Objective Judgment Research Articles

Evaluating the Feasibility of Machine-Learning-Based Predictive Models for Precancerous Cervical Lesions in Patients Referred for Colposcopy.

Background: Colposcopy plays an essential role in cervical cancer control, but its performance remains unsatisfactory. This study evaluates the feasibility of machine learning (ML) models for predicting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or worse (HSIL+) in patients referred for colposcopy by combining colposcopic findings with demographic and screening results. Methods: In total, 7485 patients who underwent colposcopy examination in seven hospitals in mainland China were used to train, internally validate, and externally validate six commonly used ML models, including logistic regression, decision tree, naïve bayes, support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting. Nine variables, including age, gravidity, parity, menopause status, cytological results, high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection type, HR-HPV multi-infection, transformation zone (TZ) type, and colposcopic impression, were used for model construction. Results: Colposcopic impression, HR-HPV results, and cytology results were the top three variables that determined model performance among all included variables. In the internal validation set, six ML models that integrated demographics, screening results, and colposcopic impression showed significant improvements in the area under the curve (AUC) (0.067 to 0.099) and sensitivity (11.55% to 14.88%) compared with colposcopists. Greater increases in AUC (0.087 to 0.119) and sensitivity (17.17% to 22.08%) were observed in the six models with the external validation set. Conclusions: By incorporating demographics, screening results, and colposcopic impressions, ML improved the AUC and sensitivity for detecting HSIL+ in patients referred for colposcopy. Such models could transform the subjective experience into objective judgments to help clinicians make decisions at the time of colposcopy examinations.

Contribution of Social Identity, Stereotypes and Prejudice on Intention of Social Conflict

The intention to accurately predict the performance of social conflict behavior is influenced by stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice. Based on the dynamics of the relationship, this research aims to find the relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of doing social conflict. Based on the analysis result, intentions are useful for preventing social conflict. This study used purposive sampling with the participants of 150 students in the 10th grade of State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Belitang in East Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research data were collected using a social conflict intention scale with a total of 21 items with the item determinant (rit) ranging from 0.274-0.777, a stereotypes scale with a total of 24 items ranging from 0.291 to 0.841, a social identity scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.290 to 0.897, and a prejudice scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.400. -0.796. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regression showed that the correlation coefficient of R is 0.269 with the p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which showed a significant positive relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of social conflict. Based on the research results, the intention of a social conflict occurs because of stereotypes in which people give negative attributes or traits to other parties, social identity that causes bias to judge other groups, and prejudice that causes hostility to members of other groups. These findings can be used for conflict prevention by minimizing the intention of social conflict by changing stereotypes into positive judgment, knowing that social identity does not affect the objective judgment of other groups, and reducing prejudice so that a peaceful situation can be realized.

ICT and 360º evaluation: Improving professional skills in higher education in Spain

The current dynamics of knowledge and innovation generation are faced with, sometimes, incompatible social and cultural trends. Something to which the University is not oblivious. Based on contemporary studies and our own experience, one of the clearest tensions has to do with the ability to judging based on reasons and not emotions. To help with this, in the educational context, the 360-degree evaluation can be a useful instrument in terms of the strengthening of their objective judgment. It is a technique that was conceived to exercise objective evaluation, in several and concurrent ways, which also allows to know their degree of objectivity. To demonstrate its potential, a sample of 56 students was used, taking the teacher’s grading as a reference. The task involved self, peer and inter-group assessment. The methodology was mixed, with support in descriptive statistics for quantitative grades and natural language processing for comments and clarifications. It was possible to detect differences in behavior depending on the type of analysis (self-assessment, peers, and groups), as well as determining which students were most qualified to assess objectively. Another issue was the general reluctance to explain numerical grades through notes. Here we consider several factors to explore, among which we highlight: the digital tool used and the time available; the phase of the academic course and the characteristics of the task; and subjective bias, especially in cases of low score. About the experience, it has also been possible to detect some difficulties derived from the application of a methodology, as complex and demanding as the one used, which generated more than 3000 evaluations. In any case, and in view of the data obtained, we consider that the results corroborate the practical utility of this approach and invite to explore additional aspects within this area.
 Received: 24 February 2022Accepted: 12 September 2022

Practical Applications of Analysis of Sustainability Reports for Top 20 Companies in the S&P 500 Index

In <b><i>Analysis of Sustainability Reports for Top 20 Companies in the S&amp;P 500 Index</i></b>, published in the Spring 2022 issue of <b><i>The Journal of Impact and ESG Investing</i></b>, authors <b>Asli Ascioglu</b>, <b>Juan Gonzalez</b>, and <b>Leila Zbib</b> of <b>Bryant University</b> discuss the growing importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reports to the socially responsible investor. They note that while companies are quick to release reports affirming their commitment to ethical and sustainable business practices, the documents have wildly inconsistent formats and content. To demonstrate, the authors analyze ESG reports from the top 20 companies in the S&amp;P 500 Index—and from an additional 10 companies for robustness—and compare their word, number, and page counts, and their use of numbers. They then apply Benford’s law to the various datasets in the reports, to assess their accuracy and detect discrepancies. They conclude that the reports differ to a large extent, that these differences cannot be explained by variances in market capitalization or other factors, and that inconsistent reporting makes objective judgment of the reports impossible. In addition, the figures in the reports do not conform to Benford’s law, indicating that they likely are rounded. The authors close by calling for standardized, mandatory, and audited ESG reporting by US companies, which would produce valuable data for sustainable investors.

The relationship between shape perception accuracy and drawing ability

Accurate shape perception is critical for object perception, identification, manipulation, and recreation. Humans are capable of making judgements of both objective (physical) and projective (retinal) shape. Objective judgements benefit from a global approach by incorporating context to overcome the effects of viewing angle on an object’s shape, whereas projective judgements benefit from a local approach to filter out contextual information. Realistic drawing skill requires projective judgements of 3D targets to accurately depict 3D shape on a 2D surface, thus benefiting from a local approach. The current study used a shape perception task that comprehensively tests the effects of context on shape perception, in conjunction with a drawing task and several possible measures of local processing bias, to show that the perceptual basis of drawing skill in neurotypical adults is not due to a local processing bias. Perceptual flexibility, the ability to process local or global information as needed, is discussed as a potential mechanism driving both accurate shape judgements and realistic drawing.

A Brief Analysis of the Post-Legislative Evaluation Mechanism and the Present Situation in China

Post-legislative assessment is an important institutional guarantee for China to develop and improve the legal system. In view of the fact that Chinese legislative work has changed from quantity to quality, the establishment of Chinese post-legislative evaluation system is conducive to the objective and scientific analysis of Chinese law, and provides practical experience for the revision and abolition of legal work, thus ultimately improving the quality of legislation in our country. At present, the systematic construction of the post-legislative evaluation system in China is lacking, the evaluation subject is single, the evaluation criteria are missing, and the identification of the facts is inconsistent with the subjective and objective judgment of value judgment. Therefore, China should establish a unified post-legislative evaluation system across the country, improve the linkage mechanism between post-legislative assessment and legal amendment, and achieve the unification of the purpose and result of post-legislative assessment.

Error analysis driven network modification for surgical tools detection in laparoscopic frames

AbstractIn minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery, accurate detection of the location and specific category of surgical tools assists the surgeon in making a correct objective judgment of the current surgical outcome and alerts to these possible adverse medical events. In this paper, an analyzing error method is proposed for revealing the specific sources of error in previous work. Then we confirm the main bottlenecks of the current methods with a high level of missing error and localization error. To reduce these errors, we render the backbone with a three‐dimensional attention mechanism and adopt a double‐headed detection head design to replace the single detection head. Moreover, we propose an enhanced multilayer perceptron called Mconv to enhance the localization branch of the double‐headed detection head. Our experiments evaluate our improved approach by our proposed error analysis method on a pubic dataset m2cai16‐tool‐locations, showing that our method yield remarkable detection accuracy than others.

Bernard Shaw as Political Writer

Bernard Shaw as Political Writer

Blockchain solutions for carbon markets are nearing maturity

Blockchain solutions for carbon markets are nearing maturity

수급인의 보수채권과 도급인의 하자보수에 갈음하는 손해배상채권 간의 상계 후 잔여 1)보수채무의 이행지체 시기 - 대상판결: 대법원 1989. 12. 12. 선고 88다카18788 판결 -

The research object judgment mainly consists of two parts. First, the contractor's obligation to repair defects and the obligation to pay defect maintenance costs are in a simultaneous performance relationship with the owner's obligation to pay for the construction work. as a result, as long as the contractor holds the right to repair the defect or claim damages and exercises it, the owner's obligation to pay for the construction work will not be delayed. Second, the deadline for the owner's obligation to pay for the construction work is the completion date of the building, and the deadline of the contractor's obligation to repair defects and the obligation to pay defect maintenance costs is when the contractor exercises its rights. however, if the owner sets off the balance of the project payment receivable, the performance of the contract shall be delayed from the day after the statement of intention to set off.The research subject judgment is based on the all-rejection theory to the extent of performance refusal based on the simultaneous defense right. however, the reason for adopting the all-rejection theory is not disclosed. However, it seems that the following matters were taken into consideration when the research object judgment took the all-rejection theory based on the defense right of simultaneous performance. ⅰ) the defense of simultaneous performance between the claim for damages based on defect maintenance and the claim for construction work falls under the defense of simultaneous performance under a non-bilateral contract. ⅱ) it is necessary to investigate the fact that Articles 667, Paragraph 3 to Article 536 of the Civil Code have been applied mutatis mutandis, and determine the scope of performance refusal based on the defense right of simultaneous performance. ⅲ) the purpose of the above provisions seems to be to set up a simultaneous performance relationship so that the redemption right based on the claim for damages can be exercised to reduce the price. In addition, the reason why owner was liable for delay in fulfilling the residual maintenance obligation from the day after the indication of the intention to set off was as follows. ⅰ) this takes into consideration the practical problem that it is not practically easy to determine the defect repair cost in the claim for damages. ⅱ) the retroactive effect of set-off cannot overturn the exemption from responsibility for delay in performance

Decision-Making Framework for Prioritizing the Improvement of Pedestrian Facilities in Urban Areas Using Integrated Delphi, AHP, and TOPSIS Approach

The existing pedestrian facilities in urban areas can be improved by prioritizing the areas based on their infrastructure performance, location, safety, mobility, and liveability aspects. This paper aims to present a combination of Delphi, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for prioritizing the improvement of pedestrian facilities in an urban area. The approach has been broken into three stages. Firstly, the significant factor assessment was done by the Delphi method. Secondly, AHP was applied to estimate the relative weightage of each factor. Finally, the TOPSIS method was used to rank the alternatives in preparation for the final decision. For better understanding, the proposed method was demonstrated by applying the framework in a case study. The analyses revealed that the proposed method is effective for prioritizing the improvement of pedestrian facilities in an urban area. The method described in this paper is intended to assist decision makers in ranking different sidewalk stretches in the urban areas that need to be improved based on various attributes. This paper makes a major impact by incorporating a novel approach for the decision making of pedestrian facilities improvement, which considered both subjective and objective judgments of multiple decision makers in the procedure at various stages using different multi-criteria decision making techniques. This approach can be combined with a scheduling methodology and optimization technique to increase the efficiency of the resource allocation process.

Information technology for analysis of waste management objects infrastructure

The subject of study in this article is the process of analyzing infrastructure objects for waste management. The current article increases the objectivity of waste management infrastructure objects estimated by developing a model and method of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects based on the use of spatially distributed data. Objectives: to analyze the key factors affecting the waste management infrastructure (WMI) to select possible ways to improve the efficiency of its functioning; to develop a model of the WMI objects analyzing process, which determines the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects using spatially distributed data; to improve the method of identification and verification of data about WMI objects. The following results were obtained. An approach to the estimation of WMI objects based on set-theoretical and functional modeling of the process of analyzing these objects is proposed. The method for identifying and verifying data about WMI objects has been improved, based on considering them in the form of geographical objects, considering current cartographic and satellite data, which, in contrast to the existing ones, will allow an objective assessment of their compliance with legal and construction standards. For the first time, the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects is proposed, the use of which in decision support systems will make objective judgments about the existing infrastructure based on spatial data using geoinformation systems. Conclusions. The results of the bibliographic research confirmed that effective monitoring of WMI objects to ensure compliance with legislation in the field of waste management is extremely difficult. This process requires the development of specialized models and methods focused on the use of geoinformation systems for their implementation in decision support systems. Scientific and methodological support of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects has been developed. Its usage in the tasks of estimating the state of the corresponding objects of the Kharkiv region confirmed that many of them do not meet the existing legal and building requirements, which requires close attention to the problem of waste management and the development of appropriate management decisions.

Globally elevated excitation–inhibition ratio in children with autism spectrum disorder and below-average intelligence

BackgroundAltered neuronal excitation–inhibition (E–I) balance is strongly implicated in ASD. However, it is not known whether the direction and degree of changes in the E–I ratio in individuals with ASD correlates with intellectual disability often associated with this developmental disorder. The spectral slope of the aperiodic 1/f activity reflects the E–I balance at the scale of large neuronal populations and may uncover its putative alternations in individuals with ASD with and without intellectual disability.MethodsHerein, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to test whether the 1/f slope would differentiate ASD children with average and below–average (< 85) IQ. MEG was recorded at rest with eyes open/closed in 49 boys with ASD aged 6–15 years with IQ ranging from 54 to 128, and in 49 age-matched typically developing (TD) boys. The cortical source activity was estimated using the beamformer approach and individual brain models. We then extracted the 1/f slope by fitting a linear function to the log–log-scale power spectra in the high-frequency range.ResultsThe global 1/f slope averaged over all cortical sources demonstrated high rank-order stability between the two conditions. Consistent with previous research, it was steeper in the eyes-closed than in the eyes-open condition and flattened with age. Regardless of condition, children with ASD and below-average IQ had flatter slopes than either TD or ASD children with average or above-average IQ. These group differences could not be explained by differences in signal-to-noise ratio or periodic (alpha and beta) activity.LimitationsFurther research is needed to find out whether the observed changes in E–I ratios are characteristic of children with below-average IQ of other diagnostic groups.ConclusionsThe atypically flattened spectral slope of aperiodic activity in children with ASD and below-average IQ suggests a shift of the global E–I balance toward hyper-excitation. The spectral slope can provide an accessible noninvasive biomarker of the E–I ratio for making objective judgments about treatment effectiveness in people with ASD and comorbid intellectual disability.

Sensitivity of the hippocampus to objective but not subjective episodic memory judgments

ABSTRACT We assessed whether neural activity in the hippocampus dissociates according to whether memory test items elicit a subjective sense of recollection or accurate retrieval of contextual information. We reanalyzed a previously acquired dataset from a study in which participants made both objective (source memory for spatial context) and subjective (Remember-Know) judgments for each test item. Results indicated that the hippocampus was exclusively sensitive to the amount of contextual information retrieved, such that accurate source memory judgments were associated with greater activity than inaccurate judgments, regardless of Remember/Know status. The findings add to the evidence that the hippocampus is insensitive to the subjective experience of recollection, but supports retrieval of contextual information.

Syntactic and Semantic Interface of English Complementizers ‘for’ and ‘that’: Implications and Theory

The aim of this study is to investigate the function and use of English complementizers ‘that and for’ and to examine how these complementizers interact with(in) the semantic scope of complex sentences. The study argues that the transformational processes of English complementizers have the potential to change and manipulate the sentence/speaker's meaning. This manipulative change of meaning is firstly abode by the complementizer used within the matrix of (complex) sentence and secondly by the type that the propositional content of the sentence refers to (whether the information conveyed expresses objective knowledge, subjective mood, moral judgment, emotional state or open, uncertain question). The study concludes that the classification of verbs plays an essential role in selecting the complementizer to be properly used in covering the necessary cognitive status of the sentence at the syntactic and semantic levels. Thus, each complementizer has its own semantic restrictions, which differentiate it from other complementizers.

The Role of the Art World in Enhancing the Philosophical Perspective of Others

This paper begins with an important question, which is not new: what should be included in the art circle or considered as art, and what should be left outside this circle? To answer this question, I focus first on various definitions of art given by certain theorists, such as Hume (1757), Bell (1913), Weitz (1956), and Dickie (2006). I compare these theorists’ arguments about the definition of art. Through their theories, I discuss the evaluation of artworks depending on whether the judgment is subjective, relating to its evaluation within the art world, or objective, relating to the artwork itself. Then I highlight the notion of criticism and the differences between subjective criticism and objective criticism. Finally, I emphasize the important role of critics in understanding the philosophical perspective, appreciating artwork, and enhancing the academic performance for others. In this paper, I argue that the evaluation of artwork should depend on subjective judgment – that of the art world - more than objective judgment – focusing on the artistic values of the art object – and that requires the critic to evaluate the artwork objectively.

Standard Setting in Academic Writing Assessment through Objective Standard Setting Method

Performance standards have important consequences for all the stakeholders in the assessment of L2 academic writing. These standards not only describe the level of writing performance but also provide a basis for making evaluative decisions on the academic writing. Such a high-stakes role of the performance standards requires the enhancement of objectivity in standard setting procedure. Accordingly, this study aims to shed light upon the usefulness of Objective Standard Setting (OSS) method in specifying the levels of proficiency in L2 academic writing. On the basis of the descriptive research design, the sample of this research includes the examinees and raters who were student teachers at the university level. Essay task and analytical writing scoring rubric were employed as the data collection tools. In data analysis, OSS method and two-step cluster analysis were used. The analysis results of OSS method based on many-facet Rasch measurement model (MFRM) outline the distribution of the criteria into the levels of proficiency. Also, the main findings in OSS method were validated with two-step cluster analysis. That is, OSS method may be practically used to help the stakeholders make objective judgments on the examinees’ target performance.

Management of future infectious diseases: eight recommendations for national quarantine

Background: Republic of Korea (ROK) has coped well with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without requiring an extreme containment policy. However, it is necessary to evaluate issues revealed during the COVID-19 quarantine process.Current Concepts: In the quarantine policy, the legal and scientific basis for quarantine, role of ministries in charge, government-wide support, fairness of quarantine measures, protection of vulnerable people, compensation for vaccination damage, and quarantine budget are important. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of reviewing the COVID-19 quarantine process, the following issues were found. First, COVID-19 was not properly designated as a first-class infectious disease under the InfectiousDisease Control and Prevention Act. Second, the major direction of the quarantine policy did not reflect ROK’s objective scientific capabilities. Third, quarantine measures did not reflect the relative risk of infection. Fourth, the professional and objective judgments of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency were not respected by other Government officers. Fifth, the fairness of the quarantine policy was greatly undermined. Sixth, the vulnerable and those caring for them were marginalized. Seventh, the purpose of the vaccination damage compensation system of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act was not well reflected. Eighth, the quarantine policy was ignored in allocation of the national budget. To properly respond to future infectious diseases, ROK must address issues that emerged during the COVID-19 quarantine process.

O nespornom značaju etičkih kodeksa u novinarstvu

Formulating and respecting professional codes of ethics regarding the duties of journalists, which they should adhere to in the practice of journalism, as a kind of "model" of ethical attitudes, and teaching them how to act in accordance with moral values and norms of their profession, is what saves, rehabilitates and then promotes one profession. Ethical principles are far more than a necessity! The code of ethical journalism must no longer be seen as a "dead letter on paper", a "mere document", but as an opportunity to set and accept certain moral norms that over time should be incorporated into one's professional conduct. This makes the profession easier to perform and makes life easier because it motivates concrete and active action in that area, as well as an objective judgment about such action. In general, without a high moral structure of journalism, it is illusory to expect good functioning and development of democracy in one society!

Research on Optimization of Management System of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Based on Key Performance Indicators

Performance management is an important part of enterprise human resource management, which helps enterprise managers to review the past period of enterprise operation and development, dynamically and continuously monitor the realization of the organization’s expected goals, and realize dynamic two-way communication, communication and evaluation among all levels and departments of the enterprise. Based on the KPI (Key Performance Indicators), this paper further optimizes the management system of small and medium-sized enterprises. In fact, performance appraisal is only an important part of performance management, and it is a local link and means in the management process. At present, the company’s performance management, by comparison, pays more attention to the results and ignores the management process. In an enterprise, the performance of employees is embodied in the quantity, quality, time, cost, etc. The establishment of KPI can provide an objective and fair judgment basis for the enterprise’s value evaluation and value distribution system, and can accurately measure whether and how much employees have contributed to the value creation of the enterprise.