Dynamic Translation Research Articles

THE ESSENCE OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC CONCERNS IN TRANSLATION STUDIES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

Translation as a complex dual process incorporating linguistic and cultural transfer of the source text meaning and intention in the target text has come to be frequently recognized by researchers as inevitably bound up with a socially regulated practice and tradition. The article deals with those sociolinguistic concerns which came into the limelight with the development of a new disciplinary approach to translation studies – translation sociology. This interdisciplinary science focuses on delivering the impact of certain social factors (social status, social roles, gender, age, the place of origin, ethnicity) on language variation in different communicative situations. There have been outlined the following major sociolinguistic concerns related to translation practice: the representation of social stratification of the source culture in the target text; the preservation of a source language set of socio-semiotic parameters of field, tenor and mode in the target language; adherence to certain social norms of translation as to society-generated stereotypical approaches to the allowed degree of adaptation of source texts. The demonstration of social realia of the source language is hindered by the discrepancy in the segmentation / hierarchy of the social order immanent in both cultures, the fact inducing dynamic (or communicative) translation as the most efficient tactic of a translator and drawing in functional analogues – as a translation technique. Sociolinguistic facet of translation as a communicative process embedded in a social situation presupposes interpreting a communicative act as an interplay of socio-semiotic parameters so as to keep up the tonality of the source text, the latter ensuing from the actants’ roles balance and their being geared towards the addressee’s expectations. The solution to the problem of social norms of translation is deemed arbitrary regarding an aesthetic translation tradition of a culture. Keywords: translation sociology, sociolinguistic concerns, social factors, sociosemiotic parameters, social norm of translation.

A New Cryptosystem of Color Image Using a Dynamic-Chaos Hill Cipher Algorithm

The conventional symmetric Hill cipher encryption algorithm, applied for data encryption, presents several disadvantages. However, a drawback of the conventional algorithm is known to be vulnerable to plain-text attack. Another setback, it does not hide all features of the image with homogeneous background and finally, the difficulty of finding the inverse of the key matrix. To overcome these problems, in this paper, we propose an improvement of the Hill cipher algorithm. The principle consists in using an affine transformation provided by a three-order invertible matrix and a dynamic translation vector. This vector is dynamically transformed at each iteration by an affine transformation composed of a chaotic matrix T, not necessarily invertible, and a pseudo random translation vector Y. This improvement overcomes the linearity problem of Hill’s classic method. In addition, computational complexity can be reduced by simplifying the inverse matrix search process at the time of decryption. This inverse lies only in the search for the modular inverse of a single element of the matrix in the ring Z/256Z. The proposed scheme overcomes the disadvantages of the conventional Hill cipher, especially, the images with strong homogenous zones. The proposed algorithm guarantees a better quality of security and encryption.

Reusing the Optimized Code for JavaScript Ahead-of-Time Compilation

As web pages and web apps increasingly include heavy JavaScript code, JavaScript performance has been a critical issue. Modern JavaScript engines achieve a remarkable performance by employing tiered-execution architecture based on interpreter, baseline just-in-time compiler (JITC), and optimizing JITC. Unfortunately, they suffer from a substantial compilation overhead, which can take more than 50% of the whole running time. A simple idea to reduce the compilation overhead is ahead-of-time compilation (AOTC), which reuses the code generated in the previous run. In fact, existing studies that reuse the bytecode generated by the interpreter or the machine code generated by the baseline JITC have shown tangible performance benefits [12, 31, 41]. However, there has been no study to reuse the machine code generated by the optimizing JITC, which heavily uses profile-based optimizations, thus not easily reusable. We propose a novel AOTC that can reuse the optimized machine code for high-performance JavaScript engines. Unlike previous AOTCs, we need to resolve a few challenging issues related to reusing profile-based optimized code and relocating dynamic addresses. Our AOTC improves the performance of a commercial JavaScript engine by 6.36 times (max) and 1.99 times (average) for Octane benchmarks, by reducing the compilation overhead and by running the optimized code from the first invocation of functions. It also improves the loading time of six web apps by 1.28 times, on average.

Brain regional homogeneity and function connectivity in attenuated psychosis syndrome \u2014based on a resting state fMRI study

BackgroundBy combining regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) analyses, this study aimed to explore brain functional alterations in Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS), which could provide complementary information for the neurophysiological indicators for schizophrenia (SZ) associated brain dysfunction.MethodsTwenty-one APS subjects and twenty healthy controls were enrolled in the data acquisition of demographics and clinical characteristics as well as structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). ReHo analysis was conducted to determine the peak coordinate of the abnormal regional brain activity. Then, identified brain regions were considered as seed regions and were used to calculate FC between reginal brain voxels and whole brain voxels. Finally, potential correlations between imaging indices and clinical data were also explored.ResultsFour APS and two HC subjects were excluded because the largest dynamic translation or rotation had exceeded 2 mm / 2°. Compared with healthy controls (HCs), APS subjects exhibited higher ReHo values in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and lower ReHo values in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left postcentral gyrus (PoCG), and left superior frontal gyrus, medial (SFGmed). Considered these areas as seed regions, the APS subjects showed abnormal enhancement in functional brain connections, predominantly in the frontal and temporal lobes.ConclusionsWe concluded that the APS subjects had spatially regional dysfunction and remoted synchronous dysfunction in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, and changes in ReHo and FC patterns may reveal the mechanism of brain dysfunctions and may serve as an imaging biomarker for the diagnosis and evaluation of SZ.

ShareJIT: JIT code cache sharing across processes and its practical implementation

Just-in-time (JIT) compilation coupled with code caching are widely used to improve performance in dynamic programming language implementations. These code caches, along with the associated profiling data for the hot code, however, consume significant amounts of memory. Furthermore, they incur extra JIT compilation time for their creation. On Android, the current standard JIT compiler and its code caches are not shared among processes—that is, the runtime system maintains a private code cache, and its associated data, for each runtime process. However, applications running on the same platform tend to share multiple libraries in common. Sharing cached code across multiple applications and multiple processes can lead to a reduction in memory use. It can directly reduce compile time. It can also reduce the cumulative amount of time spent interpreting code. All three of these effects can improve actual runtime performance. In this paper, we describe ShareJIT, a global code cache for JITs that can share code across multiple applications and multiple processes. We implemented ShareJIT in the context of the Android Runtime (ART), a widely used, state-of-the-art system. To increase sharing, our implementation constrains the amount of context that the JIT compiler can use to optimize the code. This exposes a fundamental tradeoff: increased specialization to a single process’ context decreases the extent to which the compiled code can be shared. In ShareJIT, we limit some optimization to increase shareability. To evaluate the ShareJIT, we tested 8 popular Android apps in a total of 30 experiments. ShareJIT improved overall performance by 9% on average, while decreasing memory consumption by 16% on average and JIT compilation time by 37% on average.

Preoperative laxity in ACL-deficient knees increases with posterior tibial slope and medial meniscal tears.

The aim of this study was to determine patient and anatomic factors that influence anteroposterior and rotational laxity in knees with ACL tears. Based on the findings of biomechanical studies, we hypothesized that static and dynamic anterior tibial translation (ATT) as well as positive pivot shift would increase with female gender, tibial slope, and meniscal tears. The authors prospectively collected preoperative data and intraoperative findings of 417 patients that underwent ACL reconstruction. The exclusion criteria were: revision ACL procedures (n = 53), other surgical antecedents (n = 27), prior osteotomies (n = 7) or concomitant ligament tears on the ipsilateral knee (n = 34), and history of ACL tears in the contralateral knee (n = 45), leaving a study cohort of 251 patients. Their preoperative anteroposterior knee laxity was assessed objectively using 'static' monopodal weight-bearing radiographs and 'dynamic' instrumented differential measurements of ATT. Rotational laxity was assessed subjectively using the pivot shift test. Multivariable regression showed that static ATT increases only with tibial slope (β = 0.30; p < 0.001), but dynamic ATT increases with tibial slope (β = 0.19; p = 0.041), medial meniscal tears (β = 1.27; p = 0.007), complete ACL tears (β = 2.06; p < 0.001), and to decrease with age (β = - 0.09; p < 0.001). Multivariable regression also indicated thathigh-grade pivot shift decreases with age (OR 0.94; p < 0.001) and for women (OR 0.25; p < 0.001), and to be higher for knees with complete ACL tears (OR 3.04; p = 0.002) or medial meniscal tears (OR 2.28; p = 0.010). Contrary to expectations based on biomechanical studies, static ATT was only affected by high posterior tibial slope, while dynamic ATT was affected by both high posterior tibial slopes and medial meniscal tears, but not by gender or lateral meniscal tears. Likewise, pivot shift was affected by gender and medial meniscal tears, but not lateral meniscal tears or posterior tibial slope. These findings are relevant to guide surgeons in optimizing their surgical procedures, such as conserving the menisci when possible, and rehabilitation protocols, by delaying full weight-bearing and return to sports in patients with anatomic and lesional risk factors. Cohort study, Level IV.

Female voices in translation: an interrogation of a dynamic translation decade for contemporary Chinese women writers, 1980–1991

ABSTRACTContemporary Chinese women writers have long been underrepresented in English translation. However, they received considerable attention from Anglophone publishers during the 1980s. Such a dynamic translation scene was prompted by an upsurge of female writers in China after 1978, when political restrictions on literature were loosened, and an increased interest on the part of Western feminists in female experience from different ethnicities. This article adopts Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory to analyse the selection and paratextual strategies adopted by two categories of translation agents: the dominant Anglophone publishers and the subversive feminist translators. It argues that Anglophone publishers were governed by a dominant political translation discourse that resulted from a dual patriarchal control: the Chinese nationalist agenda imposed on the writers’ feminist preoccupations and the predilection of Western ideology for the politics of China. This seemingly thriving translation turn for Chinese women writers was in fact still subject to a voyeuristic gaze that positioned China as the subaltern other. It was women translators who maintained a subversive position against the orthodox translation discourse, thus contributing to what could be called a predominantly feminist translation era for contemporary Chinese women writers.

On Improving Computational Efficiency of Simplified Fluid Flow Models

Single-core computational efficiency of several iterative methods for numerical solution of nonsymmetric linear systems originating from simplified fluid flow models is evaluated together with different preconditioning techniques in terms of solution behaviour and the overall rate of convergence. A previously developed simplified 3D CFD model, which involves the solution of linear systems of orders usually from units to tens of thousands, is used to generate test cases. The respective Java software application employs the Parallel Colt linear algebra library. This is to ensure that the corresponding sparse matrix computations needed in different solution and preconditioning methods are carried out in as efficient a manner as possible to minimize the influence of the computer implementation itself. Measures (warm-up phase etc.) are taken to eliminate the effects of JVM specific behaviour such as JIT compilation.

Dynamic instability of the acromioclavicular joint: Anew classification for acute AC joint separation.

BackgroundAcute acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation is classified according to Rockwood (RW). Although of clinical relevance, dynamic horizontal translation (DHT) is not listed in this classification or in frequently used clinical evaluation tools. The aim of this study was (a) to evaluate vertical and horizontal AC joint instabilities and assess their combined occurrence and clinical appearance in a consecutive group of patients, as well as (b) to develop a new classification of acute AC joint dislocation.MethodA consecutive group of 61 patients (seven female, 54 male) with a mean age of 34.5 years (18.9–60.1) were included in the study. All patients underwent posttraumatic clinical—Taft Score (TF), Acromioclavicular Joint Instability Score (ACJI), Constant Score (CS), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV)—and radiological (bilateral anteroposterior stress and bilateral Alexander views) evaluation.ResultsAccording to the RW classification, the following AC dislocations were present: eight (13.1%) type I, nine (14.8%) type II, 22 (36.1%) type III, and 22 (36.1%) type V. Based on the clinical and radiographic results, a new classification is proposed: Type I instabilities show only a partial vertical displacement (≤30% coracoclavicular distance [CCD]) and type II a complete vertical displacement (>30% CCD). Both type I and II are further graded into none or partial (A) and complete DHT (B) as seen on bilateral Alexander views.ConclusionDHT can be found in low-grade instabilities and lead to inferior clinical results in the posttraumatic situation.

Ribosome elongating footprints denoised by wavelet transform comprehensively characterize dynamic cellular translation events.

Translation is dynamically regulated during cell development and stress response. In order to detect actively translated open reading frames (ORFs) and dynamic cellular translation events, we have developed a computational method, RiboWave, to process ribosome profiling data. RiboWave utilizes wavelet transform to denoise the original signal by extracting 3-nt periodicity of ribosomes and precisely locate their footprint denoted as Periodic Footprint P-site (PF P-site). Such high-resolution footprint is found to capture the full track of actively elongating ribosomes, from which translational landscape can be explicitly characterized. We compare RiboWave with several published methods, like RiboTaper, ORFscore and RibORF, and found that RiboWave outperforms them in both accuracy and usage when defining actively translated ORFs. Moreover, we show that PF P-site derived by RiboWave shows superior performance in characterizing the dynamics and complexity of cellular translatome by accurately estimating the abundance of protein levels, assessing differential translation and identifying dynamic translation frameshift.

HHVM JIT: a profile-guided, region-based compiler for PHP and Hack

Dynamic languages such as PHP, JavaScript, Python, and Ruby have been gaining popularity over the last two decades. A very popular domain for these languages is web development, including server-side development of large-scale websites. As a result, improving the performance of these languages has become more important. Efficiently compiling programs in these languages is challenging, and many popular dynamic languages still lack efficient production-quality implementations. This paper describes the design of the second generation of the HHVM JIT and how it addresses the challenges to efficiently execute PHP and Hack programs. This new design uses profiling to build an aggressive region-based JIT compiler. We discuss the benefits of this approach compared to the more popular method-based and trace-based approaches to compile dynamic languages. Our evaluation running a very large PHP-based code base, the Facebook website, demonstrates the effectiveness of the new JIT design.

Fine-Grained Overhead Characterisation of Cross-ISA DBTO for Multicore Processor

&lt;span&gt;The emergence of modern portable software, start to behaved hybrid short-long running combined applications, in which an active apps may invoked others to fulfill task requirements. Thus the implementation of Dynamic Translation and Optimisation (DBTO) into heterogeneous multicore system-on-chip (SoC) will require careful re-study, to ensure efficient usage of most available cores. In order to improve efficiency in supporting this Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) diversity of computing platforms, mix modes of statically and dynamically Binary Translation and Optimization system, or DBTO, need to utilize concurrent compilation techniques, to better service the combined applications processing. This research deep dived into finer-grained DBTO overhead analysis, to provide categorization and characterization of overhead sources in breakdown stages during concurrent instruction processing. A dual-engine of translation and optimization is constructed for finer managemnt of start-up overheads. Helper functions, i.e. LoadLink/StoreCondition (LL/SC) are derived from atomic instructions, to create multiple helper thread supported by multiple host cores, for better instruction translation and optimization operation concurrently. Our experiment platform, evaluated through PARSEC-3.0 benchmark suite, shows performance improvement approaching 2.0x for apps based programs and 1.25x for kernel based programs, for x86 to X86-64 emulation. This technique possess great potential and serve as research based platform for future binary translation technique development, including adaptive method.&lt;/span&gt;

Register variation in written contact varieties of English

AbstractPrevious research suggests there are register differences between native and non-native varieties of English, as well as translated English. This article reports on a multidimensional (MD) analysis of register variation in the published written registers of 16 varieties of English, and tests expectations for register variation in contact varieties evident from existing research. The study finds that the effects ofvarietyandregisterare largely independent of each other, indicating that overall, registers pattern in similar ways across varieties.registeris the strongest factor accounting for variance in the data, butvarietyalso contributes significantly to variation. Non-native varieties before phase four in the Dynamic Model (Schneider 2007) and translations draw more extensively on markers of formality than non-native varieties at phase four and native varieties. Contact varieties display fewer involvement features than native varieties. Persuasive strategies and reported speech are variable across varieties, suggesting local stylistic and cultural differences.

Compensation for inertial and gravity effects in a moving force platform

Force plates for human movement analysis provide accurate measurements when mounted rigidly on an inertial reference frame. Large measurement errors occur, however, when the force plate is accelerated, or tilted relative to gravity. This prohibits the use of force plates in human perturbation studies with controlled surface movements, or in conditions where the foundation is moving or not sufficiently rigid. Here we present a linear model to predict the inertial and gravitational artifacts using accelerometer signals. The model is first calibrated with data collected from random movements of the unloaded system and then used to compensate for the errors in another trial. The method was tested experimentally on an instrumented force treadmill capable of dynamic mediolateral translation and sagittal pitch. The compensation was evaluated in five experimental conditions, including platform motions induced by actuators, by motor vibration, and by human ground reaction forces. In the test that included all sources of platform motion, the root-mean-square (RMS) errors were 39.0 N and 15.3 N m in force and moment, before compensation, and 1.6 N and 1.1 N m, after compensation. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect on estimating joint moments during human gait. Joint moment errors in hip, knee, and ankle were initially 53.80 N m, 32.69 N m, and 19.10 N m, and reduced to 1.67 N m, 1.37 N m, and 1.13 N m with our method. It was concluded that the compensation method can reduce the inertial and gravitational artifacts to an acceptable level for human gait analysis.

Session details: Session 1B: Managed Runtimes and Dynamic Translation

Session details: Session 1B: Managed Runtimes and Dynamic Translation

Active Depth Cuts Without Distortion of Stereoscopic Depth Reduce Annoyance

In stereo 3D (S3D) production, an active depth cut means to shift the presented scene along the depth axis in order to mitigate strong depth discontinuities at scene cuts, which would otherwise induce visual fatigue to the human visual system. This is done using the dynamic horizontal image translation (DHIT) approach, where the S3D views are slowly shifted in opposite directions to alter the distance to the perceived scenery. A problem of the DHIT is that the presented depth is distorted during the process. In this paper, a distortion-free DHIT approach is proposed. The distortions are eliminated by dynamically adjusting the distance between the two stereo views. The new approach is compared with the regular DHIT in a subjective experiment with the result that it is significantly less perceivable and annoying. The critical speeds for annoyance and perception with both approaches are reported, and an active depth cut design recommendation for S3D producers is given.

ISSLS PRIZE IN BIOENGINEERING SCIENCE 2018: dynamic imaging of degenerative spondylolisthesis reveals mid-range dynamic lumbar instability not evident on static clinical radiographs.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) in the setting of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis is commonly treated with spinal fusion in addition to decompression with laminectomy. However, recent studies have shown similar clinical outcomes after decompression alone, suggesting that a subset of DS patients may not require spinal fusion. Identification of dynamic instability could prove useful for predicting which patients are at higher risk of post-laminectomy destabilization necessitating fusion. The goal of this study was to determine if static clinical radiographs adequately characterize dynamic instability in patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) and to compare the rotational and translational kinematics in vivo during continuous dynamic flexion activity in DS versus asymptomatic age-matched controls. Seven patients with symptomatic single level lumbar DS (6M, 1 F; 66±5.0years) and seven age-matched asymptomatic controls (5M, 2 F age 63.9±6.4years) underwent biplane radiographic imaging during continuous torso flexion. A volumetric model-based tracking system was used to track each vertebra in the radiographic images using subject-specific 3D bone models from high-resolution computed tomography (CT). In vivo continuous dynamic sagittal rotation (flexion/extension) and AP translation (slip) were calculated and compared to clinical measures of intervertebral flexion/extension and AP translation obtained from standard lateral flexion/extension radiographs. Static clinical radiographs underestimate the degree of AP translation seen on dynamic in vivo imaging (1.0 vs 3.1mm; p=0.03). DS patients demonstrated three primary motion patterns compared to a single kinematic pattern in asymptomatic controls when analyzing continuous dynamic in vivo imaging. 3/7 (42%) of patients with DS demonstrated aberrant mid-range motion. Continuous in vivo dynamic imaging in DS reveals a spectrum of aberrant motion with significantly greater kinematic heterogeneity than previously realized that is not readily seen on current clinical imaging. Level V data These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Oxygen-Sensitive Remodeling of Central Carbon Metabolism by Archaic eIF5B

SUMMARYThe eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) is a homolog of IF2, an ancient translation factor that enables initiator methionine-tRNAiMet (met-tRNAiMet) loading on prokaryotic ribosomes. While it can be traced back to the last universal common ancestor, eIF5B is curiously dispensable in modern aerobic yeast and mammalian cells. Here, we show that eIF5B is an essential element of the cellular hypoxic cap-dependent protein synthesis machinery. System-wide interrogation of dynamic translation machineries by MATRIX (mass spectrometry analysis of active translation factors using ribosome density fractionation and isotopic labeling experiments) demonstrated augmented eIF5B activity in hypoxic translating ribosomes. Global translatome studies revealed central carbon metabolism, cellular hypoxic adaptation, and ATF4-mediated stress response as major eIF5B-dependent pathways. These primordial processes rely on eIF5B even in the presence of oxygen and active eIF2, the canonical recruiter of met-tRNAiMet in eukaryotes. We suggest that aerobic eukarya retained eIF5B/IF2 to remodel anaerobic pathways during episodes of oxygen deficiency.

A Novel String Grammar Unsupervised Possibilistic C-Medians Algorithm for Sign Language Translation Systems

Sign language is a basic method for solving communication problems between deaf and hearing people. In order to communicate, deaf and hearing people normally use hand gestures, which include a combination of hand positioning, hand shapes, and hand movements. Thai Sign Language is the communication method for Thai hearing-impaired people. Our objective is to improve the dynamic Thai Sign Language translation method with a video captioning technique that does not require prior hand region detection and segmentation through using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) method and the String Grammar Unsupervised Possibilistic C-Medians (sgUPCMed) algorithm. This work is the first to propose the sgUPCMed algorithm to cope with the unsupervised generation of multiple prototypes in the possibilistic sense for string data. In our experiments, the Thai Sign Language data set (10 isolated sign language words) was collected from 25 subjects. The best average result within the constrained environment of the blind test data sets of signer-dependent cases was 89–91%, and the successful rate of signer semi-independent cases was 81–85%, on average. For the blind test data sets of signer-independent cases, the best average classification rate was 77–80%. The average result of the system without a constrained environment was around 62–80% for the signer-independent experiments. To show that the proposed algorithm can be implemented in other sign languages, the American sign language (RWTH-BOSTON-50) data set, which consists of 31 isolated American Sign Language words, is also used in the experiment. The system provides 88.56% and 91.35% results on the validation set alone, and for both the training and validation sets, respectively.

Sound gradual typing: only mostly dead

While gradual typing has proven itself attractive to programmers, many systems have avoided sound gradual typing due to the run time overhead of enforcement. In the context of sound gradual typing, both anecdotal and systematic evidence has suggested that run time costs are quite high, and often unacceptable, casting doubt on the viability of soundness as an approach. We show that these overheads are not fundamental, and that with appropriate improvements, just-in-time compilers can greatly reduce the overhead of sound gradual typing . Our study takes benchmarks published in a recent paper on gradual typing performance in Typed Racket (Takikawa et al., POPL 2016) and evaluates them using a experimental tracing JIT compiler for Racket, called Pycket. On typical benchmarks, Pycket is able to eliminate more than 90% of the gradual typing overhead. While our current results are not the final word in optimizing gradual typing, we show that the situation is not dire, and where more work is needed. Pycket's performance comes from several sources, which we detail and measure individually. First, we apply a sophisticated tracing JIT compiler and optimizer, automatically generated in Pycket using the RPython framework originally created for PyPy. Second, we focus our optimization efforts on the challenges posed by run time checks, implemented in Racket by chaperones and impersonators . We introduce representation improvements, including a novel use of hidden classes to optimize these data structures.