Food Research Research Articles

Halal Food: Research Mapping Related to Halal Food Using a Bibliometric Approach

The halal industry has enormous potential and is currently growing quite significantly in the world. As quoted from the Global Islamic Economy Report 2020/2021, one of the largest halal industries in Indonesia is Halal Food with total public consumption reaching US$144 billion of the total global halal food consumption of US$1.7 trillion and placing Indonesia in the first place. as the highest consumer of halal food. This research will try to map research related to the development of Halal Food research trends published by leading journals from 1990 to 2021 that have been indexed by Scopus, using the bibliometric method with the help of Vosviewer software. Based on the results of the analysis, research related to halal food shows an increase from year to year, with the highest number of publications on halal food coming from Malaysia, and the keywords most frequently used are halal, halal food, and article. Therefore it is hoped that research on halal food can be further developed using other methods such as biblioshiny

Safety and Perceptions of Risk in the Handling of Laboratory Chemicals in a Biological Research Community

Plant & Food Research (PFR) is a biologically orientated multi-disciplinary research institute with the goal of improving the value of New Zealand’s horticultural products. Within PFR, the practice of chemistry is both widespread and the focus of specialist chemists. To improve safety in the handling of laboratory chemicals, we sought to understand the state of chemical practice and knowledge, the awareness of risk, and how chemical knowledge was acquired and authenticated. A collaborative inquiry approach was chosen so that the social interactions and practice of the research process would itself serve to exchange knowledge and improve communication and laboratory safety. A “survey─small group meeting” model for interaction with users of chemicals was developed and rolled out across PFR. Survey responses were received from 346 respondents who reported their usage of laboratory chemicals, and this was followed by interactive small group meetings with 38 biology-focused research teams located across 12 sites. While the survey provided a generally positive view of practice and perceptions of risk, the team visits provided more site-specific, granular, and informative insights into the handling of chemicals and functioning of laboratories. Textual analysis of contemporaneous notes identified six interconnecting themes associated with risk in the handling of chemicals: lack of knowledge resulting in uncertainty and unrecognized risks; practical difficulties in effecting structural changes to laboratories; poor engagement by a few key individuals; feelings of lack of support by safety managers; the presence of students, visitors, and new graduates needing extensive training; and work pressures resulting in poor decision-making. This research demonstrates the use of collaborative inquiry to provide the granular knowledge needed to improve safety in handling chemicals in biological laboratories.

Upcycled food choice motives and their association with hesitancy towards consumption of this type of food: a Swedish study

PurposeThis study investigates factors motivating upcycled food choices and assesses the association between these factors and hesitancy towards upcycled food consumption in a Swedish population.Design/methodology/approachAn online food choice questionnaire was used. Participants (n = 682) were categorised into Inclined and Hesitant groups based on their intention to consume upcycled foods. The factors motivating upcycled food choices were identified using explanatory factor analyses. Independent t-tests assessed the differences in the mean importance score of factors between the two groups. The association between upcycled food choice factors and hesitancy towards consumption was evaluated by logistic regressions (adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics).FindingsThe most important upcycled food choice factor in both groups was ethical concerns, followed by natural content, sensory appeal, price, healthiness, familiarity and impression. The Inclined group’s mean importance score for ethical concern was higher than the Hesitant group (pvalue<0.001) and, except for natural content, the mean importance scores for the other factors were higher in the Hesitant group compared to the Inclined group (pvalue<0.05). Participants who perceived ethical concern as an important factor had lower odds of hesitancy (Odds ratio = 0.39; 95%CI:0.26,0.59; pvalue<0.001), and those who considered sensory appeal an important factor had higher odds of hesitancy (Odds ratio = 2.42; 95%CI:1.62,3.63; pvalue<0.001) towards upcycled food consumption compared to participants who did not consider these as important factors.Originality/valueThis is the first study investigating health and non-health-related upcycled food choice motives using a food choice questionnaire. Identifying these motives helps food developers and researchers determine factors influencing upcycled food consumption.

Introduction to the JAOCS oleogels virtual issue: Past and present

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 100, Issue 2 p. 93-93 Editorial Introduction to the JAOCS oleogels virtual issue: Past and present James A. Kenar, Corresponding Author James A. Kenar Editor-in-Chief (2016–2021) [email protected] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Food Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois, USA Correspondence James A. Kenar, USDA/ARS/NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA. Email: [email protected] Silvana Martini, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 750 North 1200 East 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSilvana Martini, Corresponding Author Silvana Martini Editor-in-Chief [email protected] Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA Correspondence James A. Kenar, USDA/ARS/NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA. Email: [email protected] Silvana Martini, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 750 North 1200 East 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author James A. Kenar, Corresponding Author James A. Kenar Editor-in-Chief (2016–2021) [email protected] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Food Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois, USA Correspondence James A. Kenar, USDA/ARS/NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA. Email: [email protected] Silvana Martini, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 750 North 1200 East 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSilvana Martini, Corresponding Author Silvana Martini Editor-in-Chief [email protected] Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA Correspondence James A. Kenar, USDA/ARS/NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA. Email: [email protected] Silvana Martini, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 750 North 1200 East 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12653 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program (not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume100, Issue2February 2023Pages 93-93 This article also appears in:JAOCS Virtual Issue: Oleogels, Past and Present RelatedInformation

Issue Information

International Journal of Food Science & TechnologyVolume 58, Issue 2 p. i-iv Issue InformationFree Access Issue Information First published: 19 January 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15842AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume58, Issue2February 2023Pages i-iv RelatedInformation

PERSPECTIVE ON THE PROS AND CONS, MANUFACTURING ASPECTS, AND RECENT ADVANCES IN NON-DAIRY MILK ALTERNATIVES

Cow's milk has served as a crucial part of the human diet for ages due to its nutritional benefits. However, in recent years, non-dairy milk alternatives (NDMAs) have surpassed cow's milk in its popularity due to different issues associated with cow's milk consumption. Although NDMAs contain additives, sweeteners, are deficient in good quality protein and entail a lack bioavailability of nutrients, they make for an appealing choice of consumers since they are a good source of bioactive components and carry a healthy fatty acid profile. Despite their popularity, there are concerns regarding their commercialization, as they lack stability upon storage and standardized technology for their large-scale production. The problems present a broad field for both the food industry and researchers to work synergistically in developing novel milk alternatives that are wholesome, healthy, cost-effective, and have better techno-functionality. This review comprehensively assesses the current scenario, health aspects, and production technologies in developing NDMAs, considering the accompanying challenges and promising prospects.

Food Ingredients for the Future: In-Depth Analysis of the Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation on Spent Barley Rootlets

Repurposing by-products to alternative applications has become a vital part of food research. Barley rootlets (BRs) are a side-stream of malting and brewing industries. This study focuses on processing BRs into food ingredients, using fermentation with five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a valorisation technique. The strains used were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FST 1.7, Lactobacillus amylovorus FST2.11, Weissella cibaria MG1, Leuconostoc citreum TR116 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri R29. The influence of fermentation on sugar/FODMAP/acid compositions and microbial metabolites in BRs was analysed. A variety of techno-functional properties were also evaluated. Results showed BRs were a suitable substrate for LAB, particularly for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FST 1.7 and Lactobacillus amylovorus FST2.11. Sugar, acid and the FODMAP composition of the fermented BRs demonstrated various traits imparted by LABs, including high mannitol production from Leuconostoc citreum TR116 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri R29. Limosilactobacillus reuteri R29 also produced fructans using BRs as a substrate. A techno-functional analysis of BRs showed a significant reduction in α-amylase activity post sterilisation and fermentation. Fermentation reduced water-binding capacity and significantly increased oil-binding capacity. The LAB used displayed great potential in improving the functionality of BRs as a food ingredient while also showcasing LAB fermentation as a viable processing aid for BR valorisation.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem: Quantitative process optimization and bioactives analysis

AbstractGiloy (Tinospora cordifolia), a medicinal herb, contains several bioactives having immunomodulatory properties and various health benefits. In this study, giloy stem extract was derived using ultrasound process followed by screening of secondary metabolites and bioactives. Box–Behnken design coupled with RSM was employed for the optimization of yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of GSE with respect to solvent‐to‐solid (SS) ratio, sonication time (ST), and ultrasound amplitude (UA). The UA, ST and their interaction effects had significantly influenced the green extract yield and quality. The optimum extractions conditions were found to be 30% (UA), 10:1 (SS ratio), and 30 min (ST). The optimum responses were obtained as follows: extract yield: 9.614 ± 0.015%, TPC: 100.04 ± 0.133 (mg GAE/100 g extract), and DPPH % inhibition: 78.8523 ± 0.399%. Screening of optimized extract through HR‐LCMS‐QTOF reported the presence of major polyphenols such as malic acid, catechin, and quercitrin with a match factor of 99.23%, 98.65%, and 90.58%, respectively.Practical applicationsGiloy (T. cordifolia) is a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties and chemical stability. Recent trends suggest paradigm shift toward research and development of active food from the herbal plant for special purposes such as supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, or medicine. Thus, non‐thermal extraction and characterization of extract for screening along with higher retention of bioactive from herbal plants such as giloy and its utilization becomes a crucial part of any industry. In this regard, the present study on ultrasound extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process.

Solanum carolinense L.

<i>Solanum carolinense</i> L.

The Heterogeneous Effects of Central and Local Subsidies on Firms’ Innovation

Four decades of rapid economic growth have enabled the Chinese government to dedicate more resources to research and development. China is the world’s second largest spender on food and agricultural research in terms of absolute expenditures and the largest investor on a purchasing power parity basis. Using a unique panel dataset collected in 2019 in China’s seed company and fixed effect models, this study analyzes the heterogeneous effects of central subsidies and local subsidies. Specifically, this study first tests whether government subsidies have a positive impact on firms’ innovation. Then, this study answers whether the impact of local subsidies differs from that of central subsidies. The estimation results show that the central subsidies positively contribute to firm’s innovation, while the impact of local subsidies on firms’ innovation has not been confirmed. Further analysis shows that local subsidies positively affect firms’ economic performance. That is, rather than focusing on research capacity, local governments are more concerned about firms’ current economic performance due to the performance-based promotion scheme in China. Based on this study, local governments should implement similar methods to those of the central government in research project funding and criteria for selecting research projects to promote firms’ innovation.

Configuring more responsible knowledge-based bio-economies: the case of alternative agro-food networks

ABSTRACT The ‘knowledge-based bio-economy’ (KBBE) constitutes a prominent research and innovation policy narrative underlining the centrality of knowledge and innovation as important products and resources driving contemporary economies and societies. However, a narrow understanding of the KBBE prevails, resulting in the exclusion of a wider diversity of stakeholders and knowledges that could lead to the production of more responsible research and innovation (RRI). This paper aims to contribute to configuring more responsible knowledge-based bio-economies, by exploring the potential of other economic developments, such as this of alternative agro-food networks (AAFNs) to constitute knowledge-based bio-economies. Drawing on research conducted in the Northwest England, this paper unpacks the diversity of knowledges and knowledge production processes within AAFNs, arguing for their potential to constitute an alternative, more responsible KBBE. In doing so, it encourages consideration of the centrality of knowledge inclusion and reflexivity in configuring more responsible research and innovation processes for agriculture and food.

Reflections on the politics of gendered food chains

abstract Throughout history, social relationships surrounding food have traditionally been divided along gender lines. That the food chain is gendered from kernel to platter is therefore probably to repeat a truism. Afterall, the most fundamental form of care, providing food, is still mostly carried out by women in the majority of societies today. In addition, despite having a duty to feed others, women may in many geo-political locations frequently fail to do so providing for their own needs. In this perspective, I consider gender and food related-relationships by exploring gender dynamics in the modern agrifood system. Firstly, I investigate the relationship between food and women’s subjugation and the sublimation of feminist consciousness. Secondly, I ask, how gender relations related to food are configured in the context of three categories of food − material, socio-cultural, and corporeal − that characterise women’s interactions with food (Allen & Sachs 2007). In each of these areas, gender is expressed in ways that I argue reflect women’s social disadvantage. Linkages between women’s work with food in the fields and labour market, their responsibilities for food provision in the care economy, and relationship with eating are explored. It is argued that these are integral to the field of food studies and research which has tended to ignore the normalisation of ‘women’s work’, undervalued domestic reproductive and productive labour. Integrating feminist studies with political economy can provide food studies with a theoretical framework that is able to throw light on some of the critical elements that shape gender relations in the agrifood system. Critical food studies, it is asserted, need to focus on steps women are taking to unsettle the existing oppressive power relations in the agrifood system.

Methods for the identification and quantification of microplastics in foods (a review)

The adverse effects of microplastics (MP) found in food on the health have recently been recognized as a new source of human health risks. In order to evaluate and minimize them, it is necessary to evaluate the exposure using sensitive and specific methods. The aim of the research was the substantiation of methodological approaches to the identification and quantification of microplastics in food based on the analysis of literature data. Material and methods. Literature selection was carried out using the PubMed international reference database for the period from 2014 to 2023 using keywords corresponding to the context of the research theme. A total of 159 sources were selected, of which 94 original and review papers were included in the review according to the criteria of their relevance to the problem under consideration, scientific reliability and completeness. Results. At present, various approaches have been developed that make it possible to isolate MPs from complex bioorganic matrices (such as, for example, seafood), classify them by chemical composition, and quantify their content through the mass or number of particles. Among the most developed physic-chemical methods for the analysis of MPs are Fourier transform IR spectrometry and Raman microspectrometry, pyrolysis gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, as well as approaches based on liquid chromatography, microfluorimetry, analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy and others. Unsolved problems in the field of MP research in food include the high laboriousness and low performance of the identification technologies used, the lack of reference and standard samples of MP, the complexity of the equipment used, which makes it difficult to use it for routine hygienic control. The issue of the influence of MP aging degree on the results of its qualitative and quantitative determination has not been sufficiently studied. Some hopes in the field of development of rapid analysis of MTs are pinned on the use of aptamers. Conclusion. Existing analytical methods make it possible to determine the content of MPs in environmental objects, but further improvement and validation of these methods is required in relation to the assessment of the content of MPs in various types of food.

Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research – Editorial News and Data Integrity

<i>Molecular Nutrition &amp; Food Research</i> – Editorial News and Data Integrity

Edible mushrooms: Functional foods or functional ingredients? A focus on &lt;i&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/i&gt; spp.

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;The increasing consumer demands for healthier and more sustainable foods has pushed the food industry in the constant research of new foods, new functional ingredients and bioactive compounds, whose production can be considered as far as sustainable. In this sense, application of the edible mushrooms has attracted the attention of industries because of their good nutritional quality, simple and economically affordable growth, taste, flavor, and textural properties, as well as the presence of bioactive compounds with positive effects on human health. Among edible mushrooms, &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/italic&gt; spp. are considered among the most popular all over the world. Their cultivation is very simple and sustainable, because &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/italic&gt; spp. efficiently grow on several substrates and can degrade various lignocellulosic waste materials. This means that &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/italic&gt; mushrooms can be cultivable all over the world. From the inclusion in food products as extracts to the incorporation as fresh or into powder form, several works have been published in the literature concerning the use of mushrooms as functional ingredients. However, mushroom addiction can modify functional and physicochemical properties of the supplemented foods, hence the main challenge to overcome is to not negatively affect the sensory properties. Although many scientific works have been published on the matter, further research is needed to better understand the role of mushrooms as functional ingredients, due to the different results reported. This review aims for providing the more recent information about &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/italic&gt; incorporation into foods, with a critical vision looking forward to the future, without forgetting an overview of the more recent literature about &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus&lt;/italic&gt; spp. nutritional value and their healthy promoting compounds.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

A review on ethnopharmacological study of clitoria ternatea

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Butterfly pea or Asian pigeon wings, is a perennial herbaceous plant that has gained considerable attention in ethnopharmacological research due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. The plant kingdom offers an invaluable array of terrestrial and marine flora utilized in traditional medicine, especially in India. Pharmacognosy, the study of raw drugs derived from natural sources, highlights the significance of these resources in treating various health conditions. Clitoria ternatea exemplifies this with its extensive medicinal applications, including treatments for skin conditions, sore throats, tumors, and neurological disorders. The plant's phytoconstituents, such as taraxerol, taraxerone, and flavonoids, are responsible for its pharmacological activities, which include antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and memory-enhancing effects. Widely utilized in both traditional and modern medicine, Clitoria ternatea's adaptability and diverse therapeutic potential underscore its importance for future research and applications in functional foods and health benefits.

Comparison of four digestion protocols on the physical characteristics of gastric digesta from cooked couscous using the Human Gastric Simulator.

In vitro digestion is widely employed in food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical research, and numerous in vitro gastric digestion protocols have been proposed, with a wide range of experimental conditions. Differences in the simulated gastric fluids (pH, mineral content, enzyme type and enzyme activity) of different digestion protocols may alter the results for the digestion of the same meal. This study aimed to investigate how variations in the gastric secretion rate and composition in four in vitro digestion protocols (Infogest Riddet, Infogest Semi-dynamic, UC Davis and United States Pharmacopeia) impacted the physical properties of the emptied gastric digesta. Cooked couscous was used as a model meal and subjected to simulated gastric digestion using a dynamic gastric model, the Human Gastric Simulator (HGS). The digesta were collected from the outlet of the HGS after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min. The gastric emptying of dry matter, pH, rheological properties, and particle size were evaluated. The digestion protocol significantly influenced the solid content and moisture content of the digesta (p < 0.001), particles per gram of dry matter (p < 0.0001), gastric emptying of dry matter (p < 0.003), shear stress at 0.45 s-1 and consistency coefficient (p < 0.0001). The presence of NaHCO3 in the Infogest Riddet and Infogest Semi-dynamic gastric secretions provided an additional buffering effect and increased the digesta pH during gastric digestion. Similarly, the inclusion of mucin in the UC Davis protocol resulted in a higher flow and viscoelastic properties of the emptied digesta. The highest dilution of gastric content in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) protocol resulted in larger particles emptied from the HGS and the longest gastric emptying half-time of all digestion protocols. These findings provide new insights into the impact of digestion protocols on the digesta properties, which can be beneficial for the design and standardization of in vitro digestion models.

Elucidation of genetic variation and population structure of melon genetic resources in the NARO Genebank, and construction of the World Melon Core Collection.

Numerous genetic resources of major crops have been introduced from around the world and deposited in Japanese National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Genebank. Understanding their genetic variation and selecting a representative subset ("core collection") are essential for optimal management and efficient use of genetic resources. In this study, we conducted genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to characterize the genetic relationships and population structure in 755 accessions of melon genetic resources. The GBS identified 39,324 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are distributed throughout the melon genome with high density (one SNP/10.6 kb). The phylogenetic relationships and population structure inferred using this SNP dataset are highly associated with the cytoplasm type and geographical origin. Our results strongly support the recent hypothesis that cultivated melon was established in Africa and India through multiple independent domestication events. Finally, we constructed a World Melon Core Collection that covers at least 82% of the genetic diversity and has a wide range of geographical origins and fruit morphology. The genome-wide SNP dataset, phylogenetic relationships, population structure, and the core collection provided in this study should largely contribute to genetic research, breeding, and genetic resource preservation in melon.

Development and application of lipidomics for food research.

Lipidomics is an emerging and promising omics derived from metabolomics to comprehensively analyze all of lipid molecules in biological matrices. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the development and application of lipidomics for food research. First, three aspects of sample preparation are introduced: food sampling, lipid extraction, and transportation and storage. Second, five types of instruments for data acquisition are summarized: direct infusion-mass spectrometry (MS), chromatographic separation-MS, ion mobility-MS, MS imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Third, data acquisition and analysis software are described for the lipidomics software development. Fourth, the application of lipidomics for food research is discussed such as food origin and adulteration analysis, food processing research, food preservation research, and food nutrition and health research. All the contents suggest that lipidomics is a powerful tool for food research based on its ability of lipid component profile analysis.

빅데이터 분석을 활용한 비건음식 소비자 인식연구

This study analyzed consumers' perceptions of 'Vegan food', which has recently become a global issue, with big data. Text data from 2020 to 2022 were collected from Daum and Naver with the word ‘Vegan food’ in using Textom. The results of this study are intended to provide relevant data to vegan food and food researchers. A total of 3,866(1,469KB) cases of collected data were analyzed for the data refinement process based on the collected data. Afterwards, frequency analysis and TF-IDF analysis were performed to extract the top 50 key words with high frequency of exposure. The density index of the network was identified through the degree of connectivity centrality analysis, and the connectivity relationship between component nodes was visualized based on centrality. and then the CONCOR analysis was performed through the connectivity relationship of core nodes to classify into four clusters.