Juvenile Depression Research Articles

Omega-3 alleviates behavioral and molecular changes in a mouse model of stress-induced juvenile depression

IntroductionDepression is increasingly diagnosed in adolescence, necessitating specific prevention and treatment methods. However, there is a lack of animal models mimicking juvenile depression. This study explores a novel model using ultrasound (US) stress in juvenile mice. MethodsWe employed the US stress model in one-month-old C57/BL6 mice, exposing them to alternating ultrasound frequencies (20–25 kHz and 25–45 kHz) for three weeks. These frequencies correspond to negative and neutral emotional states in rodents and can induce a depressive-like syndrome. Concurrently, mice received either an omega-3 food supplement (FS) containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 0.55 mg/kg/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 0.55 mg/kg/day) or a vehicle. Post-stress, we evaluated anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, blood corticosterone levels, brain expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and conducted metabolome analysis of brain, liver and blood plasma. ResultsUS-exposed mice treated with vehicle exhibited decreased sucrose preference, a sign of anhedonia, a key feature of depression, increased anxiety-like behavior, elevated corticosterone levels, and enhanced TNF and IL-1β gene expression in the brain. In contrast, US-FS mice did not display these changes. Omega-3 supplementation also reduced anxiety-like behavior in non-stressed mice. Metabolomic analysis revealed US-induced changes in brain energy metabolism, with FS increasing brain sphingomyelin. Liver metabolism was affected by both US and FS, while plasma metabolome changes were exclusive to FS. Brain glucose levels correlated positively with activity in anxiety tests. ConclusionChronic omega-3 intake counteracted depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a US model of juvenile depression in mice. These effects likely stem from the anti-inflammatory properties of the supplement, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in juvenile depression.

Features of the spectrum of immune markers in patients with juvenile depression with clinically high risk of psychosis

IntroductionIdentification of biomarkers associated with the risk of psychosis manifestation in juvenile patients with depression may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of mental disorders and early diagnosis.ObjectivesTo determine the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory indicators in the plasma of juvenile patients with depression and clinically high risk of psychosis, and to study the correlation of these markers with the severity of psychopathologic symptoms.Methods80 young men aged 16-24 years with the first depressive episode (F32.1-2, F32.38, F32.8) were examined. Based on the severity of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) in the structure of depression according to the SOPS scale, all patients were divided into two groups - with clinically high risk of psychosis (n=58) and with depression without APS (n=22). The HDRS-21 and SANS scales were also used for psychometric assessment. Serum level of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α/IL-6 ratio, TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, leukocyte elastase (LE) and α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, and the level of autoantibodies to S-100B protein were determined.ResultsBoth groups of patients showed a high level of inflammation assessed by LE and α1-PI activity (p>0.05). Significantly higher level of IL-6 (p=0.03), CRP concentration (p=0.026) and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (p=0.032) were found in patients with clinically high risk of psychosis. This group was also characterised by high level of autoantibodies to the S-100B protein compared to patients with depression without APS (p=0.048). In the high clinical risk group, correlations were found between the SOPS positive subscale score and the level of TNF-α (R=0.32, p=0.017), IL-8 (R=-0.3, p=0.034), TNF-α/IL-6 ratio (R=0.30, p=0.021) and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (R=0.32, p=0.014). The SOPS negative subscale score correlated with CRP concentration (R=0.3, p=0.043). The SOPS total score correlated with TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (R=0.31, p=0.021). In this group of patients, the level of IL-10 was found to correlate with the duration of the disease (R=0.48, p<0.001). In patients with depression without APS, the level of IL-6 was correlated with the severity of depression according to the HDRS scale, and the level of TNF-α was associated with the duration of the depressive episode (R=0.51, p=0.029).ConclusionsThe obtained results confirm the involvement of inflammation in the development of juvenile depression. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the spectrum of immune markers and the cytokine profile, and correlations with the severity of psychopathologic symptoms were revealed in patients with clinically high risk of psychosis.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Structural Features of the Brain in Juvenile Depression with Clinical High Risk of Psychosis

Structural Features of the Brain in Juvenile Depression with Clinical High Risk of Psychosis

Effects of Serious Games on Child and Adolescent Depression

Depression is a serious problem that negatively affects peoples mental health. The number of people suffering from depression of different degrees in the world is large and tends to be younger. The phenomenon has attracted the attention of many scholars to innovate treatment measures. There are not many effective ways to alleviate depression. The antidepressant effects of serious games have received increasing attention in recent years. This study seeks to review these articles published since 2018, examine their methodology, tests, and significant findings, and explore whether serious games are effective in relieving adolescent depression. The findings show serious games have enormous potential for stress and depression relief. Future studies should examine the lasting effects, much broader outcomes, and the potential side effects of serious games on reducing juvenile depression.

Juvenile depression as at-risk state for psychotic disorders

To establish the risk of psychotic disorders in juvenile depression and to study the role of negative symptoms in its formation. Seventy-four in-patients (19.6±2.3 years old), who were hospitalized for the first time in the clinic for a depressive episode, were examined. Psychometric scales HDRS, SOPS, SANS were used. The risk of manifestation of psychotic disorders was established in the presence of attenuated positive symptoms (APS) with values of at least one of the points P1, P2, P3 and P4 of the corresponding SOPS subscale more or equal to 3. The overall risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders was established in the presence of attenuated negative symptoms (ANS) with values of at least one of the points H1-H6 of the negative SOPS subscale is more than or equal to 5. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 12 program. During the psychometric assessment of patients at admission, four groups were identified based on the presence of APS and ANS: group 1 (APS+ANS), group 2 (APS), group 3 (ANS) and a comparison group without APS/ANS. It was found that the presence of APS and ANS in the structure of depression increased its severity (U=109.0; p=0.009). Assessment of the ANS severity on the negative subscale of SOPS and on the SANS demonstrated quantitative differences with the highest representation of negative symptoms in the corresponding groups (APS+ANS and ANS) with significant differences in total scores in the comparison group (U=93.0; p=0.004 and U=85.0; p=0.002). When studying the structure of negative symptoms according to the SANS subscales, patients with APS differed in a lower degree of severity of negative symptoms only according to the «Avolition-Apathy» subscale (U=141.5; p=0.028). Patients from the comparison group, despite significant differences in other psychopathological symptoms, showed lower values only for the SANS subscales «Affective flattening» (U=112.0; p=0.02) and, to a greater extent, «Avolition-Apathy» (U=84.0; p=0.002). Based on the presence of prodromal symptoms in the structure of juvenile depression and their dynamics during therapy, one can assume not only a different degree of risk of endogenous psychoses, but also their nosological affiliation.

Features of inflammatory reactions in patients with juvenile depression with a clinically high risk of psychosis

To determine the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, leukocyte elastase, α1-proteinase inhibitor, autoantibodies to neuroantigens in the blood of patients with adolescent depression with clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and to study the relation of these biological markers to the features of psychopathological symptomatology of the patients. Eighty young adults, aged 16-24 years, with the first depressive episode (F32.1-2, F32.38, F32.8) were studied. Based on the presence of attenuated positive symptoms in the structure of depression, all patients were divided into two groups: with CHR-P (clinical group, n=58) and without CHR-P (comparative group, n=22). The HDRS-21, SOPS, and SANS were used for psychometric assessment of the patients. Serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined. Leukocyte elastase (LE) activity, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) activity, and plasma levels of autoantibodies to S100B protein and myelin basic protein (MBP) were assessed. Both groups of patients were characterized by the high levels of inflammation as assessed by LE (250.5 (226.2-280.8) nmol/min·ml vs 248.3 (226.8-284.5) nmol/min·ml) and α1-PI activity (44.4 (37.5-50.1) IE/ml vs 45.2 (36.4-49.9) IE/ml). Higher levels (p<0.05) of IL-6 (1.22 (0.64-2.2) pg/ml), CRP (0.93 (0.18-3.18) mg/l), and TNF-α/IL-10 (0.34 (0.2-0.47)) were detected in the group with CHR-P. This group was also characterized by higher levels of antibodies to the S100B protein 0.78 (0.69-0.84 units of opt.density) compared with the group without CRH-P (p<0.05). In each clinical group, different correlations between clinical, psychometric and biological parameters were revealed. The results confirm the involvement of inflammation in the development of depression in youth and indicate a different role of the inflammatory markers analyzed in the formation of CHR-P. The differences in the spectrum of inflammatory markers in depressed patients suggest a more pronounced pro-inflammatory potential in the group with CHR-P.

Depression of Children and Adolescents

Depression in childhood and adolescence is still less well known than depression in adults. The term "childhood and adolescent depression" for depression in childhood and adolescence was not used until 1966 and was studied in these age groups mainly by psychoanalysts, psychiatrists and developmental psychologists. Unfortunately, the results of their research are not homogeneous, but they show that it increases with age. Juvenile depression is a separate symptom that includes mood disorders, behavioral disorders, anxiety and self-destructive behavior. It differs from adult depression in terms of its course, and it lasts shorter and has a duration a different psychopathological picture. In the article, the available literature was reviewed and, based on the results obtained, the problem was developed in division into sections: epidemiology, etiopatogenesis, clinical grounds, socialmedia and depression.

Childhood Depression: - An Update

Childhood depression is a significant public health issue that requires special attention due to the severe and long-lasting effects it has on a child’s development. The diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis of childhood depression were all topics examined in recent studies. Recent scientific studies on paediatric depression tend to emphasise the detrimental effects of depressive illnesses on children’s quality of life, either directly or indirectly.Sadly, research from the past demonstrates that juvenile depression frequently develops against a backdrop of vulnerability and poverty, where personal and social needs related to childhood melancholy are not always taken into account. In this regard, this review established that co-morbidities and other psychiatric problems are frequently caused by childhood depression.Numerous recent research have also supported the idea that human resources, such as the healthcare system as a whole, lack the necessary training to manage paediatric depression. In order to establish programmes that will train healthcare workers to cope with childhood depression, additional research is required. Additionally, studies that focus on the prevention and treatment of juvenile depression with bigger and more homogeneous sample sizes are also required..

Clinical and Pathopsychological Characteristics of Juvenile Depression with Attenuated Schizophrenic Spectrum Symptoms

Clinical and Pathopsychological Characteristics of Juvenile Depression with Attenuated Schizophrenic Spectrum Symptoms

Activity of enzymes of glutamate, energy and glutathione metabolism in the first juvenile depression with attenuated symptoms of schizophrenia

To reveal clinical and biological correlations in patients with attenuated symptoms of schizophrenia in the first juvenile depression, namely, the correlation between SOPS and HDRS-21 scores and the levels of activities of glutathione, glutamate and energy metabolism enzymes in the blood of patients. The study included 81 young men, aged 16-25 years, with the first depressive episode (ICD-10 items F32.1, F32.2, F32.38, F32.8), from which the groups with predominantly attenuated positive symptoms (group 1, n=36) and predominantly attenuated negative symptoms (group 2, n=24), and a group without attenuated schizophrenia symptoms (group 3, n=21) were selected. The control group consisted of 20 mentally healthy men aged 19-25 years. Psychometric methods (SOPS and HDRS-21) and psychopathological methods were used. Activities of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically in blood cells. When compared with the control group, activities of platelet GDH, GR, and GST (before and after treatment) were significantly reduced in groups 1, 2, 3 (Mann-Whitney U-test, p<0.0002, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively); the activity of erythrocyte GST was reduced in group 1, and the activities of erythrocyte GR and GST were reduced in group 3 (p<0.05). In group 1, baseline COX (before treatment) was positively correlated with post-treatment SOPS-N scores (R=0.580, p=0.0003), while baseline erythrocyte GR was negatively correlated with post-treatment HDRS-21 scores (R=-0.591, p=0.0004). In group 2, baseline GDH levels were positively correlated with post-treatment scores on SOPS-P (R=0.425, p=0.0384), SOPS-N (R=0.500, p=0.0129), SOPS total (R=0.526, p=0.0083) and HDRS-21 (R=0.479, p=0.0180). The discovery of clinical and biological correlations in groups of patients with attenuated symptoms of schizophrenia in the structure of juvenile depression contributes to understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of a high clinical risk of psychosis and contributes to the search for markers of the initial stages of schizophrenia.

Differential effects of ergometer-cycling and Whole-Body-Vibration training on serological BDNF and IGF-1 in the treatment of adolescent depression - is there an impact of BDNFp.Val66Met variants?

BackgroundPathogenesis and treatment of adolescent depression may be influenced by growth-factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). We investigated, if treatment response to two different add-on exercise-therapies in juvenile depression, differ in the changes of BDNF and IGF-1 serology. A subgroup analysis for genetic variations in BDNF p.Val66Met-variants was added. MethodsIncluded subjects in the study (N = 64), aged 13 to 17 years, were diagnosed with major depression, controls received inpatient treatment as usual (TAU). Intervention groups performed as add-on to TAU two different forms of exercise-therapy: endurance ergometer cycling (EC) and muscle strengthening whole body vibration (WBV). We expected both exercise-forms to increase BDNF and IGF-1 serology and by this pathway to improve depression scores significantly stronger than the control group. ResultsNone of the experimental groups showed significant changes in BDNF between measurement time points. However, after 6 weeks exercise, BDNF of both intervention groups were significantly higher compared to TAU,. The IGF-1 increase after 6 weeks intervention was significant for EC only. No correlations of BDNF and IGF-1 to depression scores were found. Group analysis in BDNF p.Val66Met variants showed a trend for better response in depression scores to exercise-treatment for the Val66Val group. LimitationsA small sample size, the non-randomized controls and the neglect of psychosocial factors have to be considered as limitations. ConclusionsEndurance and muscle strengthening trainings seem to influence serological BDNF and IGF-1 differentially. However, the changes in growth factors did not correlate to the decreases in depression scores. BDNF p.Val66Val variant seems to be more receptive for exercise treatment. Identifying biomarkers (growth factors, genetic variants) in adolescent depression could help to develop tailored treatment strategies.

State Strategies of Russia and China in Mental Health Protection: Case Studies on Juvenile Depression

State Strategies of Russia and China in Mental Health Protection: Case Studies on Juvenile Depression

Features of Inflammatory Response in Juvenile Depression with Attenuated Symptoms of Schizophrenic Spectrum

Background: early nosological qualification of juvenile depression and detection in its structure of specific phenomena of schizophrenic spectrum makes it possible to identify the onset of an endogenous process and to provide timely therapeutic intervention. This becomes possible using an integrated approach based on a psychopathological assessment of patients and the determination of individual immunological indicators of blood. The objective: to determine the inflammation markers in patients with juvenile depression with attenuated symptoms of schizophrenic spectrum (ASSS) in relation to features of their clinical manifestation and response to therapy. Patients and methods: 50 patients aged 16 to 25 years with fi rst depressive episode with ASSS (F32.1, F32.2, F32.28, F32.8), of which 26 patients with attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and 24 ones with attenuated negative symptoms (ANS). The control group consisted of 19 mentally healthy volunteers. The leukocyte elastase (LE) and D1-proteinase inhibitor (D1-PI) activity and the level of autoantibodies (AB) to S100E and MBP were measured in blood plasma. The ratio of LE to D1-PI activity was defined as a leukocyte-inhibitory index (LII). Clinical and psychometric assessment (HDRS, SOPS, SANS scales) as well as immunological examination were carried out at admission to the hospital and at discharge. Results: the differences revealed in profiles of immunological parameters in patients with juvenile depression with ASSS reflect the different variants of the inflammatory response to pathological process. Regardless of the identified clinical group, only 24% of patients were characterized by a balanced immune response. The inflammatory response in 76% of cases was accompanied by varying degrees of insufficiency of neutrophils functional activity and an increase in D1-PI activity, i.e. reduced LII. In 44% of cases, a decrease in LII was also accompanied by an increase in the level of AB to S100E. The relationship between immunological profiles and clinical severity of depression with APS and ANS was confirmed. The patients with balanced immune response without an autoimmune component have the best therapeutic response. Conclusions: the results extend the concepts of the pathogenetic mechanisms of juvenile depression with ASSS and indicate various variants of inflammatory response associated with this pathological condition. Immunological analysis complements the clinical examination of patients in terms of assessing the severity of condition, prediction of the disease course and response to therapy.

The role of inflammation in pathogenesis of juvenile schizophrenia

IntroductionInflammation is now known to be a key factor in the development of schizophrenia. In this regard, the study of the pathogenic role of inflammation in the early stages of schizophrenic process is of particular importance, making it possible to assess its activity and to predict the development of the disease.ObjectivesTo compare the dynamics of inflammatory markers in blood of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and people at risk signs for schizophrenia in the course of the treatment. Juvenile depression (JD) with attenuated symptoms of schizophrenic spectrum (ASSS) was investigated as a risk group.MethodsThe patients aged 17-25 years (20 people, of which 10 FEP patients (F20) and 10 JD with ASSS ones (F32.1-2, F32.38, F32.8)) were examined at admission to the hospital and at discharge. The controls consisted of 10 healthy volunteers. Symptom severity was collected using PANSS, SOPS, SANS, HDRS. The inflammation markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, leukocyte elastase (LE), CRP, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), anti-S100-beta antibodies) were determined in blood.ResultsAn increase of inflammatory markers in both groups compared to controls was found (p&lt;0,05). The highest values of IL-6, LE, CRP, α1-PI and anti-S100-beta antibodies in FEP patients were revealed (p=0,03). After the treatment, the positive trend of inflammatory markers in FEP patients (p&lt;0,05), but not in JD with ASSS patients was detected (except LE activity, p&lt;0,05).ConclusionsThe results confirm the pathogenic role of inflammation in the development of endogenous mental disorders. The inflammatory markers studied reflect the activity of the pathological process in the early stages of schizophrenia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Influence of motivational placebo-related factors on the effects of exercise treatment in depressive adolescents

Recent meta-analyses reveal a moderate effect of physical activity (PA) in the treatment of adolescent depression. However, not only the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, also the influences of placebo-related motivational factors (beliefs and expectancies in sporting, enjoyment and prior sports experiences), are still unclear. Based on the data of our prior study “Mood Vibes”, we hypothesized that placebo-inherent factors like positive prior sports experiences and motivational factors, (positive beliefs, expectancies, and enjoyment related to PA), would increase the effects of an add-on exercise-therapy in juvenile depression. From 64 included depressed adolescents, 41 underwent an intensive add-on PA-therapy. Motivational factors were assessed using sport-specific scales. The changes in depression scores under treatment were rated by self-rating scale (German “Childhood Depression Inventory”, (DIKJ)). A mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) was used to analyze the effects of the different motivational variates on DIKJ. While prior sports experiences had no impact, motivational factors showed a significant effect on PA-induced changes in DIKJ scores (p = 0.002). The demotivated participants improved less, whereas it was sufficient to be neutral towards sporting to benefit significantly more. Motivational placebo-related factors (beliefs, expectancies and enjoyment regarding PA) affected the outcomes of an exercise treatment in depressed adolescents. Yet, a neutral mindset was sufficient to profit more from PA. Prior sporting in the sense of positive conditioning and as a protective factor did not play a role. Knowledge about these influences could in a second step help to develop tailored therapies.

A comparative analysis of two methods for assessing the proinflammatory activity of monocytes in patients with juvenile depression

To show that the results of evaluation of monocyte pro-inflammatory activity (PA) in patients with juvenile depression and healthy donors, obtained using a new method developed by us for counting the relative number of large monocytes on a multifunctional counter and cell analyzer, are similar to the results obtained using a standard assessment of the level of proinflammatory CD14+/CD16+ - monocytes on a flow cytofluorimeter. The PA of monocytes, isolated from the peripheral venous blood of 18 patients with juvenile depression and 12 mentally and somatically healthy age and gender-matched persons was evaluated in two ways: using the generally accepted method of determining the relative number of monocytes with the proinflammatory phenotype CD14+/CD16+ on a flow cytofluorometer FC-500 and by counting the relative number of large monocytes on a multifunctional counter and cell analyzer Multisizer MS-4. PA of monocytes in patients was studied by using both methods in different variants: in the general group and in the subgroups of patients with low and high levels of active monocytes. The levels of monocyte PA determined in patients using the two methods did not statistically differ from each other in all variants of the analysis (p=0.6). The equivalence of the obtained results was confirmed by the Chi-square test (r=0.77, p=0.05), as well as by the detection of a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of monocytes with the pro-inflammatory CD14+/CD16+ phenotype, on the one hand, and the relative number of large monocytes, on the other hand (Spearman r=0.75; p<0.05). At the same time, a comparative analysis of the level of monocyte PA in the general groups of patients and healthy controls revealed significantly higher values of this indicator in patients compared with healthy persons when evaluated by both methods (p<0.05). Definition of monocytes PA using the new method developed by us for counting the relative number of large monocytes on the analyzer and cell counter is more economical and easier to perform, since it does not require the use of expensive devices and reagents, as well as complex device settings and a high level of operator qualification, as in the common method, and is carried out only by two parameters: by counting the number of large monocytes with a diameter of 12.5 to 15 microns and the total number of monocytes with a diameter of 9 to 15 microns. The proposed method for assessing monocyte PA by counting the relative number of large monocytes on the cell counter and analyzer can be used to analyze the activity of monocytes for research purposes.

State Strategies of Russia and China in the Mental Health Protection on the Example of Juvenile Depression

The article examines the social and legal problems of the mental health of the population of Russia and China using the example of depressive spectrum disorders. The urgency of the problem is caused by the wide spread of the disease, the difficulty of early diagnosis, the growing risk of suicide and is extremely important in most countries of the world. A comparative analysis of legal problems in the two countries in the field of mental health prevention, conducted at the macrosocial levels through parallel sociological and psychological studies in the Khabarovsk Territory and Heilongjiang Province of the People's Republic of China, showed a significant difference in the state approach of neighboring countries of the Far East. In Heilongjiang Province, the adolescent depression prevention model has been implemented and is highly effective.

Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Moderates the Influence of the BDNF P.Val66Met Variant on Depression Severity in Adolescent Depression

Background: A genetic influence for adolescent depression has been described in numerous studies. The product of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF; rs6265 c.196G>A; p.Val66Met) has been identified playing an important role in genesis and course of depression. It interacts with serological BDNF and other growth factors such as the Insulin-like-Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), influencing memory-associated brain regions (i.e. hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex) as well as reward-related brain circuits (cf. nucleus accumbens, amygdala and frontal areas). Methods: 40 patients with adolescent depression aged 13 to 17 years, were included. Assuming a significant influence of the BDNF p.Val66Met variant on depression severity, we performed moderation analyses to further examine the interplay between BDNF p.Val66Met variant, serological IGF-1, regional brain volume and depression severity. Results: IGF-1 was found to moderate significantly the influence of BDNF p.Val66Met variant on depression severity. Brain volumes of (para) hippocampal, and amygdala as well as the nucleus accumbens moderated the same only in combination with IGF-1. Conclusions: We discuss the significant influence of serological IGF-1 and BDNF p.Val66Met variant in terms of neuroplasticity. We interpret the role of changes in memory and reward-related brain circuits as hints towards the localization of the interaction between BDNF p.Val66Met variant and IGF-1. Our findings point to a potential mechanism in juvenile depression which differs from actual models in adult depression and could in a further step contribute to targeted therapies for depressive adolescents.

Juvenile depression treatment with antidepressants from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors group

Objective. The article presents the juvenile depression treatment effectiveness with antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors group (SSRIs).&#x0D; Materials and methods.182 patients were examined, including 114 men (62.6%) and 68 women (37.4%), age range 16 to 25 years, on treatment in a psycho-neurological dispensary in the city of Korolev (Russia, Moscow region) from 2014 to 2018.&#x0D; Results and Discussion.Main characteristics comparison of SSRIs antidepressants therapeutic effect in young men and adults of mature age revealed statistically significant age differences concerning the onset rate and these drugs antidepressant effect characteristics, as well as the adverse events nature.&#x0D; Conclusion. The SSRIs antidepressants clinical action regularities for depression treatment in adolescence, their therapeutic effect features and dynamics allow us to state adequate indications for the these drugs administration in adolescence, considering their age specificity.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.615-623

ESTIMATION OF LEVEL OF SUBPOPULATION CD14&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/CD16&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; MONOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE DEPRESSIONS

At present, at least two phenotypically different subpopulations of blood monocytes have been identified: "classical" monocytes with the phenotype CD14 ++ /CD16 - and "nonclassical" (pro-inflammatory) with the phenotype CD14 + /CD16 + . It has been established that monocytes CD14 + /CD16 + participate in latent or so-called systemic non-infectious inflammation in the human body along with blood neutrophils and microglial cells of the brain, which are the analogue of monocyte/macrophage system in the brain. Monocyte function disorders are considered as one of the links in the neurodegenerative process underlying the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of the development of schizophrenia. In this connection, the aim of this research was to study in patients with juvenile depression the amount of pro-inflammatory monocytes in terms of the expression level of CD14 + /CD16 + receptors as well as the activity of leukocyte elastase and a 1-proteinase of elastase inhibitor. It was also interesting to determine the mechanisms of their interaction in the pathogenesis of immunosuppression, in particular, to identify a possible connection of pro-inflammatory monocytes with the activity of leukocyte elastase and a 1-proteinase of elastase inhibitor in patients with juvenile depression at the early stage of disease. 27 male patients aged 17-23 years were examined. The disease diagnostics was carried out in accordance with the criteria of ICD-10 according to which all patients have depression with the syndrome of attenuated psychotic symptoms ( Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome) in the structure of psychopathological disorders. 12 mentally healthy age- and gender-matched persons were examined as controls. Monocytes were obtained by the conventional method of adhesion to the plastic surface from mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral venous blood of patients and healthy controls by centrifugation in a ficoll-urographin density gradient (ρ = 1.077). In the blood of patients and healthy controls, the level of monocytes with the phenotype CD14 + /CD16 + , the enzymatic activity of leukocyte elastase and the functional activity of α1-proteinase inhibitor were studied. The clinical and laboratory study showed an increase of more than twofold in the level of the pro-inflammatory subpopulation of CD14 + /CD16 + monocytes in patients compared with its level in healthy individuals. The increase was accompanied by an elevation of leukocyte elastase and a 1-proteinase inhibitor activity. A positive correlation was found between the increase of surface receptors CD14 + /CD16 + expression on monocytes and elevation of the leukocyte elastase activity. These results confirm participation of CD14 + /CD16 + monocytes in the development of latent or non-infectious immune inflammation, and determine the mechanisms of possible interaction between monocytes and neutrophils in the development of immune inflammation in patients with juvenile depressions with the Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome.