Islamic inheritance (Muwārīth/مواريث) refers to the distribution of a deceased person's estate among qualified heirs in accordance with Sharia laws derived from the Qur'an and Sunnah. This dataset focuses specifically on the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (المذهب الحنبلي), one of the four major Sunni schools, which has distinct rulings on residuary heirs (ta'sīb/التعصيب) and blocking mechanisms (al-ḥajb/الحجب). Despite recent advances, Arabic large language models (LLMs) often struggle with tasks requiring exact arithmetic, multi-step reasoning, and strict adherence to domain-specific rules. These challenges are particularly evident in Islamic inheritance law ('ilm al-farā'iḍ/علم الفرائض), where case resolution demands sequential rule application, identification of heirs and blocked heirs (ḥijb/حجب), handling of proportional reduction ('awl/عول) and return (radd/رد), and accounting for juristic differences. The lack of well-structured Arabic datasets further restricts systematic evaluation in this area. To address this gap, we introduce the MirathQA, comprising over 1394 questions derived from 242 real-life inheritance cases collected from different Arabic sources. Each case includes a textual description, verified solution, heirs and their corresponding shares, and annotations for blocked or modified heirs. Additional multiple-choice and true/false questions assess reasoning skills such as exclusion and proportional reduction. The dataset is divided into training (70%), validation (15%), and test (15%) splits at the case level to prevent leakage and ensure reproducibility. It is also provided in both CSV and Excel formats. This resource establishes a benchmark for evaluating Arabic LLM reasoning, while also serving education, interdisciplinary research, and legal AI applications.

Psychiatrists who treat mental disorders in pregnancy must navigate the risks associated with prescribing medication to pregnant and breastfeeding people alongside the risks associated with untreated mental illness. This article examines how U.S. courts have engaged with this complex landscape when tasked with evaluating allegations of clinician and pharmaceutical negligence in cases involving pharmacological management of perinatal mental health disorders (PMHDs). We begin first with a review of the legal theories that form the basis of negligence lawsuits related to PMHDs. We then explore cases of both pharmaceutical negligence (which are usually pursued under product liability claims) and professional negligence (i.e., malpractice), distinguishing how the courts' interpretation of liability has varied for errors of omission and errors of commission. We then provide an analysis of relevant themes in this area of case law with the goal of informing expert witnesses of considerations when called to opine upon questions related to negligence in the treatment of PMHDs.

The study examined the relationship between human resource managers' strategies and organizational development in Muhammad Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to determine the relationships among performance appraisal, employee engagement, workforce retention, and organizational development at the NCE Unit of Muhammad Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population for this study consists of all academic and non-academic staff of the NCE Unit. A total of 47 staff, including 14 academics and 33 non-academics, from the Unit were sampled. The main instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire titled "Questionnaire on Influence of Human Resource Manager Strategies on Organizational Development (QIHReMSOD", designed by the researchers. The instrument was subject to test-retest, and the reliability index was found to be 0.77. The researchers administered 47 questionnaires to the respondents. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, mean, and standard deviation, as well as the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant negative correlation among performance appraisal, employee engagement, and organizational development. The finding further revealed that there is no significant relationship between workforce retention and organizational development in the NCE Unit. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that the management of the NCE Unit should redesign its performance appraisal system to be more transparent, fair, and development-oriented, rather than punitive, since it has been revealed to be negatively correlated with organisational development. It also recommended that, since retention was not found to significantly influence organisational development, strategies should focus on retaining high-performing and motivated staff, rather than for its own sake.

This research examines in depth the aspects of legal philosophy related to Pancasila as the ontological and ethical basis in the structure of Indonesian law. From an ontological perspective, Pancasila is determined as the existential essence (causa prima) of national law, which originates from the cultural-religious values of Indonesian society and is manifested in hierarchical-pyramidal principles. In an ethical context, Pancasila serves as a legal ideal (rechtsidee) and basic moral norm that guides the creation, interpretation, and implementation of laws to achieve Social Justice. This type of research is normative-philosophical using conceptual, historical, and legislative methods. The results of the study indicate that the neglect of the ontological and ethical dimensions of Pancasila has led to a crisis of legal legitimacy and disorientation in progressive law enforcement. Thus, a reactualization and recontextualization of the Pancasila Legal Philosophy is needed as a Staats fundamental norm that is the soul of the entire legal system, from the grund norm to the implementing regulations, to ensure moral integrity and substantive justice in the Indonesian legal system.

Abstract Kant’s concept of perpetual peace, outlined in Toward Perpetual Peace (1795), has been influential in shaping ideas for lasting global peace. This paper examines how perpetual peace fits into Kant’s broader philosophy, beyond its legal aspects. It contrasts Kant’s highest good with perpetual peace as the highest political good, critiques readings that conflate ethical and political goods, and offers an alternative interpretation based on Kant’s teleology. The paper concludes by addressing potential objections to this approach, aiming to present a more comprehensive understanding of perpetual peace within Kant’s legal and moral philosophy.

Abstract This article distinguishes isolationist and integrationist accounts of the legal-economic nexus. Isolationists deny the possibility of integrating different theoretical perspectives, while integrationists try to unify different accounts. Leading legal theorists have recently presented isolationist efficiency-, liberty-, and democracy-centred accounts of the market. It is argued that the legal–economic nexus is an integrationist concept, requiring an integrationist understanding of the constitutive role of law in the economy – a common view within the Law and Political Economy movement. Two integrationist strategies are presented: structural integrations and epistemic translations. Using them, an integrated consumer-centric account of the market is offered: consumers are not mere instruments; they are the lead actor, with all the entitlements in terms of powers, rights, and responsibilities that this position of authority entails.

The Mobile Brigade (Brimob) of the Indonesian National Police plays a crucial role in maintaining public order and handling high-intensity security disturbances. The regulations on Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for Brimob serve as the main guidelines for task execution; however, in its implementation, challenges are often encountered. This study aims to analyze the regulations and implementation of SOP for Brimob in handling criminality, as well as evaluate the alignment between existing legal theory and practical application in the field. A normative juridical approach was employed, with data gathered from relevant legislation and legal literature. The findings indicate that although SOP for Brimob is well-detailed in the law, gaps remain in its implementation, particularly concerning discretion and crowd control. Actions taken in emergency situations often risk violating the principles of proportionality and human rights. Therefore, revisions to the existing regulations are necessary to clarify SOP application and ensure legal certainty and protection of individual rights in every action taken by Brimob. This study also recommends enhancing training and supervision in the implementation of Brimob SOP in the field.

Winners of the Feminist Legal Studies Editors’ Article and Reflections Prizes 2025–2026

Abstract Legal research in Indonesia and Malaysia continues to evolve amid growing demands for methodological transparency and analytical rigor. However, the dominance of doctrinal approaches has limited the adoption of empirical and mixed methods in regional legal scholarship. This study aims to examine the implementation of data analysis methods in Scopus-indexed law journals from both countries between 2019 and 2024. Using a comparative qualitative approach supported by content analysis, 60 research articles were systematically reviewed from four selected journals. The findings reveal that qualitative methods remain predominant (78 %), while mixed methods are emerging gradually, especially in Malaysian publications. Quantitative techniques are used minimally (3 %), indicating persistent reliance on document-based normative research. Differences between Indonesia and Malaysia are influenced by academic traditions, legal education systems, and editorial policies. This study is original in mapping the methodological patterns of legal research in two Southeast Asian jurisdictions through an empirical review of Scopus-indexed publications. The results contribute to the enhancement of methodological literacy and highlight the need for integrating normative and empirical approaches in legal studies. Strengthening mixed-method applications is essential to advancing evidence-based legal scholarship and aligning Indonesian and Malaysian legal research with global academic standards.

This research is conducted to examine the juridical aspects construction of developers’ liability in the implementation of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreements (PPJB) for apartment units under Law Number 20 of 2011 on Flats, as well as the mechanisms for resolving consumer disputes. This research applies a doctrinal legal framework grounded in legislation, legal theory, and judicial decisions legislation, scholarly literature, and the Decision of the Yogyakarta High Court Number 91/PDT/2020/PTYYK as analytical materials. The findings indicate that developers’ liability forms a multi-layered liability system encompassing administrative, criminal, and civil responsibility. However, in practice, enforcement is predominantly pursued through breach of contract claims under the Civil Code, while administrative and criminal sanctions have not been optimally implemented. This reflects a gap between normative provisions and practical enforcement. The study concludes that developers’ liability demonstrates a hybrid liability character, combining contractual and public regulatory responsibility, thereby requiring stronger supervision and consistent law enforcement to ensure consumer protection and legal certainty.

The epistemological foundation of legal education has long been dominated by positivistic thought, strongly influenced by thinkers such as Hans Kelsen and H.L.A. Hart, emphasizing legal certainty, formal logic, and the mechanical application of rules. While this paradigm has been effective in cultivating technical competence and doctrinal precision, it has simultaneously marginalized the moral, philosophical, and social dimensions of law as a living and dynamic system. Consequently, legal education often produces graduates who are procedurally skilled yet insufficiently responsive to substantive justice and humanitarian concerns. This study aims to reconstruct the epistemology of legal education by shifting from a rigid positivist framework toward a humanistic paradigm that integrates ethical consciousness, critical reflection, and social responsibility. Using a normative-philosophical approach supported by conceptual analysis of classical and contemporary legal theories, including critiques advanced by Ronald Dworkin and Jürgen Habermas, this research examines how the dominance of positivism has constrained legal reasoning and distanced law from its emancipatory purpose. The findings reveal that formalistic and text-centered approaches in legal education limit students’ capacity to engage with justice in its broader social and moral contexts. Therefore, this study proposes an epistemic reconstruction centered on dialogical learning, intersubjective understanding, and contextual engagement with social realities. By situating law within ethical, cultural, and societal frameworks, this humanistic model envisions legal education not merely as a mechanism for producing technically proficient jurists, but as a transformative process that nurtures reflective, compassionate, and socially responsible legal thinkers committed to the realization of substantive justice.

The right to privacy, once conceived as the fundamental right to be let alone, faces an existential crisis in the digital age. The pervasive extraction, analysis, and commodification of personal data by state and corporate actors have transformed privacy from a question of secrecy to one of power and autonomy. This article undertakes a socio-legal analysis of this transformation, examining how jurisprudence is evolving often belatedly to address challenges posed by surveillance capitalism, algorithmic decision-making, and the dissolution of public/private boundaries. It argues that traditional individualistic frameworks are inadequate to protect collective social identities and autonomy. By analyzing landmark case law from 2024 and 2025 across multiple jurisdictions including the Supreme Court of Canada’s rulings, the Supreme People’s Court of China’s data rights cases, and significant American jury verdicts this paper charts the emergence of new legal theories. It explores concepts of privacy as trust, group rights to privacy, and statutory torts as mechanisms to recalibrate the balance of power. The article concludes that safeguarding privacy in the contemporary moment requires a paradigm shift: moving from protecting individual secrets to regulating the technological and commercial infrastructures that enable mass surveillance, thereby preserving the conditions necessary for democratic participation and individual autonomy. Keywords: Right to Privacy, Digital Age, Surveillance Capitalism, Algorithmic Governance, Data Protection, Socio-Legal Studies, Autonomy

Abstract This article reviews Martti Koskenniemi’s To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power , 1300–1780, Dannelle Gutarra Cordero’s She Is Weeping: An Intellectual History of Racialized Slavery and Emotions in the Atlantic World , and James Q. Whitman’s From Masters of Slaves to Lords of Lands: The Transformation of Ownership in the Western World . These authors raise fundamental questions about what was going on and what was or is at stake in the legal theorizing, argumentation, and adjudication that characterized the immediate prehistory of the nascent US constitutional order.

This study aims to examine the concept of bayani theory and its application in Islamic legal philosophy. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data collection techniques were conducted through reading, collecting, and analyzing literature from books and journals. The results of the study indicate that Islamic legal philosophy demonstrates that this theory is a central pillar in classical Islamic legal epistemology. The philosophical roots of bayani theory lie in prioritizing revealed texts (nash) as the absolute source of truth and law. Bayani reasoning is based on the belief that all of God's commands and prohibitions contain meanings that can be understood through Arabic linguistic tools. Therefore, this method positions language as a central medium for understanding Sharia law. Bayani theory should be maintained as the core of Islamic legal epistemology, but it must be revitalized through reinterpretation and integration with modern social sciences to provide answers to complex legal problems in the global era.

This research examines the restitution mechanism for rape victims in Aceh. The rules on restitution for rape victims set out under Article 51 of Qanun Jinayat in Aceh are intended to protect the victims; however, they are deemed ineffective, given that the restitution implemented by the judges of Mahkamah Syar’iyah only covered 6% of the total victims, 9% of the prosecutions by prosecutors. The victims have no chance of recovering from the physical injuries, psychological trauma, and social trauma. This article was written based on the use of normative legal research methods. Legal materials comprise legislation, Qanun, Mahkamah Syar’iyah rulings, and district court rulings. The research results were analysed in light of the concepts of justice in Islamic criminal law and feminist legal theory. The research results reveal several points to ponder: (a) regulating the minimum uqubat for restitution at 250 grams of pure gold calculated according to the cost spent on recovering the victim, as well as the principles of justice and the maslahat (public benefit) in the context of Islamic criminal law; (b) regulating the obligations of Mahkamah Syar’iyah judges in determining the losses that the aggrieved parties have to take, particularly in terms of setting the amount of uqubat restitution according to the studies on victimology and the theory of feminist law that prioritises gender equality. If the defendant lives in poverty (gharim), the restitution status shifts to a compensation obligation to be paid by the state through baitul mal. However, the defendant must serve a jail sentence instead of probation. Rule amendments are consistent with the concept of justice and legal certainty in Islamic criminal law. The findings of this research should expand access to justice for victims, without restricting judges' freedom to decide cases or violating the human rights of defendants facing financial difficulties, thereby narrowing criminal disparities.

This article examines Deaf survivors’ access to domestic abuse protection in England through a socio-legal analysis combining doctrinal frameworks (European Convention on Human Rights, Equality Act 2010, the Public Sector Equality Duty, and the Domestic Abuse Act 2021) with a national mapping of provision. It demonstrates how hearing-normative system design, interpreter-dependent access, and fragmented commissioning produce patterned and foreseeable exclusion, constituting institutional legal harm. By contrasting these systemic failures with Deaf-led, BSL-first services, the article shows that rights become exercisable when accessibility is embedded by design rather than delivered through reactive adjustment. It conceptualizes this recognition–realization gap as the Deaf Legal Illusion: formal recognition without reliable, substantive access in practice. The article concludes by identifying system-level reforms necessary to make equality exercisable and accountability enforceable. Keywords: Deaf Legal Studies; domestic abuse; British Sign Language (BSL); Equality Act 2010; Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED); access to justice; institutional legal harm; socio-legal research; commissioning; interpreter-dependent systems.

Scientific research in the field of legal studies intersects with numerous other disciplines—such as commerce, medicine, economics, media, politics, and others. These fields are governed by legal rules, such as commercial law, medical law, and economic relations law, among others, which demonstrates that no field exists outside a regulatory legal framework. Therefore, a researcher must recognize that the quality of their legal research is rooted in the depth of their knowledge of the subject matter with which it intersects. Researchers must also understand that the validity of previous research findings is not absolute; acknowledging their relativity expands the researcher’s intellectual horizons. Likewise, researchers should not venerate other scholars, as doing so undermines the nature and quality of their scientific work when they merely repeat previously reached conclusions. The importance of research lies in the researcher’s awareness of the significance of the scholarly pen in analyzing and understanding any issue within the field of legal sciences. The pen is a tool that stimulates the mind to comprehend the philosophy underlying legal rules, both before and after their formulation, from multiple perspectives, for no legal issue admits an absolute understanding—the differences arise from varying intellectual viewpoints. This means that researchers should not sanctify others’ ideas, and that those who admire the works and ideas of others must, at the very least, avoid committing academic plagiarism, as it contradicts the ethics of scientific research established in international and national legislation. This study employs both analytical and descriptive methods to clarify the relationship between intellect and writing in legal philosophy and to elucidate the issue of academic plagiarism.

A Jurisprudential Reading of the Writings of Shaykh Fathi Zaqllam “Fasting Six Days of Shawwal and the Rulings on Performing Them on Behalf of Ramadan” and “Bustan al-Mumti‘at min Muntakhā al-Manu‘āt” as a Model Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, and his companions. This research is a jurisprudential study of selected works of Shaykh Dr. Fathi Zaqllam (may Allah have mercy on him). Through this study, the scholarly legacy left by the Shaykh is highlighted by examining the two books mentioned in the title of the research. Objectives of the Study 1. To contribute to highlighting a Libyan scholarly figure. 2. To clarify the jurisprudential efforts of Shaykh Fathi Zaqllam. 3. To draw the attention of researchers to the scientific value of the Shaykh’s books and to encourage further academic studies on them. Research Structure The research is structured into an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion: • Section One: Shaykh Fathi Zaqllam: his life and scholarly contributions. • Section Two: An introduction to the book “Fasting Six Days of Shawwal.” • Section Three: An introduction to the book “Bustan al-Mumti‘at.” • Section Four: An applied study of selected jurisprudential issues through the two books “Bustan al-Mumti‘at” and “Fasting Six Days of Shawwal.” Conclusion The conclusion presents the most important findings, including: 1. Shaykh Fathi Zaqllam made significant contributions to serving the Maliki school of jurisprudence, both in its principles and its applied rulings. 2. The writings of Shaykh Fathi Zaqllam are distinguished by their presentation of legal evidence, with a strong focus on contemporary applied examples.

In the late nineteenth century, the Department of the Interior created the Courts of Indian Offenses with the express goal of eliminating elements of Native culture through the coercive power of criminal law. The courts stood on dubious constitutional grounds, were almost universally replaced by tribal courts in the twentieth century, and have been widely derided as crude assimilationist tools. This Article examines the Courts of Indian Offenses to study how law and legal institutions operate as sites of colonial struggle. The Courts of Indian Offenses were formally created to criminalize Native culture. In practice, they were more complicated. Native judges entrusted with Washington’s assimilationist designs frequently declined to enforce the “Indian offenses,” instead using the courts to resolve crimes and disputes recognized by their tribal communities. This Article uses three decades of annual reports from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and archival records from three Courts of Indian Offenses to illustrate the courts’ structure and function at the turn of the twentieth century. It engages with concepts from subaltern studies, tribal legal studies, and law and colonialism literatures to explore how tribal law adapted and survived despitethe formal imposition of Anglo-American legal forms. The Article ultimately suggests that the Courts of Indian Offenses may be understood as contested institutions through which tribal leaders preserved tribal self-government against the imperatives of empire.

Purpose of the study: This study examines the role of design ethics as a preventive mechanism to reduce copyright infringement in creative media industries, while mapping common infringement patterns and relevant mitigation strategies in the digital transformation era. Materials and methods: Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, this study conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed publications from 2021-2025, supplemented by conceptual-normative analysis of the relationship between professional ethics, platform governance, and content production behavior. Data sources included academic databases (Scopus, Web of Science), institutional reports (UNESCO, WIPO), and legal studies on intellectual property rights. Results: Findings indicate that design ethics operates at three interconnected levels: (1) individual level—encompassing creative integrity, licensing literacy, and attribution practices; (2) organizational level—comprising asset-use standard operating procedures, copyright audits, and compliance culture; and (3) ecosystem level—involving ethics education, platform transparency, and policies protecting creators. The study proposes an "Ethics-Compliance-Rights" framework that integrates design ethics principles with moral and economic rights compliance and content-production governance. Conclusions: Copyright infringement in creative media industries stems not only from legal ignorance but also from rapid production pressures, trend culture, misconceptions about free assets, and unclear platform governance. Effective prevention requires operationalizing design ethics through standard operating procedures, licensing documentation, regular training, visual plagiarism evaluation frameworks, and platform transparency. The proposed framework provides a comprehensive approach to reducing infringement risks while sustaining originality and quality in creative work.