Journal Of Research In Personality Research Articles

Estimating the replicability of statistically significant moderation effects in personality research using z-curve analysis

We use z-curve analysis to estimate the replicability of 187 moderation effects in which the predictor, outcome, and moderator variables were all measured continuously and that were published in four leading personality journals—Journal of Personality, Journal of Research in Personality, European Journal of Personality, and Personality and Individual Differences. We found an estimated replication rate of 43.80%; that studies published after 2015 performed slightly better than studies published before 2015; and that studies published in the Journal of Research in Personality and the European Journal of Personality performed worse than studies published in the other two journals. We discuss the implications of our findings for studying moderation effects in personality and offer recommendations for improving the replicability of published studies.

Predicting attitudes toward mitigation interventions and social distancing behaviors at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

ABSTRACT Aim The goal of this research was to assess the influence of adult attachment, personality, and cultural orientation on social distancing and attitudes toward COVID-19 mitigation interventions. Methods Survey data was collected across two samples (NMTurk = 201, Nsnowball = 242) in the US from April 29 to May 11, 2020. Adult attachment was assessed via the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form (ECR-S; Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The experiences in close relationship scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204), personality was assessed via the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528), cultural orientation was assessed via the Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism Scale (Triandis, H. C., & Galfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 118–128), and social distancing and attitudes toward mitigation interventions were assessed via self-report measures developed for this assessment. Results In the MTurk sample, agreeableness (β = .19) and conscientiousness (β = .26) predicted positive mitigation intervention attitudes. Agreeableness (β = .24) and vertical collectivism (β = .25) positively predicted social distancing, while attachment anxiety (β = −.32) and vertical individualism (β = −.32) negatively predicted social distancing. In our snowball sample, residing primarily in New York, openness (β = .18) and horizontal collectivism (β = .16) predicted positive intervention attitudes, while horizontal individualism (β = −.20) predicted negative attitudes. Social contact in this sample was low and not associated with predictor variables. In both samples, mitigation attitudes and social distancing were only moderately correlated. Implications Our findings highlight the inherent inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors as well as the potential impact of mandated interventions on both attitudes and behavior.

Humor style predicts sarcasm use – evidence from Turkish speakers

Abstract Humor and sarcasm are closely related – sarcasm is often identified with aggressive humor or humorous mockery. Research in this area is common in Western European languages, but not in non-WEIRD populations. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between humor styles and sarcasm use in the Turkish-speaking population. We also attempted to predict the use of different sarcasm types (general sarcasm, embarrassment diffusion, face-saving, and frustration diffusion) by the scores of the Humor Styles Questionnaire (Martin, Rod A., Patricia Puhlik-Doris, Gwen Larsen, Jeanette Gray & Kelly Weir. 2003. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality 37(1). 48–75) scales (aggressive, affiliative, self-enhancing, and self-defeating humor). The data from 329 Turkish-speaking participants were collected: 250 women and 79 men (M age = 37; SD = 12.32; age range: 18–70). Participants filled out online questionnaires including Sarcasm Self-Report Scale (Ivanko, Stacey L., Penny M. Pexman & Kara M. Olineck. 2004. How sarcastic are you? Individual differences and verbal irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23(3). 244–271) adapted into Turkish, and the Humor Styles Questionnaire (Martin, Rod A., Patricia Puhlik-Doris, Gwen Larsen, Jeanette Gray & Kelly Weir. 2003. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality 37(1). 48–75) in Turkish adaptation (Tümkaya, Songül. 2011. Humor styles and socio-demographic variables as predictor of subjective well-being of Turkish university students. Egitim ve Bilim 36(160). 158–170). The results showed positive correlations between all humor styles and all sarcasm types, with the strongest correlation with aggressive humor. Regression analysis was used to find predictors of sarcasm use. Our results show that aggressive humor style is the main predictor of all self-reported sarcasm use scales.

Measurement Does Not Take Place in a Legal Vacuum

Measurement Does Not Take Place in a Legal Vacuum

Psychological Well-Being in the Elderly: The Role of Self-Compassion and Alexithymia

Psychological Well-Being in the Elderly: The Role of Self-Compassion and Alexithymia

Connecting with strangers in the city: A mattering approach.

The evidence that social relationships are associated with well-being is so strong that it is taken as a 'fact' (Kushlev et al., 2018, Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 124). The bulk of the existing evidence derives from research examining social relationships with close others, such as family, romantic partners, and friends (Dolan et al., 2008, Journal Economic Psychology, 29, 94; Li & Kanazawa, 2016, British Journal of Psychology, 107, 675). However, less is known about how connecting with strangers is associated with well-being, how such connections are represented by people, and what motivates people's desire to connect with strangers. This study aims to examine representations and motivations for social connectedness with strangers in contemporary British cities. To do this, an interview study of 52 city-dwellers living in Britain's two largest cities, London and Birmingham, was conducted. The Grid Elaboration Method (GEM) (Joffe & Elsey, 2014, Review of General Psychology, 18, 173), a free association and interview technique, was applied. Thematic analysis revealed that representations of strangers vacillate between 'good' and 'bad', are built upon the 'self/other' thema, are shaped by the contextual factors place, time, and technology, and are motivated by a desire to 'matter'. This work makes a key contribution to the study of social connectedness in cities and can inform effective urban policy.

Linguistic Cues of CEO Personality and its Effect on Performance

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) personality belongs to the most important constructs to understand strategic change and performance of companies but its measurement remains a major obstacle. Therefore, I study whether freely available, large-scale corporate documents reveal linguistic hints about CEOs' personality dimensions (Big-5) by applying a validated, closed based approach developed by Yarkoni (Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 2010) to a sample of FORTUNE 500 companies. I compare the results with validated, machine-learning trained open-based results from a specifically developed tool of 3000 CEOs of S&P 1500 firms obtained from conference calls (Harrison, Thurgood, Boivie, & Pfarrer, Strategic Management Journal, 2019). In order to provide a basis of comparison, I supplement these linguistic personality profiles with a sample of convicted criminal CEOs that provide an archetype of linguistic extreme cases. In addition, these linguistic profiles are complemented with a subsample of actual personality orientation, using the “positive” leadership attribute of CEO humility identified via a video metrics approach. Finally, after controlling for commonly used content analytical constructs (e.g., entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation) to capture CEOs' cognitive state, I link these cross-sectional linguistic profiles to longitudinal firm- level performance data. The analysis indicates that linguistic manifestations of CEO personality explains in conjunction with observable individual, industry and firm-level data a great share of firm performance. While there appear complementarities between open- based and closed based language approaches, the analysis also indicates that the open-based linguistic trait of neuroticism is negatively related to various measures of firm performance. In particular, these measures appear to be more robust against genre effects and language that is unique among CEOs (self-selection effects). The video 2 metric approach confirms the importance of certain linguistic personality markers, in particular neuroticism. Hence, the approach sheds light on the important role of validation procedures in the realm of computer-aided-content-analysis (CATA) as well as the conducive and detrimental effects of CEO personality cues on firm performance. The paper discusses practical implications for share and shareholders wishing to infer personality cues of key decision makers from large-scale corporate documents as well theoretical implications for the advancement of the upper- echelon research.

Humor styles across 28 countries

Responses to a measure of the four humor styles of affiliative, aggressive, self-enhancing, and self-defeating from the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ; Martin et al. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48–75, 2003) were collected from individuals (N = 8361) in 28 countries encompassing 21 different languages. The purpose of this global collaboration was to examine both differences and similarities of humor styles across nations at the descriptive level. Across the countries, typically the highest scores were for the affiliative humor style. When each humor style was examined, some country samples demonstrated differences in mean scores. For example, the samples from Hungary, Indonesia, South Africa, and Serbia had high self-enhancing scores and Japan scored the lowest. In contrast to mean differences, almost all of the countries demonstrated positive inter-scale correlations, similar sex differences, and similar correlations with age, suggesting more similarities than differences. As discussed, some of the samples had low internal consistency values and poorly fitting factor structures for the humor style scales, suggesting that those results should be interpreted with caution.

Building Empathy and Intercultural Citizenship through a Virtual Exchange Project

Building Empathy and Intercultural Citizenship through a Virtual Exchange Project

Creating and Testing Specialized Dictionaries for Text Analysis

Practitioners in many domains–e.g., clinical psychologists, college instructors, researchers–collect written responses from clients. A well-developed method that has been applied to texts from sources like these is the computer application Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). LIWC uses the words in texts as cues to a person’s thought processes, emotional states, intentions, and motivations. In the present study, we adopt analytic principles from LIWC and develop and test an alternative method of text analysis using naïve Bayes methods. We further show how output from the naïve Bayes analysis can be used for mark up of student work in order to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students and instructors.
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Finding a Common Ground in Human and Machine-Based Text Processing

Language makes human communication possible. Apart from everyday applications, language can provide insights into individuals’ thinking and reasoning. Machine-based analyses of text are becoming widespread in business applications, but their utility in learning contexts are a neglected area of research. Therefore, the goal of the present work is to explore machine-assisted approaches to aid in the analysis of students’ written compositions. A method for extracting common topics from written text is applied to 78 student papers on technology and ethics. The primary tool for analysis is the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm. The results suggest that this machine-based topic extraction method is effective and supports a promising prospect for enhancing classroom learning and instruction. The method may also prove beneficial in other applied applications, like those in clinical and counseling practice.
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Couch Potato Persona.

The article discusses the role that a sedentary lifestyle has on changing personality traits, including reducing agreeableness, extraversion and openness, referencing an article coauthored by psychologist Yannick Stephan in the "Journal of Research in Personality."

Science curiosity in learning environments: developing an attitudinal scale for research in schools, homes, museums, and the community

ABSTRACTAlthough curiosity is considered an integral aspect of science learning, researchers have debated how to define, measure, and support its development in individuals. Prior measures of curiosity include questionnaire type scales (primarily for adults) and behavioral measures. To address the need to measure scientific curiosity, the Science Curiosity in Learning Environments (SCILE) scale was created and validated as a 12-item scale to measure scientific curiosity in youth. The scale was developed through (a) adapting the language of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II [Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009). The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 987–998] for youth and (b) crafting new items based on scientific practices drawn from U.S. science standards documents. We administered a preliminary set of 30 items to 663 youth ages 8–18 in the U.S.A. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor model: stretching, embracing, and science practices. The findings indicate that the SCILE scale is a valid measure of youth’s scientific curiosity for boys and girls as well as elementary, middle school, and high school learners.

Investment in Beauty, Exercise, and Self-esteem: Are They Related to Self-perception as a Romantic Partner?

Men and women prefer certain characteristics that are interpreted as clues to the reproductive quality of potential partners. Physical appearance, for example, is an important characteristic for both sexes because it can signal youth and fertility in females and capacity for protection, dominance, competitive ability, and high social status in males. Therefore, we predicted that people would put significant effort into improving their physical attractiveness in order to compete in the mating market, and this relationship would be influenced by self-perception and socioeconomic status. In order to investigate whether investment in beauty and exercise are related to self-perception as romantic partners and self-esteem, this study was conducted with 205 men and women of lower socioeconomic status from Brazil. They were asked about their self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale), socioeconomic status, investment in beauty, time exercising, and self-perception as a romantic partner. Although no significant relationship between self-perception as a romantic partner and exercise was found, our results suggest that female investment in beauty is related to their financial condition, whereas male investment in beauty is related to greater evaluation in handsome face, beautiful body, sociability, and agreeableness, being correlation stronger when controlled by participants’ self-esteem. The results support Leary and Baumeister’s sociometer theory (2000 cited in Bale and Archer Evolutionary Psychology, 11, 68–84, 2013) and Penke and Denissen’s (Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1123–1129, 2008) findings, in which men would associate more characteristics of their self-perception in a mate market with their self-esteem.

The Issue of Fuzzy Concepts in Test Construction and Possible Remedies

With the first issue of 2015, I want to continue the series ofeditorials aimed at highlighting specific topics relevant dur-ing test construction. More importantly, I focus on issuesthat repeatedly lead to paper rejections. In this issue, I wantto take up the cudgels for a mixed methods approach in testconstruction. The quantitative aspects of testing a newlyconstructed assessment tool range prominently within thisjournal (Alonso-Arbiol & van de Vijver, 2010). However,some issues arising during the test development processcannot be dealt with using quantitative methods alone.Along with the coauthors of this editorial – experts in theapplication of a mixed methods approach in test construc-tion – I want to explore these issues.Many test constructions show a lack of awareness con-cerning the comprehensibility of items, specifically in per-sonality tests. However, this lack of awareness can haveimplications for psychometric quality. Frequently, it is sim-ply assumed that respondents’ understanding of a test itemmatches the meaning implied by the test developer. It is,however, rarely ever tested whether all respondents of thetargeted population actually understand the test items cor-rectly and in a similar way. As pointed out in the last edito-rial (Ziegler, 2014), item content should be precisely tunedto the needs of every potential respondent in a populationtargeted by a newly developed test. More specifically, per-son variables such as age, gender, and education (Ramm-stedt & Kemper, 2011) have to be taken into accountwhen constructing test items in order to assure that eachpotential respondent fully understands the meaning andmay respond accordingly. If these person variables areneglected in the process of test construction, the psycho-metric quality of a test may be substantially affected byfuzzy concepts. The goal of this editorial is to raise aware-ness for the detrimental effects fuzzy concepts can have intest development and possible remedies.

Can’t We All Disagree More Constructively? Moral Foundations, Moral Reasoning, and Political Disagreement

Can’t we all disagree more constructively? Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in political partisanship: the 2013 shutdown of the US government as well as an ever more divided political landscape in Europe illustrate that citizens and representatives of developed nations fundamentally disagree over virtually every significant issue of public policy, from immigration to health care, from the regulation of financial markets to climate change, from drug policies to medical procedures (Koleva et al. Journal of Research in Personality 46:184–194, 2012). The emerging field of political psychology brings the tools of moral psychology to bear on this issue. It suggests that the main conflict shaping politics today can be explained in terms of people’s moral foundations (Graham et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5):1029–1046, 2009; Haidt 2012; Graham et al. PLOS One 7(12):1–13, (2012); cf. also Rai and Fiske Psychological Review 118:57–75, 2011): progressive liberals, it is argued, view society as consisting of separate individuals with differing values and life plans, whereas conservatives rely on a thicker notion of political morality that includes traditions, communities, and values of purity (Haidt and Graham Social Justice Research 20:98–116, 2007). In this paper, I explore the normative implications of this theory. In particular, I will argue that its proponents take it to support an asymmetry of understanding: if deep political disagreements reflect differences in people’s moral foundations, and these disagreements cannot be rationally resolved, then overcoming them makes it necessary to acknowledge the moral foundations of the other side’s political outlook. But conservatives, the theory suggests, already do acknowledge all of the liberal moral foundations, and not vice versa. To overcome partisanship and the resulting political deadlock, then, it seems to be up to liberals to move closer towards the conservative side, and not vice versa. I wish to analyze what the argument for this asymmetry is and whether it holds up. In the end, I shall argue that the available evidence does support an asymmetry, but that it is the opposite of what Moral Foundations theorists think it is. There is such an asymmetry - but its burden falls on the conservative side.

Personality Affects Memory Performance and Psychological Well-Being in Investigative Interviews: A Therapeutic Jurisprudential Approach

Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) aims to execute legal procedures in ways that promote the psychological well-being (PWB) of the individuals involved. This experimental study investigates the impact of personality on interviewees' memory performance and PWB from a TJ perspective. PWB was defined by state anxiety (STAI-S) and sense of coherence (SOC). Interviewees' personalities were assessed using the 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory (Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: a 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203–212) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T; Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, P. R. Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press]. Participants (N = 146) were assigned to undergo either humanitarian rapport interviews or non-rapport interviews. Each group underwent one exposure (computer simulation) and two interviews separated by a 6-month interval. Regression analysis showed that neuroticism (N), openness to experience (O) and extraversion (E) predicted interviewees' memory performance; N and O were moderated by interview style. Moreover, E and agreeableness (A) predicted higher SOC and lower STAI-S, that is, increased PWB, whereas N predicted lower SOC and elevated levels of STAI-S, that is, lower PWB. In Interviews I and II, STAI-T and a non-rapport approach were a stronger predictor of lower SOC. The results are discussed from a TJ perspective.

The art in fiction: From indirect communication to changes of the self.

Abstraction and thevividness of details in fiction . Paper presented at the 111th annualconvention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Can-ada.Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Hirsh, J., dela Paz, J., & Peterson, J. B. (2006).Bookworms versus nerds: Exposure to fiction versus non-fiction, diver-gent associations with social ability, and the simulation of fictionalsocial worlds. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 694–712. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.002Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., & Peterson, J. B. (2009). Exploring the linkbetween reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differencesand examining outcomes. Communications: The European Journal ofCommunication, 34, 407–428.Mar, R. A., Tackett, J. L., & Moore, C. (2010). Exposure to media andtheory-of-mind development in preschoolers. Cognitive Development,25, 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.11.002McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1990). Personality in adulthood . NewYork, NY: Guilford Press.McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation ofpersonality theories: Theoretical context for the five-factor model. InJ. S. Wiggins (Ed.),

Personality traits of the adaptive physical culture teachers working with the children with disabilities in the framework of distance education

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On the prediction of academic performance with personality traits: A replication study

We describe a large sample study (N=652) that had two purposes. The first was to replicate a previous study (Paunonen & Ashton, 2001a, Journal of Research in Personality) in which we showed that lower-level personality trait measures related to achievement motivation predict the academic success of university students. The second purpose was to test our earlier conclusion that such lower-level traits are frequently superior to broader personality factors for accuracy in prediction. Both purposes were met in this study, providing more evidence for our general claim that aggregating narrow personality trait measures into broad factor measures can sometimes have negative consequences regarding the prediction and understanding of important outcomes, including academic performance.