Jute Yarns Research Articles

Influence of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibres, Yarns, and Composites

Jute yarns were treated by tap water with and without tension at room temperature for 20 minutes and then dried. Fibre and yarn strength were measured before and after treatment. Unidirectional (UD) composites were made by both treated and untreated yarns with and without applying hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as size material. Water-treated jute yarns without tension and composites made of those yarns showed decreased strength, and water treated jute yarns with tension and composites made of those yarns showed increased strength with respect to raw yarns and composites made of raw yarns. However, no specific trend was noticed for fibre tensile strength and tensile modulus. HEC sized yarns showed up to 12% higher failure load with respect to unsized yarns, and composites made of HEC sized yarns showed up to 17% and 12% increase in tensile strength and tensile modulus, respectively, compared to composites made of similar types of unsized yarns.

Evaluation of surface treatment and fabrication methods for jute fiber/epoxy laminar composites

Low fiber volume fraction and uncertain void content are continuing problems in natural fiber composites with continuous reinforcement. This study addresses these problems through the optimization of the Vacuum Infusion (VI) fabrication process for use with jute fabric reinforcement. The effects of reinforcement weave architecture, surface treatment, and fabrication method on the performance of jute fiber/epoxy laminated composites are subsequently characterized. Alkali and silane surface treatments were applied to enhance the fiber/matrix bonding. Wicking tests showed silane coupling produced jute yarn with zero water wicking and increased epoxy wicking. Extension of this treatment to reinforcing fabrics significantly reduced the moisture absorption of jute/epoxy composites. Constituent analysis showed traditional hand-layup fabrication method results in composites with unacceptably high void content. For this reason, the VI method was employed and optimized. The addition of pre-compaction and deadweight compaction steps resulted in composites having a near-zero void content and a very good fiber volume fraction. Mechanical testing showed that the studied surface treatments improved tensile modulus in jute/epoxy composites, regardless of reinforcement architecture. Unidirectional preforms increased tensile strength and modulus due to reduced fabric crimp. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:310–317, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Development of Knitted Warm Garments from Speciality Jute Yarns

Jute-polyester blended core and textured polyester multifilament cover spun-wrapped yarn was produced using existing jute spinning machines. The spun-wrapped yarn so produced show a reduction in hairiness up to 86.1 %, improvement in specific work of rupture up to 9.8 % and specific flexural rigidity up to 23.6 % over ordinary jute-polyester blended yarn. The knitted swatch produced out of these spun-wrapped yarn using seven gauge and nine gauge needle in both single jersey and double jersey knitting machines showed very good dimensional stability even after three washing. The two-ply and three-ply yarn produced from single spun-wrapped yarn can be easily used in knitting machines and also in hand-knitting for the production of sweaters. The thermal insulation value of the sweaters produced with jute-polyester blended spun-wrapped yarn is comparable with thermal insulation value of sweaters made from 100 % acrylic and 100 % wool. However, the hand-knitted sweaters showed higher thermal insulation value than the machine-knitted sweaters due to less packing of yarn in hand knitted structure as compared to machine knitting.

Thermal, calorimetric and crystallisation behaviour of polypropylene/jute yarn bio-composites fabricated by commingling technique

Commingled biocomposites based on polypropylene/jute yarns were prepared using commingling technique. The thermal and calorimetric behaviour of these commingled composites were studied with respect to fibre content and various chemical treatments. The thermal stability of the composites was found to be in between that of jute fibre and neat polypropylene (PP). Different chemical treatments increased the thermal stability of the composites due to increased interfacial adhesion between the matrix and reinforcement. Jute yarn acts as nucleating agents and favours the process of crystallisation thereby increasing the crystallisation temperature. Chemical treatments further increased the crystallisation temperature as a result of better interfacial adhesion between jute yarn and PP matrix. The close proximity of jute yarns weakens the mechanical bonds between PP molecules resulting in marginal lowering of melting temperatures. Polarized optical microscopic studies revealed the formation of transcrystalline layer around the jute fibre after 6h.

Process Flow Chart and Factor Analysis in Production of a Jute Mills

Process flow chart is a useful tools for communicating how process work and also used for designing and documenting complex processes or programs. Bottlenecks and losses in jute mills, which will cause disruption in the operations, can be clearly identified through this technique. It helps to find out the most important and crucial dependencies in the process of production. There are several factors that may affect the production of jute mills so it's very important to control the range of factors inside the mills to get desirable production rate. Jute is the golden fiber of Bangladesh not only for the rich golden color of the fiber but also metaphorically, for jute's valuable contribution to the country's economy. This paper illustrates process flow chart and factors affecting the production of a jute mills in Bangladesh. Akij jute mills is a 100% export oriented Jute yarn Industry catering to the need to carpet manufacturers and other end users of jute yarn all over the world. Process flow chat and factors are analyzed in a production unit of Akij jute mills. 

Dielectric behaviour of PP/jute yarn commingled composites: Effect of fibre content, chemical treatments, temperature and moisture

Polypropylene and jute yarns were used to prepare commingled composites using commingling technique where the natural fibres are subjected to minimal shear forces. The dielectric constant, loss factor and conductivity increased with fibre content where as volume resistivity decreased due to the better net orientational polarisation in jute yarn reinforced polypropylene (PP) commingled composites. However due to a reduction in the hydrophilic nature of jute yarns brought about by chemical treatments the dielectric constants and conductivities of treated composites was less than that of the untreated ones as a result of reduction in orientational polarisation and moisture absorbance. As temperature increased the dielectric constant, loss factor and conductivity first increased up to a particular temperature and then decreased due to a reduction in orientational polarisation brought about by the increased molecular vibrations with increasing temperature. Wet samples showed much higher dielectric constant and conductivity values compared to their dry counterparts.

Molding Method, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Jute/PLA Injection Molding

Natural composites have been important materials system due to preservation of earth environments. Natural fibers such as jute, hemp, bagasse and so on are very good candidate of natural composites as reinforcements. On the other hand regarding matrix parts thermosetting polymer and thermoplastic polymer deriver form petrochemical products are not environmental friendly material, even if thermoplastic polymer can be recycled. In order to create fully environmental friendly material (FEFM) biodegradable polymer which can be deriver from natural resources is needed. Therefore poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer is very good material for the FEFM. In this paper jute fiber filled PLA resin (jute/PLA) composites was fabricated by injection moldings and mechanical properties were measured. It is believable that industries will have much attention to FEFM, so that injection molding was adopted to fabricate the composites. Long fiber pellet fabricated by pultrusion technique was adopted to prepare jute/PLA pellet. Because it is able to fabricate composite pellets with relative long length fibers for injection molding process, where, jute yarns were continuously pulled and coated with PLA resin. Here two kinds of PLA materials were used including the one with mold releasing agent and the other without it. After pass through a heated die whereby PLA resin impregnates into the jute yarns and sufficient cooling, the impregnated jute yarns were cut into pellets. Then jute/PLA pellets were fed into injection machine to make dumbbell shape specimens. In current study, the effects of temperature of PLA melting temperature i.e. impregnation temperature and the kinds of PLA were focused to get optimum molding condition. The volume fractions of jute fiber in pellet were measured by several measuring method including image analyzing, density measurement and dissolution methods. Additionally, thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. It is found that 250° is much suitable for jute/PLA long fiber pultrusion process because of its less heat degradation of jute, better impregnation, acceptable mechanical property and higher production efficiency. Additionally the jute fibers seem much effective to increase deflection temperature under load, tensile modulus and Izod strength.

Effects of alkali and ultraviolet treatment on colour strength and mechanical properties of jute yarn

In this study, jute yarns were treated with an aqueous alkali solution and ultraviolet light to improve dyeability. Ultraviolet light treatments were carried out at an air pressure of 1 atm, under water and vacuum, and all the samples were dyed with reactive dyes. Virgin samples and treated jute yarns were analysed by Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy. K/S values were determined by a reflective spectrophotometer and used to establish the fixation values and colour strength of the dyed samples. The tensile mechanical properties of the samples were also measured by a tensile testing apparatus and were compared with the virgin samples. Alkali treatment resulted in a reduction in carbonyl group concentration. However, atmospheric ultraviolet light treatment increased carbonyl group concentration. Dyeability and dye fixation values for atmospheric and underwater ultraviolet light‐treated samples increased. Furthermore, the loss of tensile strength for alkali‐treated samples was much greater than others (up to 50%) in comparison with ultraviolet light‐treated samples.

The use of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in modification of jute for improving dyeing properties of reactive dyes

AbstractIn this study, the poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G‐2 dendrimer was applied to the jute yarn. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) of the dendrimer‐treated jute yarn indicated that all carbonyl groups of the jute fiber have reacted with amino groups of the PAMAM dendrimer. Jute yarns which had been pretreated with PAMAM dendrimer displayed markedly enhanced color strength with reactive dyes, even when dyeing had been carried out in the absence of electrolyte or alkali. Dendrimer‐treated jute yarn showed much better light‐fastness than that of untreated jute yarn. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Viscoelastic behaviour of novel commingled biocomposites based on polypropylene/jute yarns

Jute yarn reinforced polypropylene commingled composites were prepared by an environmentally benign technique called commingling method in which the matrix fibres and reinforcing fibres are intermingled together with good alignment. The dynamic mechanical properties or viscoelastic behaviour of these commingled composites were studied with reference to fibre content and various chemical treatments. The storage and loss modulus increased with fibre content where as tanδ decreased. KMnO4 and MAPP treated composites showed much higher storage and loss modulus values at all temperatures compared to untreated one. The glass transition temperature showed a marginal increasing tendency with fibre content and chemical treatments. The surface treatment mechanisms were supported by FT-IR spectra and the increase in interfacial adhesion after chemical treatments were supported by SEM images. Theoretical modelling was used to predict the values of storage modulus and tanδ and was found to be comparable with that of experimentally obtained results.

The application of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for modification of jute yarns: Preparation and dyeing properties

In this study, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G-2 dendrimer was used for jute yarn. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that all carbonyl groups of jute fibers reacted with amino groups of polyamidoamine dendrimers. SEM observation indicated the good dispersion PAMAM dendrimers. Jute yarns pretreated with PAMAM dendrimer displayed markedly enhanced color strength with reactive dyes, even when dyeing had been carried out in the absence of electrolyte or alkali. Dendrimer-treated jute yarn showed much better light-fastness than untreated jute yarn.

Novel bio-commingled composites based on jute/polypropylene yarns: Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical properties

This paper mainly investigates the fabrication process of jute yarn reinforced, bidirectional thermoplastic commingled composites (both untreated and treated). Commingling method was used to prepare the composites wherein the Polypropylene yarn (PP yarn) and jute yarn were wound together onto a metal plate in a particular configuration and then compression moulded. The mechanical properties of the composites prepared from chemically treated jute yarn were found to increase substantially compared to those of untreated ones. The surface morphologies of the fracture surfaces of the composites were recorded using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM micrographs reveal that interfacial bonding between the treated jute yarn and the matrix has improved significantly by chemical treatments. The various chemical treatment mechanisms have been supported by FT-IR spectra. Theoretical modelling was used to predict the tensile properties and was found to be in accordance with the experimental results.

A Study on the Tensile Property of Jute Yarns Using Weibull Distribution

The characteristics of natural yarns are inconsistent in their mechanical property. The tensile strength of jute yarns is an intricate parameter, which can not be fully described using single value. This necessitates the study of the jute yarn strength distribution and efficient experimental methods for its measurement. Here Weibull model is used to describe the statistical nature of the tensile strength. However, the experimental process widely uses for obtaining the two parameters Weibull model which is described for this experiment. The Weibull modulus of the untreated and NaOH treated jute yarns were determined and it suggests that the treated yarns are better than the untreated yarns. The tensile strength of NaOH treated jute yarns increased to 219.93 MPa compared to the untreated yarns which was 177.32 MPa. For the treated yarns the coefficient value R2 is 0.9829, which indicates good degree of linearity.

Effect of Alkali Treatment on Surface Morphology and Properties of Jute Yarns

Due to the environmental issue, natural fibers are day by day becoming attractive to researchers. Natural fiber contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin etc, which are hygroscopic in nature and biodegradable. The lack of surface feature diminishes its properties. So, the surface properties of the jute yarns need to be modified. In the present study, jute yarns were cleaned using 2% detergent and chemically modified by 5, 15 and 25% NaOH solution both at room temperature and 700C for 2 hours and dried in air. The structural and morphological studies of the treated and untreated yarns were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal and mechanical behaviour of the yarns were analyzed using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Instron Universal testing machine. The results show the improvement in mechanical strength of the yarns due to the change in crystalinity after alkali treatment. Also, the thermal decomposition temperature of raw jute yarns decreased from 357.30C to 349.60 C after alkali treatment.

Influence of wet chemistry treatment on the mechanical performance of natural fibres

Influence of wet chemistry treatment on the mechanical performance of natural fibres The paper presents determination of the effect of various chemical treatment on the strength of 288 tex jute yarn arisen from the plain weave fabric produced by LENTEX, Poland. The yarn was put to alternative treatments in: NaOH and KOH water solutions with various concentration (from 1 to 15%) and treatment duration (from 0.5 to 6 hours), vinyl acetate, methanol and toluene diisocyanate. After the treatment it was put to tensile tests. Yarn diameter and elementary fibre twist angle were also measured using MICRO PROF FRT optical profilographometer. The SEM micro-photographs have also been performed in order to evaluate the structural changes of the yarn after the treatment. Optimal conditions of alcali-treatment are: 5% concentration and 2h duration for NaOH, 3% concentration and 4h duration for KOH. Such treatments give a growth in yarn rupture force up to 10% and they are well applicable in composite materials manufacturing. Also interaction with vinyl acetate and toluene diisocyanate has practically not negative influence on the mechanical performance of the yarn. Two effects were observed which can explain the influence of chemical treatment on mechanical performance of jute yarn: swelling and change in the orientation of elementary fibres.

Water absorption behavior of carpet waste jute-reinforced polymer composites

This article deals with the water absorption behavior of low-cost polymer composite composed of carpet waste jute yarns and thermoset matrices (i.e., epoxy and polyester). The water absorption behavior of the composites and deviation of their flexural and impact properties after aging in distilled water were investigated. The magnitude of diffusion parameters such as n and K were evaluated to assess the mode of water transport. It was found that the composites follow Fickian diffusion behavior. Both maximum water content (Mmax) and effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) values increased with increasing fiber content. Epoxy matrix composites showed higher Mmax and D eff values when compared to those of polyester matrix composites. D eff value increased remarkably with an increase in immersion temperature, whereas temperature had relatively little impact on Mmax value. Thermodynamics of diffusion process was investigated using Arrhenius plots and the magnitude of the activation energy for the process of diffusion (E a) was evaluated. Ea increased with temperature increment, suggesting fast access of water into polymer segments at elevated immersion temperatures. NaOH treatment of jute yarns was also investigated in terms of the water absorption behavior of the composites. It was shown that alkali treatment reduces water absorption of the composites remarkably, which was attributed to interface improvement. Flexural strength and modulus of the composites decreased up to 40% and 60%, respectively, whereas Charpy impact strength increased up to 30% after 168 h of water immersion.

Preparation of selective ion adsorbent by photo curing with acrylic and phosphoric acid on jute yarn

Jute yarns were cured with acrylic acid (AA) and phosphoric acid (PA) using UV radiation in order to prepare selective ion adsorbent. A series of formulations were prepared in methanol containing varying percentages of (10–70 %) of AA and 2 % photo-initiator (PI) (Darocur-4043). jute yarns were soaked in this formulation for various soaking times (10–30 min) and cured under UV radiation of different intensities (20–50 UV passes). Concentration of AA, soaking time and intensity of UV radiation were optimized based on polymer loading (PL). The maximum PL (21 %) was observed for 50 % AA solution for 20 min soaking time at 40 UV passes. Various formulations were prepared using 5–15 % (w/w) of phosphoric acid, 50 % AA and 2 % PI in methanol. Then jute yarns were soaked in this solution for 20 min and irradiated at 40th UV pass. The concentration of PA was again optimized for maximum PL. It was found that the formulation containing 10 % PA, 50 % AA, 38 % methanol and 2 % PI showed 70.95 % of PL. To investigate the adsorbent behavior, a 10 ppm CuSO4 solution was prepared and then grafted yarns were soaked in the solutions for 30–300 min at different conditions. After withdrawing the yarns, the remaining copper in the solution were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). It was revealed that copper was successfully removed by using the grafted jute yarns.

Study of the Tensile Properties of Jute / Cotton Blended Yarns Using Weibull Distributions

Jute fibre, a natural composite of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, occupies the second place to cotton in economic importance. Recently many attempts have been made to produce fine jute blended yarn with other textile fibres. In this paper, the two types of jute/cotton blended yarn whose jute and cotton fibres were respectively blended at the opening and drawing stages were spun by using the ring spinning technology. The tensile properties of both blended yarn at gauge lengths from 150 mm to 500 mm were investigated, and the evenness and imperfections for both blended yarn were also evaluated. The results show that the draw frame blended yarn was of better quality than the opener blended yarn. The breaking tenacities of both blended yarn increased with the decrease in the gauge length. The equations derived from two-parameter Weibull distribution and based on experimental strength at length of 300 mm can predict the breaking strength of both blended yarn accurately. The scale effect study indicates that the opener blended yarn strength decreased more sharply than draw frame blended yarn as the gauge length increased.

Mechanical Properties of the Coir Fiber-reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effect of the Incorporation of Jute Fiber

Coir yarn-reinforced polypropylene (PP)-based unidirectional composites were prepared by compression molding. Coir yarn content in the composite was optimized and 20% yarn content showed higher mechanical properties. Jute yarns (20%—100%) were incorporated into the coir-based composites. It was found that 20% coir and 80% jute-reinforced PP matrix composites performed the best results. All the materials (coir, jute, and PP) were irradiated with gamma radiation from 400 to 1000 krad. PP-based composites (20% coir and 80% jute) showed the highest mechanical properties at 600 krad of total gamma dose. Starch (2—10% in aqueous solution) was used as stiffening agent for the yarns and it was found better unidirectional position of the yarns inside composite over the untreated composite. It was reported that composites prepared with 5% starch treated yarns (coir and jute) for 5 min soaking time demonstrated the best results. Scanning electron microscopy, thermal degradation, water uptake, and electrical properties were also studied.

Construction of unpaved rural road using jute–synthetic blended woven geotextile – A case study

Jute–high density polyethylene (HDPE) blended geotextile samples produced using HDPE slit-film in the machine direction and jute yarn in the cross direction for use in the construction of unpaved rural roads. Use of HDPE slit-film resulted in high productivity of jute-based geotextiles in modern high-speed machines, while jute (≈85%) in cross direction resulted in notable increase in modulus, breaking strength, CBR puncture resistance of the blended geotextile as compared to 100% HDPE geotextile. The optimized geotextile (plain-weave fabric with 111 tex HDPE in machine direction, 2 × 360 tex jute yarn in cross direction having area density, 316 g/m 2) was used in a field trial. During road construction, the geotextile was covered with a layer of 10 cm thick laterite gravels as the sub-grade, compacted by rolling, and then finally covered with 10 cm small granular lateritic stones, and rolled again. The field trial showed that the monitored section where geotextile was used showed an even surface without any notable subsidence or rutting after 18 months. However in sections of the road constructed without the geotextile, 5–35 mm deep ruts were observed. CBR tests (carried out 11 months and 18 months after construction) showed a 67–73% improvement in the road due to the use of jute–HDPE blended geotextile than that obtained for the part of the road where geotextiles were not used.