Journalistic Work Research Articles

“The Success is Their Own”: The Long, Arduous History of Reparations for Survivors of Vapniarka, the Camp of Death

Abstract A regime of extermination was imposed in the early months of captivity on the Jewish prisoners of the Vapniarka concentration camp in Transnistria, an area occupied by the Romanian authorities with support from their German allies, through the toxic grains distributed as food. More than half of the survivors remained either with paralysis or with some permanent after-effects. This article focuses on the postwar efforts to receive adequate compensation for the hundreds of Vapniarka survivors that were handicapped for the rest of their lives, and thus no longer able to work. These efforts were unique in the history of Holocaust compensations firstly because the victims did not fit within any of the existing restitution frameworks initially defined by the German state, and secondly because they organized themselves into a mutual aid group, an organization, to better lobby for their own interests. Over the years and the course of the various new Wiedergutmachung laws, the Vapniarka survivors encountered challenges to their claims denying them rightful compensations as Germany tried to place the blame at Romania’s door and Romania blaming exclusively Germany, not recognizing its own guilt. With the faithful support of a camp’s doctor, who kept detailed notes on the inmates’ symptoms and illnesses during captivity and after, the survivors, through the organization, started to receive modest compensations only in the late 1950s. Later, a German journalist working for Christian-Jewish reconciliation, set up an aid committee through which she raised private donations, and finally in the late 1960s, the remaining survivors started to receive a more just compensation for their sufferings. This is the first article outlining the trajectory of this story.

U.S. War Correspondents Tweeting Ukraine: A Case Study in Transnational Meta-Journalistic Discourse

ABSTRACT This paper investigates how war correspondents working for U.S.-based news organizations Tweeted about the early stages of the 2022 war in Ukraine, focusing particularly on instances when these war reporters contributed to a distinctly transnational version of what Matt Carlson has termed “metajournalistic discourse” (2016). Defining this concept as the “public expressions evaluating news texts, the practices that produce them, or the conditions of their reception” (Carlson [2016]. “Metajournalistic Discourse and the Meanings of Journalism: Definitional Control, Boundary Work, and Legitimation.” Communication Theory 26 (4): 349–368 , 353), we argue that from February to May of 2022, U.S. war correspondents constructed a discourse that situated their own labor within the boundaries of what counts as the most acceptable form of war journalism, representing their reportage as the most independent and transparent form of war reporting. Conversely, they situated the work of Russian and Ukrainian journalists outside this boundary. The paper ultimately argues that journalism scholars should think more transnationally about the discourses that discuss journalistic labor.

Dealing with the Black Box: European Journalists and the Threats of Spyware

Revelations from the 2021 “Pegasus Project” investigation into the use of spyware have confirmed long-held concerns about the proliferation of the technology as a surveillance solution to monitor the activities of journalists around the world. Spyware is a particularly malicious form of malware that can potentially expose a target’s entire digital life, sometimes even leaving victims powerless to prevent an attack. As such, spyware appears to be the ultimate tool of oppression that can be used against journalists, and its proliferation is currently taking place with extremely limited transparency and according to "black box" dynamics. The aim of this paper is to shed light on how spyware technology can affect the work and security of journalists by analyzing what threats spyware poses to the practice of journalism. Qualitative and exploratory in nature, and theoretically grounded in surveillance studies and the growing body of literature on information security in journalism, the article is based on a series of qualitative interviews with technologists and reporters conducted to deepen the understanding of the threats posed by spyware and to provide an overview of potential resistance and neutralization practices that journalists can put in place, as well as their effectiveness. Overall, the article aims to contribute to the study of the impact of surveillance on journalism and its implications for press freedom.

Digital Culture and Artificial Intelligence on Changing Journalism Practices

Journalism has undergone major changes as a result of digital culture. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality are changing the way journalists work, and the speed and timeliness of information delivery is a concern. Digital journalism emphasizes interaction with the audience and speed. Audiences have the opportunity to participate and comment. AI helps journalists verify content, ensure production runs well, and ensure that the audience is engaged. Journalists face issues such as decreased revenue, audience fragmentation, and information credibility. However, digital culture is changing journalism significantly, causing many challenges and opportunities for journalists to stay relevant and maintain public trust.

Journalism in the post-truth era

The break of the citizens' confidence in the information conveyed to them by the media is not a minor issue. In a regime of opinion and in a globalized society in which the issues that directly affect us are beyond our reach or understanding, the mediation work of journalists is essential. For this reason, the phenomenon of fake news in the so-called post-truth era is of paramount importance because it undermines the notion of truth, which is supposed to be the heart and raison d'être of the journalistic profession. The task of journalists is to provide public opinion with true or honestly truthful information that allows citizens to form a complete idea of what is happening and, based on this, make well-founded decisions on matters under public discussion. Without a minimum consensus on the facts, citizens are exposed to the effects of pure propaganda, their ability to decide is manipulated and the core of democracy damaged. The actions of tobacco companies to deny the lethality of tobacco, the denial of climate change, the orchestrated campaigns against the efficacy of vaccines or the unbridled dissemination of "alternative facts" in politics, have highlighted the fragility of the truth in the face of to the distorting power of unscrupulous media and irrepressible social networks.

Harassed for Their Job: Exploring Factors That Render Journalists Prone to Harassment and Intimidation

ABSTRACT Amid growing concern over harassment and intimidation targeting journalists, scholarly attention to their occurrence and implications has mushroomed. One aspect of these phenomena that often gets overlooked is that not all journalists seem equally targeted or affected. Applying ordinal regression analysis of 505 sets of questionnaire responses from Finnish professional journalists, the authors found that only a small proportion of respondents experienced harassment and intimidation regularly, while the vast majority reported being targeted very rarely, if at all. The findings illustrate how certain positions and aspects of journalistic work bring increased risk of facing harassment and intimidation, with investigative journalism, published opinion pieces, work in public broadcasting, and social-media visibility as a journalist identified as strong risk factors. At least in the Finnish context, these facets of the work seem to outweigh personal factors (age, gender, etc.) in predicting overall risk. The evidence supports the call for more comprehensive and carefully designed research arrangements that also acknowledge the role of multiple facets of journalistic work in future studies of harassment and intimidation.

“Comforting the Afflicted”: How a Small Number of Journalists Fought for Japanese Americans During the Internment

Historians have documented that newspaper editorials and radio commentaries played a role in turning public opinion against Japanese Americans and pressured President Franklin D. Roosevelt into interning them during World War II. But what has been overlooked were the efforts of a few reporters who fought to reverse journalistic and public opinion regarding the government-sanctioned, racially-inspired injustice. This study documents the work of the unsung journalists—some who addressed a limited forum and others with a national audience—who sought to end the internments and secure restoration of Japanese Americans’s civil rights. By doing so, these reporters fulfilled one of the press’s most sacred responsibilities to “comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.” Although these journalists failed to secure freedom for the internees during the war years—these reporters eventually helped restore the dignity and constitutional rights of Japanese Americans by speaking on their behalf.

Periodismo y Cine: contenidos, audiencias, docencia, nuevos formatos y espacios de exhibición [Presentación del monográfico

This monographic issue addresses the relationships between journalism and cinema. It includes ten research papers, nine of which focus on cinema about journalism, that is, films and television series that center around the media and the work of journalists. These studies approach the topic from various perspectives, such as film noir, humor, feminism, ethics, and different geographical contexts like Colombia, Spain, or the United States of America. Based on their main findings, it is observed that in this type of cinema, which has been evolving since the early 20th century, negative stereotypes about the journalism profession persist. Additionally, this issue features a study about film journalism, a specialty that, despite its social impact, consolidation, and evolution, has been scarcely addressed by academia in recent years. We trust that this monograph will contribute to arousing scientific interest in this type of cultural journalism and also expand the scope of the study of cinema about journalism.

Digital Literacy to Improve The Professionalism of Online Media Journalists in Bengkulu, Indonesia

This study aims to know the competence of digital literacy Online media journalists in Bengkulu City in complying with cyber media guidelines to support professionalism ranging from verification activities to writing news or delivering coverage to editors. Also to identify efforts made by online media journalists in Bengkulu City using tools for fact checking to verify news materials. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection method uses interviews, observation and focus group discussion. This study's Informants are journalists registered as members of the Indonesian Cyber Media Network (JMSI) and the Indonesian Cyber Media Union (SMSI) in Bengkulu. The results of the study concluded that the literacy of journalists in using digital media is quite good. However, it cannot be included in the excellent category because journalists lack knowledge and skills in digital literacy competencies. Moreover, journalists knowledge and skills upgrades such as fact-checking or digital literacy training is minimal, eventhough journalists understand the challenges in publishing journalistic works today. Generally, journalists use tools for checking facts or verifying sources of information either conventionally or manually. However, the strength in publishing journalistic works is the collaboration of cyber media within press companies to produce quality work. The FGD found that only Bengkulu Eskpress conducts fact checks in its journalistic work, because its journalists have received fact-check training conducted by the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI). The study results also show that online media utilize digital-based tools because they have received fact checking training, namely Bengkulu Ekspress. Keywords: Digital literacy, professionalism, online media, journalists, fact checking.

Analisis Isi Penggunaan Kode Etik Foto Jurnalistik Pada Berita Kecelakaan Di Tribun Jambi

The Journalistic Code of Ethics plays a very important role in the world of the press as a guide to the values of the journalistic profession, so that the journalistic code of ethics must be understood and implemented by journalists. This research is motivated by problems in implementing the photojournalism code of ethics. The aim of this research is to find out how the photojournalism code of ethics is applied to accident news on Tribunjambi.com. The research approach that researchers use is a qualitative approach with content analysis. Qualitative research is research used to examine the condition of natural objects where the researcher is the core instrument. The types of data used in this research are primary data and secondary data with data collection through documentation, observation and interviews. Apart from that, data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation and data verification and are continued by checking the validity of the data. The results of this research can be concluded that the application of the code of ethics for photojournalism in general is still not in accordance with press law. Likewise with the journalistic code of ethics which regulates the work of journalists and media in broadcasting photos in news stories. Like other online media, the Tribunjambi.com website will of course try to implement the photojournalism code of ethics every day, but when implementing the photojournalism code of ethics, it is certainly not as easy as desired and expected. Factors that support Tribunjambi.com in implementing a journalistic code of ethics are the provision that Tribunjambi.com provides to its journalists before creating and broadcasting a story, looking for journalists who already have an understanding of the journalistic code of ethics, and providing advice and infrastructure that journalists need. and staff, while the inhibiting factor that journalists, editors in chief and publishers may face in implementing the code of ethics for photojournalism is that they forget or do not pay attention that photos containing sadistic elements should be blurred Keywords: Analysis, Code of Ethics, Photojournalism, Accident

Political Discourse of Indonesian Raya Daily Newspaper in Indonesian Political Public Space 1955-1957

This research aims to examine the democratization process carried out by Indonesia Raya Newspaper through the political discourse raised and its role as a political public space in 1955-1957. The research method used is the historical method, which consists of 5 stages, namely topic selection, heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. This research is supported by the theoretical framework of political public space to examine the role of Indonesia Raya Newspaper in raising political discourse and its function as a political public space. The results of this study show that (1) Indonesia Raya Newspaper practices personal journalism in its journalistic work so that the characteristics of the political discourse contained in its news are in line with the characteristics of its leader, Mochtar Lubis. (2) The role of Indonesia Raya Newspaper as a political public space is carried out by loading political discourse containing criticism of the government and politicians related to the social, political, and economic life of the community, which is published in the political section of Tajuk Rencana. (3) The process of forming political discourse is carried out using the investigative journalism method so that relevant topics are obtained. Topics found, such as indications of fraud in the 1955 elections and the controversy over the implementation of the KAA, were raised to become political discourses that affected the dynamics of Indonesian national politics at that time. Indonesia Raya Newspaper was able to play a role in Indonesia's democratization process by raising political discourse and providing political public space.

Quality of science journalism in the age of Artificial Intelligence explored with a mixed methodology.

Science journalists, traditionally, play a key role in delivering science information to a wider audience. However, changes in the media ecosystem and the science-media relationship are posing challenges to reliable news production. Additionally, recent developments such as ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) more generally, may have further consequences for the work of (science) journalists. Through a mixed-methodology, the quality of news reporting was studied within the context of AI. A content analysis of media output about AI (news articles published within the time frame 1 September 2022-28 February 2023) explored the adherence to quality indicators, while interviews shed light on journalism practices regarding quality reporting on and with AI. Perspectives from understudied areas in four European countries (Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) were included and compared. The findings show that AI received continuous media attention in the four countries. Furthermore, despite four different media landscapes, the reporting in the news articles adhered to the same quality criteria such as applying rigour, including sources of information, accessibility, and relevance. Thematic analysis of the interview findings revealed that impact of AI and ChatGPT on the journalism profession is still in its infancy. Expected benefits of AI related to helping with repetitive tasks (e.g. translations), and positively influencing journalistic principles of accessibility, engagement, and impact, while concerns showed fear for lower adherence to principles of rigour, integrity and transparency of sources of information. More generally, the interviewees expressed concerns about the state of science journalism, including a lack of funding influencing the quality of reporting. Journalists who were employed as staff as well as those who worked as freelancers put efforts in ensuring quality output, for example, via editorial oversight, discussions, or memberships of associations. Further research into the science-media relationship is recommended.

Étienne Parent et le libéralisme économique comme condition de préservation de la nationalité canadienne-française

This article studies the relationship between French-Canadian nationalism and economic liberalism in the work of journalist and public intellectual Étienne Parent (1802–1874). Despite numerous studies of his thinking on politics, few have considered Parent's economic thought in any depth. Yet a thorough analysis of his writings shows that this French-Canadian intellectual considered economic liberalism a necessary condition for the preservation of French-Canadian nationality. This article thus sheds light on this aspect of Parent’s thought through the analysis of speeches that he delivered in Montreal and Québec City after the Union of 1840.

Levels of Iraqi Newspapers’ Commitment to Standards of Objectivity from the Perspective of the Public in Baghdad: A Field Study of the Public in Baghdad

The research discusses the levels of commitment to the standards of objectivity by Iraqi newspapers. Several standards of objectivity were identified, and the public was asked about the extent of their application in journalistic work from the point of view of the sample members, which consists of 375 individuals representing the public of the city of Baghdad of various ages, professions, educational levels, and gender. The research consists of a methodological framework, a theoretical framework, and an applied study. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and a questionnaire form with closed questions.

Breaking a Century of Silence: A Historiography of the Tulsa Race Riot

The events of May 31 through June 1, 1921 had been obscured by a lack of official records and a culture of silence for the better part of a half-century. Thanks to the diligent work of amateur journalists and historians like Mary E. Jones Parrish, and civil servants like Maurice Willows of the American Red Cross, we have a historical record to work with. Writers like Ed Wheeler and Scott Ellsworth pioneered investigation into the riot, conducting Interviews and collating their findings into some of the first works dedicated to the act. Thanks to the efforts of Don Ross and the other members of the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, the prevailing narrative preserved by Parrish and Willows persisted into acceptance as the official story. Historians working during the commission drafted three distinct histories, built upon past work on the subject and serving different purposes: either to humanize the victims and perpetrators of the riot, make the case for reparations, or examine the context surrounding the riot's remembrance in the city.

Journalistic Storytelling for Social Justice: A CDA of Global News Coverage of the Otodo Gbame Forced Evictions in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Despite the growing discourse on forced evictions around the world, very limited scholarship has explored the constitution, replication and/or transformation of a discourse of urban development and forced evictions in journalistic work. This study investigates the global news coverage of state-sanctioned forced evictions of Otodo Gbame community in Lagos, Nigeria—with specific attention to journalistic discursive construction of urban development and the reproduction of hierarchies of worth in journalistic work. Critical discourse analysis of 17 journalistic texts published online by national and foreign news media organisations during the Otodo Gbame forced evictions (November 2016–April 2017) revealed journalists positioned Otodo Gbame residents at the bottom of a hierarchical social order and as victims of an unfortunate circumstance without transforming that discourse into possibilities for social and environmental justice. Journalists prioritised institutional voices, used passive construction and detached expressive mode to downplay the social implications of state-sanctioned forced evictions, and reproduced hierarchies of worth in journalism and broader society. Considering journalism plays a crucial role in the social construction of reality, this study offers insights and directions for journalistic role expansion and the transformation of conceived journalistic roles into meaningful practice.

The challenge of interviewing Middle East leaders: A first-hand story of my encounters with dictators and dissidents

ABSTRACT In the course of almost four decades of journalistic work in the greater Middle East the author has interviewed some of its most charismatic leaders, from the Iranian Presidents Ahmadinejad and Khatami to Saudi King Abdullah, Taliban ministers, dissidents, rebels, and warlords. Some of them were popular. Others were not. Only a few were elected. Such is the predicament in the region. All were convinced of their own legitimacy. But is the interview by a mainstream western media journalist a confirmation of this, ora way to highlight their shortcomings? This article argues that the answer lies in the eye of readers and their complicity with an interviewer who is bound both by the journalistic mandate to unveil the truth and by being the interviewee’s guest. When leaders agrees to an interview, they either have a message to sell to the public, or they are convinced of projecting an ideal image.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ МАРГИНАЛЬНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ И ОБЩЕСТВА НА ПРИМЕРЕ ФЕНОМЕНА ПРОСТИТУЦИИ В XIX ВЕКЕ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

The paper is devoted to the study of various models of relations between the phenomenon of prostitution and society in the 19th century using the example of the local experience of the Yenisei Province. The specific socio-economic institution of legalized commercial sex with its specificity and intra-system connections is a unique phenomenon of pre-revolutionary Russia. While remaining a viable element of public life, part of provincial everyday life, the “industry of debauchery” was not an unambiguous phenomenon. In this context, it is relevant to consider the mutual perception of society and the phenomenon of prostitution during the period of regulation to form ideas about the versatility of everyday life in the province. The article is an attempt to understand the models and judgments of public institutions in relation to prostitution, as well as the behavioral patterns of women involved in the sphere of intimate services from a phenomenological point of view. The source base for the study consisted of office documents from various departments, journalistic works of a medical nature, as well as periodicals. The result of the study is the identification of several models of mutual perception of prostitution by society, which indicate polar opinions regarding this phenomenon. Speaking about the attitude of women involved in sexual commerce to society and its norms, it is worth noting the problem of the lack of sources of personal origin. However, it can be concluded that prostitution developed certain patterns of behavior characteristic of participants in the system.

Journalism in times of war: challenges and opportunities in the digital age

The current conditions of journalistic activity demonstrate the importance of the ability to work properly in times of conflict and instability. The peculiarities of such work determined the purpose of the article - to study the problems of conflict-sensitive journalism as one of the trends of our time. This goal was achieved through the use of scientific methods. First of all, we are talking about the method of content analysis of professional scientific literature, the use of methods of generalisation and systematisation. The results of the study show that for objective coverage of events, it is recommended to use the idea of a ‘just’ war, to carefully assess the opinions and views of different segments of the population regarding the war, not to be in the position of propagandists, to focus on the coverage of the process, to demonstrate the interests and concerns of the warring parties, avoiding the understanding of war as a concept of struggle for the same ideas. As shown in the article, it is important to avoid ‘hate speech’, which is the basis for the development of discriminatory policies. The conclusions note that journalistic work should not be understood as entertainment or selfish practice.

Objetividade jornalística e perspectiva de gênero: tensões e deslocamentos

This study seeks to understand the construction of a gender perspective in journalism and the implications of feminism in its practice, related to journalistic objectivity, through the analysis of the work of journalists from the Portal Catarinas, from the South Region of Brazil. The method is the case study, with participant observation in the production of news in the Portal and in-depth interviews. The analysis showed the existence of ruptures and tensions in the journalism’s male logic. Journalistic objectivity continues to prevail over all decisions, but it does not occupy a comfortable place and is under constant tension. These dislocations indicate the possibility of the existence of feminist objectiveness in journalism.