Jute Yarns Research Articles

Mechano-physical properties and statistical design of jute yarns

The work describes the statistical characterization of the tensile properties of raw and treated jute yarn fibers. The yarns are treated with various alkaline sodium hydroxide concentrations (0.5, 2 and 5%) and different immersion times at room temperature (30min, 2, 8 and 12h). Due to the scattering of the experimental results, statistical analysis was performed using both two- and three-parameters Weibull, and Anova variance methods. In terms of stress, failure strain, and Young modulus, the results obtained from uniaxial tensile yarns show a variation that depends essentially on the immersion time and the NaOH concentration. Optimum mechanical properties are obtained for a concentration of 2% of NaOH and an immersion time of 2h. The results are further discussed in view of an extensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis carried out on the different classes of yarns.

A Study of Time Series Model for Predicting Jute Yarn Demand: Case Study

In today’s competitive environment, predicting sales for upcoming periods at right quantity is very crucial for ensuring product availability as well as improving customer satisfaction. This paper develops a model to identify the most appropriate method for prediction based on the least values of forecasting errors. Necessary sales data of jute yarn were collected from a jute product manufacturer industry in Bangladesh, namely, Akij Jute Mills, Akij Group Ltd., in Noapara, Jessore. Time series plot of demand data indicates that demand fluctuates over the period of time. In this paper, eight different forecasting techniques including simple moving average, single exponential smoothing, trend analysis, Winters method, and Holt’s method were performed by statistical technique using Minitab 17 software. Performance of all methods was evaluated on the basis of forecasting accuracy and the analysis shows that Winters additive model gives the best performance in terms of lowest error determinants. This work can be a guide for Bangladeshi manufacturers as well as other researchers to identify the most suitable forecasting technique for their industry.

Performance study of optical sensor for parameterization of staple yarn

This work deals with the development of a low cost high resolution yarn characterization unit with optical sensor. The developed system can measure yarn average diameter, diameter variation over length, variation of yarn mass, yarn faults, number of hairs at specific distances from yarn core, mean absolute deviation and coefficient of variation in a single run. The most lucrative feature of the newly developed instrument is one hundredth times lower cost and 8 times higher resolution than the existing one. The sensor signal is fed to a high speed data acquisition system and custom made software to get yarn parameters when the yarn is passed in front of the sensor by mechanical setup. The output of the system is compared with the output of the widely used Tester for the said purpose. Moreover, unlike the standard tester, the newly developed instrument is able to furnish absolute mass and diameter of the yarn in real unit. These important parameters certainly give two important estimates for judging the final look of the fabric. The repeatability of results is insignificant in 0.5% level. Calibration is done by taking a standard wire. Jute and cotton yarns of different tex values are tested with the instrument and results are reported. FFT is also performed to provide equivalent frequency response of diameter/mass profile. It seems to be more significant representation of the parameters under consideration.

Jute yarn as reinforcement for polypropylene based commingled eco-composites: Effect of fibre content and chemical modifications on accelerated ageing and tear properties

Bidirectional PP/jute yarn eco-composites were fabricated via environment friendly commingling technique and its long term durability/life time was monitored as an effect of accelerated solar ageing on its mechanical properties (tensile & flexural). Accelerated solar ageing promoted the thermal oxidation of PP thus resulting in deterioration of its properties, however; MAPP and KMnO4 treated commingled composites showed much better stability towards thermal oxidation brought about by the solar concentrator, compared to untreated sample and neat polypropylene. This increased resistivity of treated composites (especially MAPP and KMnO4) towards thermal oxidation brought about by the solar concentrator is due to the increased interfacial adhesion between the matrix and jute yarn owing to chemical modifications. The significance of effective stress transfer between the PP matrix and reinforcing jute yarns is evident from the increased tear resistance of PP/jute yarn commingled composites with increasing fibre content and also with different chemical treatments.

On the Mechanical Properties and Uncertainties of Jute Yarns.

Products made from natural materials are eco-friendly. Therefore, it is important to supply product developers with reliable information regarding the properties of natural materials. In this study, we consider a widely used natural material called jute, which grows in Bangladesh, India, and China. We described the results of tensile tests on jute yarns, as well as the energy absorption patterns leading to yarn failure. We have also used statistical analyses and possibility distributions to quantify the uncertainty associated with the following properties of jute yarn: tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and strain to failure. The uncertainty and energy absorption patterns of jute yarns were compared with those of jute fibers. We concluded that in order to ensure the reliability and durability of a product made from jute, it is good practice to examine the material properties of yarns rather than those of fibers.

Influence of fiber content and chemical modifications on the transport properties of PP/jute commingled biocomposites

This article aims at the investigation of the effect of five different parameters on the transport behavior of PP/jute yarn commingled eco‐composites. The high affinity of jute yarns to moisture (hydrophilic nature) favored the water absorption whereas xylene and toluene diffusion through PP/jute commingled system reduced with increasing fiber content. Chemical treatments increased the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and jute yarns resulting in lesser number of voids and other irregularities at the interface and also resulted in a reduction in the hydrophilic tendency of jute yarns. This led to a decrease in apparent weight gain % with different treatments. The activation energy for the solvent xylene increased with the increase in fiber content owing to the hindering of motion of the solvent molecules by the reinforcing jute yarns whereas for the solvent water, the activation energy decreases with increase in fiber content due to the hydrophilic nature of jute yarns. The analysis of mechanism of transport revealed that the diffusion of water through the composites very nearly follow Fickian mode of transport whereas for the solvent xylene it deviates from it. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E250–E260, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Strength evaluation of jute fabric for the reinforcement of rammed earth structures

Abstract Synthetic and artificial fiber fabrics are commonly used as masonry structures reinforcement, both for seismic retrofitting of historical buildings and for realization of new constructions in seismic areas. Correspondingly, natural fiber fabrics are appropriate to earth buildings reinforcement, being compatible from the point of view of environmental sustainability. In this paper the results of tensile tests on jute yarns are reported, organized and statistically analyzed in order to interpret the basic laws of size effects involved. The great variability of yarns behavior and the difficulties in controlling the boundary conditions induced to perform numerical tensile tests on statistical samples of jute fabric, generated in compliance with the statistical distribution of yarns mechanical properties. The comparison between laboratory and numerical tests permits to make some considerations on the difficulties involved in the experimental analysis, in order to define a reliable experimental technique to determine the properties necessary to the successive design.

The effect of accelerated aging on the interface of jute textile reinforced concrete

In this work the degradation mechanisms of concrete reinforced with natural jute textile are discussed. Double-sided pullout tests were performed on specimens reinforced with polymer-coated and uncoated jute fabrics. To obtain a composite with an enhanced durability performance a matrix with partial replacement of the Portland cement by metakaolin was used. Before testing, the specimens were subjected to accelerated aging conditions. After a curing period of 28 days in water the samples were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C and a relative humidity of 99% over 28, 56, 90, 180 and 365 days. Microstructural analyses were performed to evaluate the degradation of the jute yarn and the fiber-matrix interphase using an environmental scanning electron microscope. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the calcium hydroxide content. The pullout results showed that coated fabrics formed a stronger bond than did the uncoated. For ordinary Portland cement matrix the maximum fiber pullout force decreased up to 85% after six months of accelerated aging. In the MK matrix the degradation process was retarded substantially. Polymer coatings improved the bond between fiber and matrix and reduced fiber degradation.

Effect of moisture content of jute fabric and hybridization structure on the impact properties of jute and jute/glass hybrid composites

AbstractA preliminary investigation on the impact properties and morphologies of unsaturated polyester reinforced with jute woven fabric recycled from used coffee bags with different moisture contents was conducted. The laminated structural effect of hybridization with glass woven fabric was also investigated. Jute/jute-laminated composites, and jute/glass/jute- and jute/jute/glass-laminated hybrid composites were fabricated by the hand lay-up method. Their impact properties were compared by drop-weight and the Izod impact tests. The acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied under a tensile load to detect micro-failure processes in the jute and jute/glass hybrid composites. The number of AE signals and the AE energy were monitored using two transducers with resonant frequencies of 140 kHz and 1 MHz. The results showed that the moisture content affected the mechanical properties of the composites. The strength and elongation at break of the jute yarn decreased with a decrease in moisture content. The AE characteristics and observations of the fracture surfaces revealed that the composites fabricated from jute fabric with low moisture content had a relatively higher initial fracture stress and higher resistance to micro-fractures. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were significantly affected by the laminating structure.

Energy Efficient Novel Sizing of Jute Yarns

A novel tapioca starch (TS)-based energy efficient natural sizing technology for sizing jute yarn was developed. The performance of the developed formulation was tested in a laboratory at pilot scale and subsequently validated through industrial-level shop floor trials vis-à-vis the conventional tamarind kernel powder (TKP)-based sizing. Unlike TKP sizing, the developed natural size paste formulation did not require “cooking” at elevated temperature, and could be maintained at room temperature in sow box. In addition, TS-based sized yarns could be dried at lower temperature. TS-sized jute yarns showed better abrasion resistance, and slightly better tensile strength values when compared with conventional TKP-sized yarns. TS-based sized jute yarns exhibited better elastic recovery compared with TKP-sized yarns under cyclic loading. The sizing effluents were found to be drastically reduced in TS-based recipe showing lower Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand. Using TS-based sizing formulation, industrial trials conducted at shop floor demonstrated reduction in warp breakage, higher energy efficiency, cost competitiveness, and lower eco-burden.

Development of Jute Braided Sapling Bag for Nursery Use

A tri-axial braided construction was chosen to develop nursery sapling bag, an agrotextile, from jute by employing a novel process. This product is meant as an eco-friendly substitute of plastic-based nursery sapling polybags which are very commonly used in horticultural or forest nurseries for raising plant seedlings. To develop a cost-effective product with high cover and low mass, the scope of standard jute yarns (fine and coarse both) and ‘jute tape’ was explored as ‘axial material’ during braiding. Jute tape was found to be effective in providing better cover and lower mass in the product. Jute tape-based sapling bag developed was found to be superior to polybags in respect of soil loss during handling in nursery. Furthermore, soil-analysis experimentation revealed that biodegraded jute bag enhanced soil nutrient level considerably with organic carbon, potassium, and phosphorus.

Investigation of the Physical Properties of Jute Blended Yarn Using a Novel Approach in Spinning Process

This work reports the successful outcomes to process the polyester, acrylic and wool fiber along with jute fiber exclusively using existing jute processing machineries for manufacturing the 241 tex jute blended yarn. The blending was performed at feeding stage of breaker carding machine and blending ratio of jute and polyester/acrylic/wool fibers is 80:20. Manufacturing of jute blended yarns will create a new opportunity for extending the uses of jute fibers in value added jute products. The present work is concerned with the investigation of physical properties such as tenacity, elongation % at break, quality ratio, unevenness, imperfections (thick, thin & neps) and hairiness of manufactured jute blended yarns. The jute-polyester (80/20) blended yarn shows the higher strength and more evenness compared to jute-acrylic (80/20), jute-wool (80/20) blended and 100% jute yarn.

Influence of Polyester Resin Treatment on Jute Fabrics for Geotextile Applications

In this study, jute woven fabrics (1 × 1 plain, twill, zigzag and diamond weave) were manufactured from 100% raw jute yarn. The fabric specimens were treated by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% unsaturated polyester resin where styrene monomer used as a solvent and 1% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was used as initiator. Two bar pressure was applied for complete wetting of the fabric by a Padder and curing was done at 130?C for 10 minutes. The physico-mechanical characteristics of untreated and treated samples were examined and evaluated. It was revealed that moisture content (MC) and water absorbency of the treated specimens were decreased with the increase of resin percentage (%) in the fabrics. MC and water absorbency were maximum decreased up to 50.23% and 60.14% respectively by 25% resin treatment. On the other hand, bending length (BL), flexural rigidity (FR), flexural modulus (FM) and tensile strength (TS) were enhanced with the increase of resin percentage in the fabrics which resulted higher fabric stiffness. The maximum improvement of BL, FR, FM and TS were found to be 6.67%, 56.04%, 10.57% and 18.75% respectively in comparison to untreated sample. Soil degradation tests exhibited that 33.59% TS loss occurred for untreated specimens where only 8.04% loss of TS found for 25% resin treated one. Furthermore, jute based twill, zigzag and diamond fabrics were also treated by 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% resin, then measured their TS and compared with plain fabrics. It was revealed that plain fabrics have superior TS over other fabrics. It was also evident that TS enhanced for all the fabrics after resin treatment and maximum increase found for all the fabrics up to 25% resin treatment.

Effect of jute yarn on the mechanical behavior of concrete composites.

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of introducing jute yarn on the mechanical properties of concrete. Jute fibre is produced abundantly in Bangladesh and hence, very cheap. The investigation on the enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete with jute yarn as reinforcement, if enhanced, will not only explore a way to improve the properties of concrete, it will also explore the use of jute and restrict the utilization of polymer which is environmentally detrimental. To accomplish the objective, an experimental investigation of the compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of Jute Yarn Reinforced Concrete composites (JYRCC) has been conducted. Cylinders, prisms and cubes of standard dimensions have been made to introducing jute yarn varying the mix ratio of the ingredients in concrete, water cement ratio, length and volume of yarn to know the effect of parameters as mentioned. Compressive, flexural and tensile strength tests had been conducted on the prepared samples by appropriate testing apparatus following Standards of tests. Mechanical properties of JYRCC were observed to be enhanced for a particular range of lengths of cut (10, 15, 20 and 25 mm) and volume content of jute yarn (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 %). The maximum increment of compressive, flexural and tensile strengths observed in the investigation are 33, 23 and 38 %, respectively with respect to concrete without jute yarn.

Study on Physical and Structural Properties of Jute-Palf Blended Yarn Spun by Apron Draft Spinning

A study is performed on the properties of jute-pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) blended yarn and 100% jute yarn. The jute-PALF blend ratios of two counts of yarn (5 and 7 lbs/spy) are 70:30 and 80:20 respectively. The physical properties of the blended yarns such as load at break, strain at break, tenacity at break, tensile modulus and quality ratio are tested and measured. It is observed from the test results that the physical properties of the blended yarns are better than those of the 100% jute yarn. The experimental results also show that the physical and structural properties of the blended yarn changes with the increase of PALF in the blend ratio. So the blending of PALF has a positive impact on yarn properties. Another study is done, in which it is found that surface appearance properties like color strength (K/S value) and whiteness, yellowness and brightness indices of the blended yarns are almost the same as those of the jute yarn due to the blending of jute-PALF. Therefore, the blending ratio does not cause any notable changes in the natural color of the jute yarn.

Improvement of Jute Retting Processes in India in the Context of Water Scarce Situation

The jute industry is facing severe competition from synthetic packaging materials in the present situation. To sustain the jute industry and to upli our benevolent mother nature there is a natural intention to move towards more diversified products like fine jute yarn, high quality home furnishing jute fabrics, light shopping/carrying bags, various innovativegi articles & decorative products, requiring higher quality fibre. Thus with the growing demand of high quality fibre the economic significance of fibre quality is also increasing on which the future of jute will ultimately depend to a great extent. Despite the fact the amount of quality fibre is not increasing at the desired level. This is mainly because the farmers after putting all their efforts in cultivating the crop are least bothered or negligent about the post harvest techniques and are using the same age old retting practices without caring about its impact on the fibre quality mainly due to lack of proper knowledge and awareness about its benefit or adequate incentive/financial benefit.

Development of a low cost yarn parameterisation unit by image processing

This paper deals with the development of a computerised system to measure different yarn parameters i.e. diameter, diameter variation, number of thick/thin places and neps, hairiness indices (hair length index and hair area index) and number of hairs in a single run with the help of image processing. A low cost Universal Serial Bus (USB) web camera, mechanical set up for yarn movement, computer and LabVIEW software are used for this purpose. Jute and cotton yarn with wide range of nominal diameter have been tested with cut length 1–4mm and the results have been compared with a commercial capacitive tester i.e. Uster tester 3. The repeatability of results is insignificant in 1% level. Calibration has been done by taking image of a standard wire and adjusting the multiplying factor in the software if required. The developed system can give the average diameter of the yarn under test in real time unit (millimetre) unlike state of art instrument where it is set to zero. Hairiness is more rigorously defined in contrary to other tester where either qualitative analysis of hairs or hair count is measured. As the principle of measurement is image processing, the choice of correct background prior to the test is a prerequisite. The accuracy of the developed instrument is much higher as it can sense pixel change of measurable parameter. The developed system is equally useful for coloured yarns with proper background. The performance of the system is free from fluctuation of ambient temperature, humidity and illumination level.

Strength improvement in injection-molded jute-fiber-reinforced polylactide green-composites

The mechanical properties of green-composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) with jute fibers were investigated. A long fiber pellet was developed to obtain a high aspect ratio of residual fiber after injection molding. Comparative studies were carried out, where shorter fiber pellets were compounded by different screw configurations using a twin-screw extruder. To interpret the results of our mechanical tests, the fiber geometry, dispersion state, and fiber fracture surfaces after tensile testing were analyzed. We found that the composites made of short fiber pellet (which suffer high compound intensity), exhibited optimal mechanical performance. Although, compounding with a twin-screw extruder decreased the overall aspect ratio of residual fibers, we observed that it significantly facilitated both the dispersion of the jute yarn to jute bundle and the decohesion of jute bundle to elementary fibers. This fiber separation caused by high intensity mixing led to efficient load transfer from matrix to fiber, and improvement of interfacial strength. These findings provide us with an insight into the critical parameters required to develop a high performing jute/PLA composite.

Mechanical Properties Characterization of Jute Yarn Treated by Photo-curing with EG (Ethylene Glycol): Surface Treatment (KMnO4)

Radiation-induced graft copolymerization is one of the most important methods to modify natural polymers. Jute (Corchorus capsularis) is an important natural fiber for its diversified application in eco-friendly environment. Jute is photografted with EG monomer to improve its characteristics. The different EG formulation was prepared in methanol along with 2% photoinitiator. The materials soaked in solution then radiation induced by UV processing. The highest mechanical properties of treated and untreated jute fibre like tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb), and tensile modulus (Tm) were achieved with 5% EG concentration, 5 minutes soaking time and 4th pass of UV radiation intensities. The mechanical properties improvement of the jute yarns were increased at P? 0.05% on TS (2.4 MPa), Eb (1.8 MPa) and Tm (factor 2) and PL (17%) by the KMnO4. The additives urea (1% w/v) showed the best results Pl (20%), Tf (2.6) and Ef (2). Water absorption capacity of treated samples was much lower (59%) up to 20 min then stable compared to the untreated samples (70%) where absorbed up to 110 min. Weathering effect on jute yarn exhibited less loss of weight compared to control fibers. The 1R analysis revealed that EG has been grafted onto jute cellulose at the sites of -OH groups of the jute cellulose backbone. Monomer concentration; soaking time and radiation intensity were optimized with respect to mechanical properties. The remarkable changes of physico-mechanical properties were achieved by the experiment.

Changes in composition, appearance, physical, and dyeing properties of jute yarn after bio-pretreatment with laccase, xylanase, cellulase, and pectinase enzymes

Bio-preparation is a developing and promising method for lowering the consumption of chemicals specially in wet finishing where plenty of these compounds are used. In this study, samples of jute yarns were bio-finished by cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, laccase enzymes, and their mixtures. Then, they were scoured, bleached, and dyed with basic and/or direct dyes in conventional methods. Samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, reflective spectrophotometer, mechanical tester, and then compared. FTIR peaks of enzymatic-treated samples showed aldehyde absorption peaks, and also changes in carbonyl groups of hemi-cellulose and aromatic –CH– out of plane vibration in lignin. The whiteness and brightness index values of jute yarns improved before and after bleaching. Pectinase-treated jute yarn enhanced yarn count compare to other enzymatic or NaOH treatment. All enzymatic or NaOH treatments decreased the tenacity of jute yarns. Xylanase and cellulose treatments showed lower tensile strength than others. Pectinase and laccase enzymes increased dye strength of the jute yarn that dyed by direct dye, while cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase did the same for basic dye.