Junior High School Pupils Research Articles

A Study on some Physical Models for Teaching General Earthquake Concepts : Aimed at Junior High school Pupils

A Study on some Physical Models for Teaching General Earthquake Concepts : Aimed at Junior High school Pupils

Background of Psychosomatic Symptoms among Junior High School Pupils

Background of Psychosomatic Symptoms among Junior High School Pupils

小・中学生における対人交渉方略の発達及び適応感との関連

本研究の目的はセルマン理論に基づいて対人交渉方略 (INS) の質問紙を作成し, その発達的変化, 及びINSと学校での適応感との関連を, 性差からの観点を中心に検討することである。172名の小学4年生, 273名の6年生, 117名の中学3年生, 67名の大学生に対し質問紙調査が行われ, 対人的葛藤を解決するのに9種類のINSをどの位使うか, また学校での生活についてどう感じているかについて回答を求めた。主な結果は次の通り。1) INSのレベルに関しては, 女子の方が男子より進んでいた。2) 低レベルにおいては, 男子は他者変化志向, 女子は自己変化志向の得点が高かった。3) 男子ではINSレベルと学校での適応感との間に正の相関が見られ, セルマン理論に合致していた。その傾向は特に6年生で顕著だった。4) 女子では小6から中3にかけて, 他者変化志向の減少と自己変化志向の上昇が見られた。またINSレベルと適応感との関連は, 小6では男子と同様な関連が見られたのに対し, 中3では全く異なっていた。

Stimulating adolescents' decision-making

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents' decision-making and their sense of control over the future. In order to raise their knowledge of decision-making, 98 lower-middle class junior high school pupils, 11- to 14-years-olds, participated in a training programme “Pros and Cons”. The programme presented themes such as responsibility, plans, choices and alternatives. The experimental group was compared with 122 junior high school pupils who did not participate in the programme, within a quasi-experimental design. Results of the study indicated that increased knowledge of decision-making raises pupils' sense of control over their achievements and their perception of school as an instrument for their future career.

家族システムの機能状態の認知は子どもの抑鬱感にどのような影響を与えるか

In our study, the Family Assessment Inventory was administered to 267 junior high school pupils and their fathers and mothers. Also, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was administered to the pupils. The data were analyzed using covariance structure analysis to examine the two hypotheses about the relationship between each family member's perception of family function and the pupils' depressive mood. The following two hypotheses were tested: 1) The parents' perception of family function with respect to familial communication, satisfaction and cohesion affected the children's perception of family functioning with the same three variables having inverse correlation with the CDI score. 2) The parents' perception of the family flexibility and family rules had an influence on the children's perception of the same two variables having, at the same time, a curvilinear relationship with the CDI score. The path-model based on the first hypothesis was supported by the satisfactory goodness of fit with the covariance matrix. The present study clarified the relationship between the perception of family function and the pupils' depressive mood.

Assessment of malocclusion of Japanese junior high school pupils aged 12-13 years in Iwate prefecture according to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

The purpose of this investigation is to grasp the actual condition of malocclusion in Japanese junior high school pupils using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). A total of 218 junior high school pupils aged 12-13 years were examined according to DAI. About 40% of the subjects had incisal crowding. The percentage of subjects with incisal spacing was 24%, and 71% of them had diastema of 1 mm or more. The percentage of subjects with anterior irregularity on the upper and lower arch was 39% and 33%, respectively. The percentage of subjects with anterior maxillary overjet and mandibular protrusion of 1 mm or more was 85% and 6% respectively. Dislocation by more than a half-cusp in the proximal or distal relationship in the molars was observed in 26% of all subjects. Mean +/- SD of DAI score was 25.3 +/- 7.3.

The Effects of Prevalent Social Stereotypes on Intergroup Attribution

The study tested there alternative hypotheses regarding intergroup attribution patterns derived from the ethnocentric, the asymmetrical, and the stereotype-based models of intergroup attribution. Junior high school pupils (284 males and 298 females) from majority and minority groups in Israel were asked to make internal-external attributions regarding three different competencies awarded to an ingroup or outgroup member. The results largely supported the streotype-based model: Members of both groups made internal attributions for stereotype-consistent positive behavior and external attibutions for stereotype-inconsistent positive behavior, for both the ingroup and the outgroup.

Adolescents' response to unconventional war threat prior to the gulf war

Abstract Israeli adolescents' responses to impending unconventional (i.e., nuclear and chemical) warfare prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War were examined. The Nuclear Threat Index (NIT) and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale were administered to 269 junior high school pupils 2 months prior to the war The results indicate that, prior to the war, younger adolescents reported more activity, pessimistic thoughts, and concerns than older adolescents; females reported being more active, pessimistic, and concerned than males; and “internal” females reported we activity with regard to chemical than to nuclear threat.

Sex Differences in the Aptitudes and Talents of Children as Judged by Peers and Teachers

Over 40 different descriptions of aptitudes and talents were distributed among nine experimental peer nomination forms (PNF). These PNFs were administered to two large samples of elementary and junior high school pupils and to their teachers. Sex ratios were computed for each ability among those pupils who emerged as the 10% to 15% ablest in their group as independently judged by their peers and teachers. No less than 60% of the 42 items had a significant overrepresentation of girls (or boys); these ratios exceeded 2:1 in a majority of cases. Boys were judged to be more talented in physical aptitudes and technical talents, and girls were judged to be more talented in arts (especially music) and socioaffective aptitudes. Intercorrelations between data from six different samples showed a very high reproducibility of these sex ratios, regardless of whether the judges were peers or teachers or whether samples came from elementary or junior high schools. Various arguments are presented to demonstrate that these judgments by peers and teachers accurately represent the differential abilities manifested by boys and girls in the school environment.

Achievement of school lunch system for the promotion of health of children in Japan.

In Japan, the modern school lunch system was improved after the establishment of the school lunch law in 1954, and now over 98% of boys and girls in primary schools and over 85% of junior high school pupils have lunch at their schools. In this report, the beneficial effect of this system is pointed out. This system contributes to an improvement of the physical condition of these children and it is very effective for improving the relationship between teachers and children. Knowledge concerning food, nutrition and food hygiene has also improved.

Stability of body composition in boys and girls 12 through 15 years of age

Although underwater weighing has been regarded as a representative of the criterion reference methods for determining body composition, this technique is cumbersome for screening. The purpose of the present study was to examine the stability of body composition assessed not only by underwater weighting but also by existing bioelectrical impedance equations and skinfold thickness equations during a 4-week period. Ten male and 10 female junior high school pupils, aged 12 to 15 years, volunteered to serve as subjects. Body density (Db) was estimated by underwater weighing (UW), skinfold thickness (ST) method, and bioelectrical impedance (BI) method. The UW was considered criterion reference method. The underwater weight was the heaviest value that was reproduced twice at least among 5 to 10 measurements. Residual lung volume was estimated "in water," with the subject in the sitting position, by a closed-circuit helium-dilution method. The ST equations used for determination of Db were those developed by Nagamine et al., while in the BI method equations proposed by Nakadomo et al. were applied. The Db for boys by UW did not differ significantly during the 4-week period; however, in girls it was significantly lower in the 2nd test (1.0479 +/- 0.018 g/ml) than in the 1st test (1.0500 +/- 0.019 g/ml). Likewise, the Db estimated by ST and BI methods remained unchanged in boys, while in girls it was significantly lower in the 2nd test (BI: 1.0445 +/- 0.010 vs. 1.0389 +/- 0.013 g/ml). Test-retest reliability of all the three methods for measurements conducted 4 weeks apart were statistically significant (e.g. UW: r = 0.99, ST: r = 0.94, BI: r = 0.89 in girls). In conclusion, the validity of Db estimated by these two methods was found to be insufficient when absolute values are required. However, body composition estimates assessed by ST and BI methods for boys and girls may be stable on a relative basis.

Investigation of the Children's Version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire with Primary and Junior High School Pupils in Japan

A children's version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was administered to approximately 1150 pupils of primary school and 500 pupils of junior high school. Analysis showed that the mean morningness-eveningness scores significantly changed to eveningness from Grade 4 of primary school to the Grade 1 junior high school and suggested that circadian phase might be established by the older age (grade).

An investigation on abnormal sensation in the throat in young generation

Majority of patients with abnormal sensation in the throat (AST) are in the 3rd, 4th and 5th decades of life and those under 20 years of age are believed to be very rare. It, however, should be explored whether the incidence of AST in young generation is undoubtedly rare or not.The present statistical survey was conducted on 6162 primary, junior high and high school pupils to investigate the incidence of AST in children and young adults.Of the 6162 pupils, 1570 (25.5%) had AST which included irritating itchy (16.4%), a lump (12.5%), a paste (5.5%) and/or choking (1.9%) sensation. The pupils with AST had repeatedly recurring sore throat, stiff shoulders and sleeplessness with a significantly higher incidence than those without AST. Such symptoms as AST, stiff shoulders and sleeplessness were thought to be caused by inflammatory changes in the throat.It can be concluded that children and young adults with AST are not rare but few of them seek medical aid.

On latent school refusal in junior high school.

School refusal is a grave social problem for adolescents, their families, schools and society in Japan today as well as other developed countries. We researched the mentality of junior high school pupils about their feelings or moods toward school attendance with a set of questionnaires in order to know how much they were oppressed by daily school attendance. From such a viewpoint, we tried the questionnaire program at seven public junior high schools in a small city in the suburbs that developed rapidly and located not far away from a big city. We selected our subjects at random from one class out of each grade of each junior high school. The number of the subject pupils was 838: 429 boys and 409 girls. We postulated that the latent school refusals were those who answered all "yes" to three items which was always the case by school refusals in our clinical experience. We found 117 latent school refusals out of the 838: 65 boys and 52 girls. We considered three factors--problems concerning school, family and other daily activities. From our research, we recognize that there are many pupils attending school with the possibility of them becoming dropouts (14.0%). Their mentality is characteristic of school refusal itself while they attend school almost everyday. We clinicians should be aware of the social structure and make every effort to secure the healthy development of adolescents.

Prevalence of Inguinal Hernia and its Spontaneous Cure in Japanese Children

Abstract By way of a questionnaire concerning 155,620 elementary and junior high school pupils (aged 6‐14), we investigated for the first time in Japan the prevalence rate of inguinal hernia in children and its spontaneous cure.Of the 76,425 male and 79,195 female children surveyed, inguinal hernia was found in 6,523 (8.53%) boys and 2,975 (3.75%) girls. In total, the prevalence rate was 6.10% with a male/female ratio of 7:3.Of the 6,523 boys who had or had had inguinal hernia, 3,425 had undergone surgery. Of the remaining 3,098 unoperated male patients, 1,160 was cured with a hernia band and 1,140 showed spontaneous cure. The rate of cure without surgery in all the male patients was 35.26%.In girls, 1,198 of the 2,975 subjects having inguinal hernia at the time of the survey or in the past had undergone surgery. Of the remaining 1,777 unoperated patients, 369 recovered with a hernia band and 677 showed spontaneous cure. Thus, 35.16% of all the female patients were cured of the condition without surgery.

A study on factors concerned with smoking behavior among pupils of junior high school. Part 1. Factors related to the first cigarette and the situation in smoking now

A questionnaire related to cigarette smoking habits was administerd to 4303 boys and 4172 girls from eleven junior high schools in 1983. 4168 boys and 4081 girls were classified into four groups; Non-smoker, Experimental smoker, Ex-smoker, Current smoker. The results were as follows: 1) 37.8% of boys and 18.1% of girls had experience in smoking. The rate of current smokers, 6.9% for boys and 2.4% for girls, was higher in boys than in girls. 2) Concerning their first motive to smoke, means of getting cigarettes and places to smoke, a significant difference was recognized among the three groups; experimental smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker. Moreover, there were significant differences among pupils who smoked their first cigarette in elementary school and pupils who smoked it in junior high school. 3) About 50% of the ex-smokers had smoked for less than six months. Most of them stopped smoking by themselves. 4) Most of the current smokers consumed more than six cigarettes per day. A large number of current smokers bought the cigarettes and smoked at a friend's house, in private rooms, or out-ofdoors.

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part III. Regional comparison of detection rate of group-B hemolytic streptococci from the standpoint of type classification

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part III. Regional comparison of detection rate of group-B hemolytic streptococci from the standpoint of type classification

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part IV. Comparison of microbial susceptibility of isolated hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part IV. Comparison of microbial susceptibility of isolated hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part II. Regional comparison of detection rate of group-A hemolytic streptococci from the standpoint of type classification

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part II. Regional comparison of detection rate of group-A hemolytic streptococci from the standpoint of type classification

Epidemiological study on hemolytic streptococci isolated from throats of elementary and junior high school pupils at 7 prefectures in Japan. Part I. Regional comparison of detection rate of group-A, B, C and G hemolytic streptococci

During 1.5 months from late April through early June in 1983, we have conducted a survey of an isolation of hemolytic streptococci in throats of elementary school pupils (1st-6th grade) in Akita, Saitama, Niigata, Osaka, Shimane and Saga and of junior high school pupils (freshman) in Kochi. Detection rate of group-A, B, C and G hemolytic streptococci was compared as under the same conditions as possible for preparation of culture medium, collection of samples, culture methods and identification.We have innoculated streptococci on our N-O medium at the place where samples were collected from throats and identified them in our laboratory.The detection rate was higher than that previously reported.The detection rate was the highest in group-A, high in group-B and low in group-G in all schools and their classes, but extremely low or zero in some classes in group-C.The detection rate of group-A varied in every class of elementary and junior high school and the difference of the rate between the highest and the lowest group was 2 to 3 fold, and was high in male whereas that of group-B was high in female.The detection rate of the group-B streptococci was low in the lower grade of pupils and increased as their grade increased, the rate being the highest (19.7%) in the freshman of junior high school at puberty.The detection rate was higher in rural area (Akita, Shimane and Saga) than in urban area (Niigata, Saitama and Osaka).