 30.94 ± 1.58 mg GAE/g, together with potential free radical scavenging activity towards ABTS (IC50 = 153.51 ± 3.97 µg/ml), DPPH (IC50 = 195.75 ± 5.91 µg/ml), and H2O2 (IC50 = 230.67 ± 5.98 µg/ml). Although the BWE extract showed no significant antifungal activity, our findings revealed that the BWE extract possesses substantial antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidi, Streptococcus mutants, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumonia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Furthermore, the BWE extract demonstrated potential antiproliferative activity toward a panel of cancer cell lines with a high selectivity index. Among the cells examined, the BWE extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity toward HCT-116, A-549, MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 of 15.11, 15.32, 15.79 µg/mL, respectively, while it possessed no significant cytotoxic activity towards WI-38 cells (IC50 119.62 µg/mL). Taken together, our findings reveal that BWE extract possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities, and could be considered for further research to explore its potential as a natural plant-based supplement for human diseases.

A novel bioactive and functional exopolysaccharide from the cyanobacterial strain Arthrospira maxima cultivated under salinity stress.

Cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) remain released by cyanobacteria in the surrounding environment with the main purpose of protection against harmful environmental conditions. Recently, they have received significant attention due to their unique structural characteristics, functional properties, and potential applications across various fields. The current study describes the evaluation of EPS production under salinity stress from Arthrospira maxima. The application of high salinity up to 40g/L enhanced EPS production, which was collected and purified by alcohol precipitation followed by membrane dialysis and lyophilization. A yield of 60mg/L was obtained. The Size exclusion chromatography gave for the purified EPS an apparent molecular weight of 2.1 × 105Da. Monosaccharide composition showed that EPS is a heteropolymer, with mannose, xylose, and glucuronic acid identified as the predominant monosaccharides and derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C and 1H) confirmed that EPS is a heteropolysaccharide, entirely in α- anomeric configuration, with glucuronic acid as a main monomer that is probably linked to mannose and xylose via α-glycosidic linkages. Bioactivity assessment of EPS revealed that it exhibits antibacterial activity against several strains, notably, Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 0.6 ± 0.05mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC: 1 ± 0.01mg/mL), Escherichia coli (MIC: 0.8 ± 0.01mg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumonia (MIC: 0.8 ± 0.01mg/mL). Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, yielding an IC₅₀ of 6.83mg/mL. Besides, EPS was also found to exhibit an interesting emulsifying property with several oil types, indicating its potential as a versatile biopolymer for applications in various industrial sectors.

Phenotypic Profiling of Tigecycline-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Induced In vitro.

Tigecycline is one of the last-resort treatment options for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). Unfortunately, tigecycline resistance is increasingly reported and causes an unprecedented public health crisis worldwide. Although studies on tigecycline resistance are expanding, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The goal of this study is to investigate resistance-associated phenotypic changes in descendant tigecycline-resistant KP strains induced in vitro. Compared with the parental KP strains, descendant tigecycline-resistant strains grew slowly and reversed the susceptibility of carbapenems and aminoglycosides from resistance to sensitivity. The efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanyl-arginyl-β-naphthylamine (PAβN) could significantly decrease the MIC values of tigecycline in descendant strains, but the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazine (CCCP), verapamil, and reserpine could not. Although the descendant strains showed inconsistent (increased or decreased) biofilm formation and ethidium bromide uptake, they showed consistently decreased ethidium bromide efflux. As for the expression of efflux pumps and regulators determined by quantitative reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), higher level of efflux pump acrAB-TolC and lower level of regulator ramA were observed in these descendant strains, while the efflux pump oqxAB and the other 6 regulators (acrR, rarA, marA, soxS, bpeT, and Rob) showed inconsistent (higher or lower) expression level. Thus, a global regulatory network driven by regulators (acrR, ramA, rarA, marA, soxS, bpeT, rob, etc.) alone or synergistically might play important roles in conferring tigecycline resistance in KP by regulation of efflux pumps (especially increasing acrAB-TolC) or other pathways.

Evaluating Antibiotic Resistance in the Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Avian Species

The avian population plays a vital role as both a reservoir and sentinel for numerous pathogens. Antimicrobials are widely used for the treatment and control of infections in avian species. However, inappropriate selection, irrational use of these antibiotics may contribute to the development of drug resistance in population. This research evaluates the Antibiogram of Chlamydia psittaci, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pasteurella multocida isolated from caged and free-living birds. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar, according to instructions by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Chlamydia psittaci exhibited sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole (22mm), azithromycin (21mm), doxycycline (20mm) and gentamicin (15mm). In contrast, penicillin G, oxacillin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol were ineffective. Escherichia coli shown azithromycin (20mm), doxycycline (16mm) and gentamicin (15mm) were most effective. Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated high sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole (20mm) and doxycycline (18mm), and showing complete resistance to oxacillin and rifampin. Pasteurella multocida exhibited the highest susceptibility to doxycycline (21mm), sulfamethoxazole (20mm), amoxicillin (20mm), chloramphenicol (19mm), norfloxacin (18mm) and gentamicin (16mm). Staphylococcus epidermidis demonstrated high sensitivity to norfloxacin (23mm), doxycycline (23mm), oxacillin (22mm), chloramphenicol (22mm), sulfamethoxazole (17mm) and gentamicin (15mm). The current study reveals sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and azithromycin were highly effective antibiotics against the bacterial pathogens infecting avian species. Penicillin G, amoxicillin, oxacillin, and ampicillin were resistant against the identified bacterial species.

Bacterial and Fungal Growth in Males Wearing Mobile Earphone Appliances

Abstract Background: There is a belief that predisposition to ear canal infection is multifactorial. The use of hearing appliances is an important factor, which is more popular among people than ever before. Vitek 2 is an automated microbial identification system that provides highly accurate and reproducible results. This study aims to identify the bacterial and fungal growths in the ear canals of chronic users of mobile earphones. Patients and Method: This is a comparative cross-sectional study. The participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: Earphones wearers and nonwearers, swabs for bacterial study and fungal study were cultured on proper media. All cultures were transferred into Vitek 2 device to specify the microorganisms. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29 years (29 ± 6.5). Fungal cultures were negative in all the samples. The bacterial growth rate was 100% for Group A participants, but it was only 60% for Group B (statistically significant P = 0.0001). Multiple bacterial growth was reported in 14 participants (46.7%) of Group A, whereas there was no multiple bacterial growth among Group B participants (statistically significant P = 0.0005). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent bacteria among participants of both groups. There is a significant difference almost for all types of bacterial growth, suggesting that these bacteria are more prevalent in earphone wearers. The Staphylococcus genus was the most frequently identified, particularly Staphylococcus hominis (46.7%) on earphones. A comparison of bacteria discovered in the ear canals and on the earphones in Group A participants, showed the most common bacteria found in the ear canal was Staphylococcus epidermids (19 participants, 63.3%), whereas S. hominis was the most common bacteria found on the surface of the earphone piece. Staphylococcus auricularis, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Kocuria kristinae show significant differences in their presence between the ear canal and earpiece cultures, whereas S. hominis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia do not show significant differences in their presence between the two types of cultures. Conclusion: The study concluded that: (1) Earphones harbor nonnegligible amounts and types of bacteria on their surfaces: (2) Earphone wearers have a significantly higher rate of bacterial growth. (3) Multiple bacterial growth was significantly higher in earphone wearers. (4) S. epidermidis was the most prevalent in the ear canal of earphone wearers and nonwearers. (5) Certain bacteria such as L. mesenteroides and Kocuria kristinae were present only in the ear canal of earphone wearers. (6) S. hominis was the most common bacteria on earphones.

Entropy-weighted water quality index assessment of groundwater in Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria

An entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) was used in this study to evaluate the quality of groundwater in parts of the Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Seventy-five groundwater samples were collected and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, F−), Fe and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Content (THBC). The pH of the groundwater in the study area ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline. Based on the average concentrations, the abundance of anions is in the order as follows: Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > F−, while that of cations is Na+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. The groundwater type was predominantly of mixed and Na-Cl types, likely controlled by multiple processes, such as water–rock interaction and mineral weathering. Anthropogenic activities, including improper waste disposal and sewage contamination, were also identified as significant contributors to groundwater quality degradation. The prevalent bacteria in this study are Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The average EWQI value was 32.8, with values ranging from 2.2 to 143.6. Most of the groundwater in the research area, according to the EWQI, has good to excellent quality for drinking, while only 20% of the samples were medium to low quality, necessitating minimum treatment.

Identification Flavonoid of Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers in Nasiriyah by HPLC and Detection Effect of Extract as Antibacterial

Many burn wound infections are caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. As a result, researchers are exploring complementary therapies, such as medicinal plants. In this investigation, a methanolic extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers was prepared using the maceration method at concentrations ranging from 12,5mg/ml to 200mg/ml. Testing was done on the extract separately for antibacterial properties against each of the four bacteria on the Mueller Hinton Agar medium. Results showed that the extract was particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, with the greatest effect seen in S. aureus (22.3 mm). The extract was also tested at varying concentrations of 200 %, 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%. HPLC was used to do a qualitative examination of the chemical composition, indicating variety and richness in the chemical constituents in flavonols and phenolic acid. Based on these findings Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers show promise as a source of compounds for clinical usage.

Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumonia from wound infections and study of the synergistic effect of carpenems and cefepime

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries despite recent advances in sterile techniques. We studied antibiotics through their effect on bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infections singly and synergistically, which were observed in hospitals in Dhi Qar Governorate. These bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae 300 clinical samples were collected from Al-Hussein Teaching, Nasiriya Teaching and Al-Haboubi Teaching Hospitals in Dhi Qar Governorate for the period from September - December 2023. The results showed the presence of 16 bacterial isolates belonging to K. Pneumonia. Statistical and descriptive analysis was performed using chi-square. The rates of antibiotic resistance varied through the use of 4 types of carpenems and one type of cephalosporins. The resistance rate to meropenem alone was 6 (37.5%), while the resistance rate was higher for meropenem synergistically with Imipenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, and cefepime, 7 (43.8%), respectively. In case of synergy the resistance rate was as to Imipenem, 7 (43.8) alone, while in synergy, the resistance rate was lower for Imipenem with cefepime, Ertapenem, and Doripenem, 5 (29.4%), 5 (31.3%), 6 (37.5%), respectively the resistance rate for synergy was highest than cefepime which was 11 (68.8) alone, while synergistically the resistance rate was lower for cefepime with Ertapenem and Doripenem 7 (38.9%), 7 (43.8%) respectively. While resistance to Ertapenem was higher than Doripenem 9 (56.3) and 7 (43.8), respectively, alone and synergistically, the resistance rate was lower for Ertapenem with Doripenem 5 (31.3%). This study revealed that taking two synergistic

GC-MS Assay to Alkaloid Extract of T. foenum-graecum Seeds and Detection Effect of Extract as Antibacterialect Of Extract As Antibacterial

The need for standardized modern analytical procedures becomes urgent due to the rise in drug-resistant for pathogens. These procedures use to isolate new bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. The medicinal plant-derived compounds could provide a new method to fight pathogenic bacteria. This study sheds light on the antimicrobial activity of plant-derived components, their possible mechanisms of action, and their chemical potential. Five different plant extract concentrations were used:12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ ml. The maximum inhibition zone for the alkaloid extracted from seeds of Trigonella foenum against Klebsiella pneumonia was (21.0 ± 0.63) mm at 200 Mg ml1 dose. In comparison, the minimum inhibition zone for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was (6.16 ± 0.40) mm at 25 Mg ml1. According to the results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, the chemical composition analysis of the Trigonella foenum extract had a high concentration of organic components with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Antibacterial effect of Raphanus sativus (Radish) root juice on growth performance and caecal bacterial load of broiler chickens

Majority of poultry producers have been concerned about the microbial colonization of chicken guts, which usually result in competition for nutrient and poor health. As a way to combat this, antibiotics are used, however, this has led to antibiotic resistance and the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry products. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of radish root juice on the microbiota in the caecum of broiler chickens while also monitoring their growth response. This study was a 2 by 3 factorial layout. There were six treatment groups of forty day-old broiler chicks each, consisting of two dosages of radish juice (10 mL L-1 or 15mL L-1 of the birds’ drinking water) and three frequencies of administration (0, 2 and 3 times weekly). The zero frequencies (no juice) were the control groups given Enrofloxacin as antibiotic (1 mL in 4 L of drinking). At the starter and finisher phase, birds were given commercial diets. The growth performance was evaluated at both phases, while the microbial load for each group was determined at the finisher phase. The contents of the birds' caeca were taken for microbial analysis at 42nd day of the experiment. Frequency and nature of microorganism were obtained. Microbial count of broilers administered radish juice ranged from 7.84 x 107 – 1.75 x 107 cfu mL-1 while those administered antibiotics had 8.75 x 107 – 8.56 x107 cfu mL-1. Microorganisms isolated include: Klebsiella Pneumoniae (27%), Morganella morganii (24%), Bacillus subtilis (22%), Providencia rettgerii (5%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Citrobacter fruendii (4%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), Micrococcus luteus (2%), Escherichia coli (2%), Providencia stuartii (2%). There was no statistical difference (P&gt;0.05) among all the growth parameters in both the radish groups and the antibiotic groups, at the starter and finisher phase. This study suggests radish root juice as an effective antimicrobial agent in reducing microbial load of the gut of broilers which consequently can lead to increased productivity and feed – to – meat conversion ratio.

Molecular characterization of ST15 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in a single patient

The carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) poses a serious threat to antibiotic applicability and public health. During treatment, K. pneumoniae (KP) frequently exhibits shifts in drug-resistant phenotypes, complicating clinical treatment as it transitions from sensitivity to resistance. In this study, we analyzed the clinical and molecular characteristics of drug resistance changes in KP strains isolated from a single patient, and the potential mechanisms underlying these resistance changes. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and string test were conducted to evaluate the resistant and virulent characterization of the strains. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to investigate the homology relationship between the strains. The whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 9 representative isolates was also performed. The transfer ability of the drug-resistant plasmid was studied by plasmid conjugation experiment. The transconjugants were verified by PCR amplification of specific genes, antimicrobial susceptibility test and PFGE. Our results revealed that 9 KP strains, isolated from the same patient, exhibited 'resistance-sensitivity-resistance-sensitivity' alternately to carbapenems. The differences in DNA fingerprint bands among the nine KP isolates were ≤ 3, which can be classified as the same PFGE type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 9 strains constituted a distinct branch within the phylogenetic tree. All nine KP strains belonged to the ST15-KL19 clone. Six of the strains were classified as CRKP, all of which carried eleven drug resistance genes: oqxB, oqxA, fosA6, aac(3)-lld, blaSHV-28, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-1, mph(A), tet(A), catB3 and aac(6')-lb-cr, mediating drug resistance to quinolones, fosfomycin, aminoglycosides, β-lactam, carbapenems, macrolides and chloramphenicol, belonging to multi-drug resistant bacteria. The carbapenem-resistant plasmid p2-KP3762-1 was found to transfer within species, from CRKP to hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKP) RJF293HA, carbapenem-sensitive K. pneumoniae (CSKP) KP3657 and E. coli C600 at a frequency of (1.19±1.58) ×10-6, (1.09±1.38) ×10-7 and (10.9±9.53) ×10-6 respectively, resulting in the dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes. In this study, KP strains isolated from a single patient exhibited an alternating phenotype of resistant-sensitive-resistant-sensitive to carbapenems. The 9 KP isolates share a high degree of genetic similarity. The plasmid p2-KP3762-1, harboring the carbapenem resistance gene blaKPC-2, may undergo inter-strain and inter-clone transfer via conjugation in the patient during treatment. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the pathogens in this patient are likely to have a common ancestral origin.