Jumping Events Research Articles

Some Light on the Jumping Event in the Ancient Olympic Games: Suggestions Provided by the Purchena Games of 1569

In 1569 in the Spanish village of Purchena, a games was held in which a contingent of Turkish soldiers took part – many of them natives from the area that in antiquity was called Greece. These Turks celebrated several events in these games typical of the land of their birth. One of these events was the triple jump. In this article we study the possibility that the jump celebrated by those Turks of the sixteenth century was the same jump that was practised in that part of the eastern Mediterranean during the time of the ancient Olympic games. Eclairages sur les rencontres de sauts dans les Jeux Olympiques Antiques: suggestions fournies par les Jeux Purchena de 1569 En 1569 dans le village espagnol de Purchena, des jeux ont été tenus dans lesquels un contingent de soldats turcs a participé, dont beaucoup provenant d'une région que l'on appelait dans l'Antiquité la Grèce. Ces Turcs ont célébré plusieurs épreuves dans ces jeux typiques de leur terre d'origine. L'un était le triple-saut. Dans cet article nous étudions la possibilité que le saut célébré par ces Turcs du 16ème siècle fut le même que celui qui a été pratiqué dans cette partie de la Méditerranée orientale pendant le temps des jeux Olympiques antiques. Algunos datos sobre el salto de longitud en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Antigüedad: pistas proporcionadas por los Juegos de Purchena de 1569 En 1569 tuvieron lugar unos juegos deportivos en la ciudad española de Purchena. En ellos tomó parte un contingente de soldados turcos, muchos de ellos originarios de la región denominada Grecia en la Antigüedad. En los mencionados juegos estos turcos celebraron varias competiciones típicas de su tierra. Una de estas competiciones fue el triple salto. En este artículo estudiamos la posibilidad de que la competición de salto celebrada por aquellos turcos del siglo XVI fuera la misma que se practicaba en esa parte del mediterráneo oriental en los tiempos de los Juegos Olímpicos de la antigüedad. Neues zum Sprung bei den antiken Olympischen Spielen: Anregungen von den Spielen von Purchena im Jahr 1569 1569 wurden im spanischen Dorf Purchena Spiele veranstaltet, an denen ein Aufgebot von türkischen Soldaten teilnahm, von denen viele ursprünglich aus der Gegend kamen, die in der Antike Griechenland genannt wurde. Diese Türken veranstalteten verschiedene Wettbewerbe bei diesen Spielen, die für ihr Geburtsland typisch waren. Einer dieser Wettbewerbe war der Dreisprung. In diesem Artikel wird die Möglichkeit erörtert, ob der von den Türken veranstaltete Sprungwettbewerb des 16. Jahrhunderts der gleiche war wie der, der in diesem Teil des östlichen Mittelmeerraums zur Zeit der antiken Olympischen Spiele stattfand.

Statistical Properties of Single Molecule under Stochastic Gating

We discuss the blinking statistical behaviors of dynamics of single molecule system, using the recently developed generating function method. We make a thor- ough study for the fluorescence blinking behaviors and get the statistical properties of the jumping events respectively onto ON state or OFF state, including the waiting time and waiting time distribution for every directional jumping event, the cumulants of jumping events, the cross correlation, the joint probabilities between two directional jumping events and the probabilities.

Hydrophobic Solvation: A 2D IR Spectroscopic Inquest

For decades, the enigma of the hydrophobic force has captured the imagination of scientists. In particular, Frank and Evans' idea that the hydrophobic effect was mainly due to some kind of "iceberg" formation around a hydrophobic solute stimulated many experiments and molecular dynamics simulation studies. A better understanding of hydrophobic interactions will aid understanding in many contexts including protein structural dynamics and functioning in biological systems. In this Account, we present results of two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy experiments on the OH-stretch vibrational mode of water molecules near hydrophobic groups in concentrated solutions with tetramethylurea (TMU). The frequency of the OH vibration is a sensitive probe for environmental dynamics and, in particular, for the strength of the hydrogen bond. Two-dimensional IR spectroscopy can trace time correlations of the vibrational frequency at the scale of hundreds of femtoseconds and thus provides valuable insight into the effect of hydrophobic solutes on the dynamics of a hydrogen-bond network. We compare the 2D spectroscopic results with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain a microscopic picture of hydrophobic solvation. We observe two different types of hydrogen-bond dynamics in the water/TMU mixtures. We attribute the "fast" ( approximately 100 fs) dynamics to highly coordinated water molecular-jump reorientations and assigned the "slow" (>1 ps) dynamics to water translational motions that are strongly suppressed by the TMU molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate a clear correlation between the slowed dynamics and the translational mobility of water. This finding indicates that the molecular-jump reorientations are switched off near hydrophobic groups. The fifth water molecule, which is required to form a defect state in the tetrahedral surroundings, cannot approach the hydrogen-bonded pair to initiate the molecular jump. As a result, the rate of the jumping events sharply decreases, which, in turn, strongly slows the rotation of the water molecules. Our findings suggest that water molecules in the hydrophobic solvation shell do not exhibit an increased tetrahedral ordering compared with the bulk but that the hydrogen-bond dynamics in the two cases are different. This result also indicates that consideration of a hydrogen bond's dynamics could be critical for its definition.

Effects of Japanese intervention on yen/dollar exchange rate volatility: a conditional jump dynamics approach

This article investigates the effects of foreign exchange interventions by the Japanese authorities on the level as well as the volatility of yen/dollar exchange rate. The empirical results show interventions in the last decade were effective not only in altering the exchange rate level, but also in volatility reduction. Jump events that tended to drive yen's appreciations and volatility increases have been effectively reduced by the ‘large-in-size’ interventions during the last decade. Our findings are in compliance with the coordination channel that explains the effectiveness in intervention proposed by Taylor (2004) and Reitz and Taylor (2006).

Surface Electromyographic Assessment of the Effect of Dynamic Activity and Dynamic Activity with Static Stretching of the Gastrocnemius on Vertical Jump Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dynamic activity and dynamic activity/static stretching of the gastrocnemius muscle on vertical jump (VJ) performance. Additionally, muscle activity was recorded using electromyography. Thirteen healthy adults (7 men and 6 women) with a mean age of 26 +/- 4 years served as subjects. The average jump height and muscle activity from 3 separate maximal VJ attempts were performed at the start of each session to be used as baseline measures using the Kistler force plate and the Noraxon telemetry EMG unit. Subjects then performed 1 of 2 protocols: dynamic activity only or dynamic activity with static stretching. Each protocol was followed by 3 maximal VJ trials. Average VJ height was analyzed using a 2 (time: pre, post) x 2 (prejump protocol: dynamic activity, dynamic activity + stretching) analysis of variance with repeated measures on both factors. A paired-samples t-test was used to compare the intraday difference scores for EMG activity between the 2 conditions. Jump height was not influenced by the interaction of pre-post and protocol (p = 0.0146. There was no difference for the main effects of time (p = 0.274) and pre-jump protocol (p = 0.595). Gastrocnemius muscle activity was likewise not different for the 2 prejump protocols (p = 0.413). The results from this study imply that the use of static stretching in combination with dynamic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle does not appear to have an adverse affect on VJ height performance. The practical importance concerns the warm-up routine that coaches and athletes employ; that is, they may want to consider including an aerobic component when statically stretching the gastrocnemius immediately prior to a vertical jumping event.

One, Two, Three,…Jump A Model of the Long Jump and Other Field Events

One, Two, Three,…Jump A Model of the Long Jump and Other Field Events

Effects of Training on Phagocytic and Oxidative Metabolism of Peripheral Neutrophils in Horses Exercised in the Aerobic–Anaerobic Transition Area

Using simple techniques, the neutrophil function, in its phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism stages, was evaluated in horses. This was done before and after moderate exercise at the aerobic-anaerobic threshold (standardized heart rate 150 beats/min and lactate level of 3.07 +/- 0.21 mmol/L). The objective was to determine whether regular training and moderate exercise improved the neutrophil function. A group of 19 horses was used; 11 of these were untrained and the remainder trained for national jumping events. The exercise test consisted of a 5 min trot followed by a 3 min gallop on a long lunge. Blood samples were taken for analysis before, immediately after and 15 min after exercise. The results showed that (a) there is a difference in the internalization of particles (PI, PP and PE) by neutrophils from trained and untrained horses at a single time point during active recovery, and PP is higher in trained horses immediately after exercise; and (b) oxidative metabolism is significantly lower in untrained animals before and 1 min after exercise. The moderate exercise at the aerobic-anaerobic threshold did not have any influence on the peripheral blood neutrophil function of the phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism of particles.

Local and spillover shocks in implied market volatility: evidence for the U.S. and Germany

The occurrence and the transmission of large shocks in international equity markets is of essential interest to the study of market integration and financial crises. To this aim, implied market volatility allows to monitor ex ante risk expectations in different markets. We investigate the behavior of implied market volatility indices for the U.S. and Germany under a straightforward mean reversion model that allows for Poisson jumps. Our empirical findings for daily data in the period 1992 to 2002 provide evidence of significant positive jumps, i.e. situations of market stress with positive unexpected changes in ex ante risk assessments. Jump events are mostly country-specific with some evidence of volatility spillover. Analysis of public information around jump dates indicates two basic categories of events. First, crisis events occurring under spillover shocks. Second, information release events which include three subcategories, namely—worries about as well as actual—unexpected releases concerning U.S. monetary policy, macroeconomic data and corporate profits. Additionally, foreign exchange market movements may cause volatility shocks.

Optimal Portfolio and Consumption Policies Subject to Rishel's Important Jump Events Model: Computational Methods

At important events or announcements, there can be large changes in the value of financial portfolios. Events and their corresponding jumps can occur at random or scheduled times. However, the amplitude of the response in either case can be unpredictable or random. While the volatility of portfolios is often modeled by continuous Brownian motion processes, discontinuous jump processes are more appropriate for modeling the response to important external events that significantly affect the prices of financial assets. Discontinuous jump processes are modeled by compound Poisson processes for random events or by quasi-deterministic jump processes for scheduled events. In both cases, the responses are randomly distributed and are modeled in a stochastic differential equation formulation. The objective is the maximal, expected total discounted utility of terminal wealth and instantaneous consumption. This paper was motivated by a paper by Rishel (1999) concerning portfolio optimization when prices are dependent on external events. However, the model has been significantly generalized for more realistic computational considerations with constraints and parameter values. The problem is illustrated for a canonical risk-adverse power utility model. However, the usual explicit canonical solution is not strictly valid. Fortunately, iterations about the canonical solution result in computationally feasible approximations.

Local and Spillover Shocks in Implied Market Volatility: Evidence for the U.S. and Germany

The occurrence and the transmission of large shocks in international equity markets is of essential interest to the study of market integration and financial crises. To this aim, implied market volatility allows to monitor ex-ante risk expectations in different markets. We investigate the behavior of implied market volatility indices for the U.S. and Germany under a straightforward mean reversion model that allows for Poisson jumps. Our empirical findings for daily data in the period 1992 to 2002 provide evidence of significant positive jumps, i.e. situations of market stress with positive unexpected changes in ex-ante risk assessments. Jump events are mostly country-specific with some evidence of volatility spillover. Analysis of public information around jump dates indicates two basic categories of events. First, crisis events occurring under spillover shocks. Second, information release events which include three subcategories, namely---worries about as well as actual---unexpected releases concerning U.S. monetary policy, macroeconomic data and corporate profits or single profit warnings. Additionally, foreign exchange market movements may cause volatility shocks.

Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for a recombinant history of SARS-CoV

The origins and evolutionary history of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) remain an issue of uncertainty and debate. Based on evolutionary analyses of coronavirus DNA sequences, encompassing an approximately 13 kb stretch of the SARS-TOR2 genome, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV has a recombinant history with lineages of types I and III coronavirus. We identified a minimum of five recombinant regions ranging from 83 to 863 bp in length and including the polymerase, nsp9, nsp10, and nsp14. Our results are consistent with a hypothesis of viral host jumping events, concomitant with the reassortment of bird and mammalian coronaviruses, a scenario analogous to earlier outbreaks of influenzae.

Motility of copepod nauplii and implications for food encounter

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 247:123-135 (2003) - doi:10.3354/meps247123 Motility of copepod nauplii and implications for food encounter Josefin Titelman1,2,3,*, Thomas Kiørboe1 1Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark 2Göteborg University, Department of Marine Ecology, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden 3Present address: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom *Email: joti@pml.ac.uk ABSTRACT: Velocity differences drive all encounter processes. Therefore, knowledge of both prey and predator motility are essential in order to understand feeding behavior and predict food acquisition rates. Here, we describe and quantify the motility behavior of young and old naupliar stages of 6 copepods (Centropages typicus, Calanus helgolandicus, Temora longicornis, Acartia tonsa, Eurytemora affinis and Euterpina acutifrons). Behaviors of individual nauplii were divided into sequences of sinking, swimming and jumping events. Motility behavior is both stage- and species-specific in terms of appearance of tracks, speeds, durations and frequencies of events as well as time budgets. Motility mode often changes drastically during naupliar ontogeny. Crudely, nauplii can be divided into those moving with a jump-sink type of motility of various frequencies (1 min-1 to 3 s-1) and those swimming with a smoother glide of varying continuity. We apply observed time budgets and behavior-specific speeds in simple models to examine mechanisms of food encounter. The motility of all nauplii may account for clearance rates reported in the literature, but through different mechanisms. Smoothly swimming nauplii encounter food by scavenging, which also allows for some food capture inefficiency. Jump-sink types rely on motile food. We demonstrate how diffusivity of motile prey may account for observed clearance rates for jump-sink types, which seem to employ 2 strategies. Infrequent jumping as observed in many cyclopoids is sufficient to prevent prey diffusion from reaching steady state rates, which are too low to account for observed clearance rates reported in the literature. Frequent jumpers (e.g. Acartia tonsa) jump at a frequency close to the optimum required to maximize the use of prey motility and to avoid local food depletion. KEY WORDS: Nauplii · Copepod · Motility · Behavior · Food encounter · Clearance rate · Volume encounter · Predator prey interaction · 3D Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 247. Online publication date: February 04, 2003 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2003 Inter-Research.

Percentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging

Masters athletic records in track and field events, published in September 1999, were analyzed to evaluate the percentage decline in maximum physiological performance with increasing age. Records were normalized using the 30s age records as the baseline and studied through to the 90s age range. Track running records declined with age in a curvilinear fashion [ y = 1 - exp ((T-T 0 )/ )] whereas the walking and field events declined in a linear manner [ y = f (T-T ' 0 )]. There were significant differences in the rates of percentage decline in the running events over various distances for both males and females, and significant differences between males and females. Decline with aging was greater for females, and for the longer or endurance running events. There were no differences in the rates of declining function for any of the walking events, and the only jumping event to show a significant difference was the high jump performance, which showed the slowest decline. The walking events declined more slowly than the running events, which declined more slowly than the jumping events. Because of the changes in the weights, heights, and distances at different ages, for both males and females, it was not possible to directly compare rates of decline in the various throwing and hurdling events. The strength-dependent throwing events and the pole vault showed the greatest rates of decline with age. In general terms, men's performance declined to 75% of peak performance in sprint events by the early 70s, in the longer track distances by mid to late 60s, and in field events by mid to late 50s. Women's performance declined to a similar extent by their mid 60s in track events, and by late 40s to early 50s in field events. Some of these differences may be due to differences in training effort and/or other competitive aspects, such as the numbers of athletes involved in the sport, and such differences may be reduced in the future with a more professional approach to these events.

Functional Strength Considerations for the Advanced High Jumper

Medcenter One Exercise Physiology Services Bismarck, North Dakota Doug Schweigert, MS, CSCS, is the Director of Exercise Physiology Services with Medcenter One Health Services in Bismarck, North Dakota. He also coaches collegiate track and field in the jumping events and has coached 13 national champions and 11 national runners-up. He currently coaches at the University of Mary.

Functional Strength Considerations for the Advanced High Jumper

Medcenter One Exercise Physiology Services Bismarck, North Dakota Doug Schweigert, MS, CSCS, is the Director of Exercise Physiology Services with Medcenter One Health Services in Bismarck, North Dakota. He also coaches collegiate track and field in the jumping events and has coached 13 national champions and 11 national runners-up. He currently coaches at the University of Mary.

Horizontal-to-vertical velocity conversion in the triple jump

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of selected factors on horizontal-to-vertical velocity conversion in the triple jump. An understanding of this conversion is important not only for studies on the techniques of the triple jump, but also for other jumping events. Ten elite jumpers were studied. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected for at least four complete trials in the same competition for each athlete. The loss in horizontal velocity and the gain in vertical velocity during each support phase were calculated for each trial. The loss in horizontal velocity was found to be a linear function of the gain in vertical velocity. The slope of this linear function, A1, is referred to as the horizontal-to-vertical velocity conversion coefficient. The loss in horizontal velocity increased as the gain in vertical velocity increased. The sensitivity of the loss in horizontal velocity to the gain in vertical velocity increased as the magnitude of A1 increased. Further studies are required on the optimum techniques of the triple jump.

Nutrition related problems of the performance horse

The study objective was to determine if there was a relationship between behavioral and physiological stress measures in sport horses and their performance. Nineteen horses competed in show jumping events (6 housed at the center and 13 transported), while 5 horses at home training served as controls. The competition horses were assigned to “light” (obstacles ≤100 cm) and “difficult” class (obstacles >100 cm). The conflict behaviors (CBs/min) in two rounds were calculated. Total faults were classified as “less faults” (≤one fault) or “more faults” (>one fault). Salivary cortisol concentration (SCC) before the first round (SCC-SP1), 20 minutes (SCC-SP2), and 60 minutes after the second round (SCC-SP3) was measured. The increase (SCC-in) and decrease (SCC-dec) in SCC were calculated. No effect of competition was found. Horses that waited longer for the second round had greater CB (P < .05). Conflict behavior was more frequent in horses from the “more faults” (P = .05) and “difficult” (a tendency; P = .06) classes. No correlation of CB with SCC was found. SCC-SP2 was greater in “more faults” (P < .01) and “transported” (P < .01) horses. Competition increased the SCC (P < .05), whereas SCC-SP2 was greater in less successful horses (P < .05). Transported horses and horses with more faults had the greatest SCC-SP2 and SCC-dec (P < .05). Our results suggest that horses which presented stress response were also less successful in competition. The adoption of effective methods to reduce transport and competition stress could enhance welfare and performance of sport horses during competition.

Exercise-related parameters of horses competing in show jumping events ranging from a regional to an international level

Exercise-related parameters of horses competing in show jumping events ranging from a regional to an international level

Age, height and weight of female Olympic finalists.

Age, height and weight are intricately related to performance in a specific sporting activity. Optimum standards derived from 32 female Olympic finalists from two jumping events are listed as a sample from a much larger set of 824 finalists from 47 events. An example of variation is that high jumpers are taller by 6.3 cm and younger by 2.9 years than long jumpers. Conversely, considerable variation in body weight is shown for a group of finalists all with a height of 171 cm. The weights of these finalists range from 56 kg for a 400 m runner to 85 kg for a discus thrower. Many other events are listed between these examples and a number of events are found to share the same combination of height and weight (height 171 cm, weight 59-62 kg) swimming freestyle and medley, 200 m run, rowing, canoeing, volleyball and handball. These findings are expected to be of use for potential champions looking for optimum standards in specific events. They are also of use for trainers counselling athletes in the most appropriate selection of the event befitting her physique. Many sporting activities are found to be seriously biased in favour of the taller members of the population. This is a cause for concern as is the need for some remedial action.

Unfairness of certain events in the Olympic games.

Boxing, weight-lifting, wrestling, and judo are graded events in that opponents are matched by weight. If protection were to be denied by removing this restriction such sports would overwhelmingly favour the heavyweights. Data on Olympic winners show that many running and jumping events are seriously biased in favour of the very tall. It is suggested that the rules of these events should be revised to include a grading by height. This would remedy an element of unfairness in many athletic contests, beginning at school.