Jonathan Culpeper Research Articles

The processing of fictional characters: A synthesis of Culpeper's and Pettersson's models

In the last few decades, fictional characterisation has become an issue of an exceptionally big interest in cognitive science. Among many other important works in this area of research, Jonathan Culpeper's cognitive stylistic model is a particularly worthy contribution, which provides pragmatic and cognitive explanations for various insights regarding fictional character processing. This paper proposes that there is a way of further elucidating the picture of characterisation by bringing into Culpeper's model Anders Pettersson's perspective on characterisation, emerging from his cluster conception. The explanation of how this perspective can be added to Culpeper's work will be provided in terms of similarities and differences between their models. My chief aim is to provide an interdisciplinary synthesis of the two models and apply the ideas coming from two different research directions to Sherwood Anderson's story "Mother" from the Winesburg, Ohio cycle.

Impoliteness and Gender: An Analysis Of Animation Series Family Guy Season 20th

This study examines the use of impoliteness strategies and their relationship with gender in the animated series "Family Guy," with a specific focus on the 20th season. The objective is to determine whether the creators differentiate the use of impolite language between male and female characters and which gender employs these strategies more frequently. Using Jonathan Culpeper's 1996 frameworks, impoliteness strategies were categorized into five types: bald on record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm, and withhold politeness. A qualitative descriptive method was employed to analyse dialogues transcribed from the animations. The findings reveal six instances of impoliteness from Lois Griffin, including three bald on record utterances, two positive incivility utterances, and one withhold politeness utterance. In contrast, Peter Griffin exhibited 11 instances of impoliteness, consisting of one bald on record utterance, six positive impoliteness utterances, one negative impoliteness utterance, and three sarcastic utterances, with no examples of withhold politeness. The analysis indicates that female characters' impoliteness utterances are fewer than male characters, potentially due to limited screen time. However, the nature of Lois Griffin's impoliteness was similar to Peter's, suggesting that the creators did not design female characters to be more polite. This challenges traditional gender stereotypes regarding language use.

Impoliteness Strategies In The Third Indonesia Presidential Debate 2024: Pragmatics Research

This research examines the impoliteness strategies employed during the third Indonesian Presidential Debate of 2024 from a pragmatic perspective. Using Jonathan Culpeper's theories of impoliteness (1996, 2011) as a theoretical framework, the research aims to identify and analyze the types of impoliteness strategies used by presidential candidates and determine their functions within the debate context. The research utilizes a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected from the Kompas TV YouTube channel's broadcast of the debate. The research focuses on identifying instances of bald-on-record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm/mock politeness, and withhold politeness. Additionally, it examines whether these strategies serve affective, coercive, or entertaining functions. Preliminary analysis reveals the presence of four types of impoliteness strategies: bald-on-record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm. Notably, bald-on-record impoliteness emerged as the most frequently used strategy, while no instances of withhold politeness were observed. The affective function was found to be the most prevalent, suggesting that candidates often employ impoliteness to express emotions and influence audience perceptions. This research contributes to the field of pragmatics by providing insights into language use in high-stakes political contexts. It also offers a deeper understanding of how impoliteness strategies can impact public perception and the democratic process in Indonesia. The findings may serve as a valuable resource for future studies on political discourse and communication strategies in presidential debates.

ANALYSIS OF IMPOLITENESS COMMENTS OF NETIZEN ON NAJWA SHIHAB YOUTUBE CHANNEL

This study is entitled "Analysis of Impoliteness Comments of Netizens on Najwa Shihab YouTube Channel". This study aims to examine the types of impoliteness strategies used by netizens in speaking in the comments column of Najwa Shihab's YouTube channel on the show "Ganjar Pranowo Bicara Gagasan" based on Jonathan Culpeper’s theory. In this study, the research design used is a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the types of impoliteness strategies used by netizens in commenting on the comment section of Najwa Shihab's YouTube channel on the "Ganjar Pranowo Bicara Gagasan" video uploaded in September 2023. Data will be obtained from transcripts of printed materials related to incivility, with Culpeper's theory as the basis of analysis. The results of this study identified four types of impoliteness strategies from 100 comments studied contain impoliteness strategies on the video, the four categories of impoliteness identified include: Bald on Record Impoliteness (25%), Positive Impoliteness (22%) with Insukting Others (3%), Rejecting Similarities with the Listener (1%), Diverting Topics that are Sensitive or do not want to be Discussed (5%), Using Inappropriate Code (1%), Not Interested in Conversation (6%), Look For Differences Opinion (4%), and Using Unclear and Confidential Language (2%), negative impoliteness (26%), and Sarcasm or Mock impoliteness (27%), while Withhold Politeness is not found because it can only be found in oral speech. Based on the analysis, Sarcasm or Mock Impoliteness (27%) is the most dominant type of impoliteness strategy. From these findings, it can be concluded that Indonesian netizens often express meanings that are opposite to the words they actually say, which aims to criticize or make fun of their interlocutors in a subtle way.

Impoliteness Strategies in The Daily Show (TDS)

This research focuses on identifying the impoliteness strategies used by the host Trevor Noah in The Daily Show and explaining the purposes of the most frequently used strategy. It also aims at analyzing Trevor Noah’s utterances that use impoliteness strategies proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1996 / 2005). According to the findings of this research, Trevor's total impoliteness utterances are (19), which encompass four impoliteness strategies outlined by Culpeper: bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock politeness. It also shows that negative impoliteness is the most commonly employed strategy. It recurs (10) times and accounts for (52.631%) of the total strategies within the data. Trevor employs it as a strategy to delight the audience. He usually employs 'condescend, despise, scorn, belittle or ridicule' negative impoliteness sub-categories to create laughter and amuse (entertain) the audience by providing them the pleasure of hearing someone being mocked, ridiculed, scorned or belittled.

IMPOLITENESS IN THE TAMING OF THE SHREW: A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

Pragmatics, as a sub-field of linguistics, requires social, situational and textual contexts to understand language in use in certain speech events. Moreover, gender is a defining factor in pragmatics that shows interlocutors’ limits, capacities and roles in society. This present paper aims to demonstrate how Jonathan Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategies are adopted by Petruchio and Katharina, the two main characters in The Taming of the Shrew and demonstrate their values, relationship and linguistic impoliteness from a pragmatic perspective with a discourse analytic approach. Gender roles in the play determine how the female and male characters communicate and employ impoliteness strategies according to traditional gender roles. The play deals with a patriarchally enforced marriage and gender roles determined by the patriarchy. The selected dramatic extracts show that Katharina, a socially inappropriate and defiant female protagonist, attacks Petruchio, her suitor, with positive impoliteness, while Petruchio keeps employing positive politeness. However, their marital bond obliterates the social distance between them. Katharina has no choice but to face her husband’s positive and bald on record impoliteness to find peace towards the end of the play.

The Analysis of Impoliteness Strategies on Ice Cube's Songs

This study analyzes impoliteness strategies, specifically identifying the types and functions of impoliteness strategies contained in the lyrics of rap songs from Ice Cube. The total rap songs used in this study amounted to 10 rap songs. This research uses descriptive qualitative as a research method. There are 53 lines of stanza in lyrics taken and after being identified the data related to the type and function of Jonathan Culpeper's impolite strategy theory. The results of the analysis indicate that most used impoliteness strategy appears in the lyrics of rap songs from Ice Cube is Positive Impoliteness with 24 data. In the lyrics of the song, Ice Cube uses a lot of taboo words, unfamiliar words, and improper identity changes. In addition, the function Affective Impoliteness is the most used in the lyrics with 20 data. In addition, this study also describes the representation of the African-American race described by Ice Cube through the lyrics of the rap song. What can be found is the use of terms that refer to the African-American race, the way that the police treat the African-American race, and also the representation of the injustices that the African-American race gets.

Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategies in Neil Simon’s ‘Biloxi Blues’

Impoliteness has recently been of interest to scholars as a linguistic study in the field of pragmatics. It has emerged as the opposite orientation to politeness strategy, theory and studies. This paper explores how the impoliteness strategies mapped out by Jonathan Culpeper (1996) are employed in dramatic texts. It examines Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies designed to investigate face in the dramatic text. This paper tests the strategies through Neil Simon’s Biloxi Blues (1985). This dramatic comedy is used for three reasons: (1) as a drama, it is a mirror of life and real-life speech events; (2) impoliteness strategies provide a resource to analyse impolite interactions between the characters in dialogic discourse; (3) dramatic texts provide a rich context to interpret and analyse verbal and non-verbal impoliteness strategies. Impoliteness strategies can cause disharmony and conflict between characters in a dramatic text. The interactions exchanged by the characters in Biloxi Blues are analysed according to Culpeper’s five impoliteness strategies: bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and withhold politeness. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to determine how face-threatening acts are incorporated into the play in line with Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies propounded in his article entitled Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness (1996). The paper also examines how the characters react to face-threatening acts. In the twelve selected dramatic extracts, seventeen cases of positive impoliteness, ten cases of bald on record impoliteness, eight cases of sarcasm or mock politeness, and four cases of negative impoliteness have been observed. Moreover, it has also been observed that the characters use taboo words and abusive and strong language. The bald on record impolite acts are aggravated mainly by abuses, sexual insults and name-calling strategies. Racial slurs have also been identified as a part of positive impoliteness.

Pragmatics of Impoliteness in Construction Sites: A Case study of Mwanza, Tanzania

This article examined Pragmatics of Impoliteness in the construction sites: A case study of Mwanza region. The study based on Jonathan Culpeper’s impoliteness model (1996) and revised by Culpeper in 2005. Moreover, impoliteness strategies, reasons for using impoliteness, as well as responses for impoliteness in construction sites have been researched. The study is of the view that impoliteness strategies are applied in the construction sites so as to achieve certain goals. This is a qualitative study with the data gathered through observation, interview and focus group discussion. The data have been collected from the seven construction sites. The study concluded that all the five impoliteness strategies (Bald on record, positive, negative, mock or sarcasm impoliteness and withhold politeness) listed by Culpeper were used by the construction workers and there were reasons for using impoliteness strategies some of them were; to raise working morale, to entertain the workers and to provide simple and clear information and instruction.

Impoliteness Strategies Used by the Employees of Karen’s Diner in Serving Their Customers

This research paper focuses on the impoliteness strategies employed by the employees of Karen's Diner in serving their customers. Through this research, I would like to know how Karen's Diner’s employees apply impoliteness as a strategy in communicating with their customers and why they use the impoliteness strategies. To support this research, I use the theory of impoliteness by Jonathan Culpeper (1996, 2005, 2011). In this study, I discovered that Karen's Diner employees apply impoliteness as several strategies, including by rejecting customers, by ordering customers, by warning customers, and by insulting customers. In addition, I also discovered that the employees of Karen's diner use the four impoliteness strategies to entertain their customers that can be seen from the positive reactions given by customers to the impoliteness treatments from the employees such as saying that they enjoy being at Karen's Diner, they recommend other people to visit Karen's Diner, and they will return to Karen's DIner.

(Im)politeness Strategies Used in Vice -Presidential Candidates Debate Between Mike Pence and Sen. Kamala Harris

Politeness is necessary for the way people socialize. However, some people choose to communicate impolitely despite knowing that it’s inappropriate. This study aims to find out how people use impoliteness strategies in communication, and identify the impoliteness strategies used in the Vice-Presidential United States of Amerika candidates debate between Mike Pence and Sen. Kamala Harris on October 8th, 2020, while also figuring out the purpose of using these strategies in the debate. For this reason, to identify the use of impoliteness strategies, the researcher used Jonathan Culpeper's (2005) theory of impoliteness strategies and a qualitative approach to analyze the data. The data was taken from a YouTube video entitled “Full Debate: Vice President Mike Pence and Sen. Kamala Harris | WSJ” posted by the Wall Street Journal on October 8, 2020. The results of this study revealed that four out of five impolite strategies were used, with negative impoliteness as the most commonly used strategy. The other four strategies are bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm and mock politeness. Meanwhile, withholding politeness was never used in the debate.

Hate Speech Between Arab Sports Fans on Social Media (Arabic)

This study sought to monitor the hate speech between Arab sports fans on social media. The researcher relied on both discourse and content analysis to analyze 41,505 comments that were published on the Egyptian Al-Ahly Club page on Facebook about the 2018 African Champions League final between Al-Ahly and the Tunisian Esperance team. The study relied on Jonathan Culpeper's impoliteness model (1996). The results showed the spread of hate speech among Arab sports fans on social media; where hate speech appeared in nearly half of the comments subject to the analysis. The results also revealed that hate speech was not limited to the sports reference frame only; rather, it also included the social, political, religious, and historical reference frames. The results showed that males use impolite speech more than females, and that anonymity is not the influential factor in producing impolite speech through social media.

STRATEGI KETIDAKSANTUNAN DALAM VIDEO DEBAT PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN TAHUN 2019

The goal of this article is to identify and explain impoliteness strategies in the 2019 presidential election debate and to evaluate the role of impoliteness used in the 2019 presidential debate. Qualitative descriptive is the kind of method that used by the researcher. The data was gathered from four YouTube videos of the 2019 presidential election debates and analyzed using the distributional and identity methods. This study used the theory of impoliteness by Jonathan Culpeper (2005) which withhold politeness, sarcasm or mock politeness, negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness, dan bald on record impoliteness. Based on the research result, it is found negative impoliteness was the most frequent impoliteness strategy, accounting for 43%. The speaker demonstrated his superiority by accusing and condemning the flaws of others in this strategy.Keywords: Impoliteness, Impoliteness Strategies, Debate, Election

Pushing against the boundaries: Entertaining impoliteness and taboo discourse in the Egyptian TV showAbla Fahita

AbstractImpoliteness can be defined as the use of “communicative strategies” which are “designed to attack face, and thereby cause social conflict and disharmony” (Culpeper et al. 2003, 1564). The present study applies Jonathan Culpeper’s (2011a) model of “impoliteness” supplemented by the notions of jocular mockery, jocular abuse, and recipients’ responses (Bousfield 2008, 2010, Haugh and Bousfield 2012) to the Egyptian TV show Abla Fahita. Abla Fahita (Egyptian Arabic: أبلة فاهيتا‎ [ʾabla fāhīta]) is a puppet character that has regularly appeared on Egyptian television since 2011. The show is hugely popular and has been phenomenally successful, being watched on average by millions, according to the Egyptian Centre for Research on Public Opinion. It should be noted, however, that, due to the conservative nature of Egyptian culture, Abla Fahita and other similar TV shows are considered to violate Egyptian politeness standards radically. Hence, such shows have been condemned as degrading and of low moral standards and have been accused of causing a deterioration in the standards of Egyptian public taste. Despite all denunciations, Abla Fahita still enjoys a huge audience and dominates broadcast ratings. Part of the show’s popularity can be ascribed to its characteristic impoliteness, particularly Abla Fahita’s off-beat expressions in mocking her guests and her use of sexual innuendo, which is seen as entertaining by many viewers. The study, which reveals thatAbla Fahitaemploys what can be called a humorous-impoliteness formula to entertain viewers, is an attempt to apply contemporary Impoliteness Theory across cultures, and to Colloquial Egyptian Arabic in particular.

Impoliteness Strategies in Trevor Noah’s <em>Afraid of The Dark<em> Stand-up Comedy Show

This research focuses on identifying the impoliteness strategies and explaining the purposes of the most frequently used strategy in Afraid of the Dark stand-up comedy show performed by Trevor Noah. The data of this research are Trevor Noah’s utterances which contains impoliteness strategies. The analysis was based on the impoliteness strategies theory proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1996). The result of this research shows that Trevor Noah uses 105 instances of impoliteness strategies which cover all five types of strategies proposed by Culpeper; bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and withhold politeness. Based on the findings, negative impoliteness is found to be the most frequently used strategy. It occurs 42 times or with a percentage of 40% of the whole data. This high frequency of negative impoliteness strategy is used to entertain the audience. Trevor Noah mostly used ‘condescend, scorn, or ridicule’ sub-strategies of negative impoliteness intended to amuse and entertain the audience and also to induce laughter when hearing one being ridiculed or disparaged.

Impoliteness Strategies in Trevor Noah’s Afraid of The Dark Stand-up Comedy Show

This research focuses on identifying the impoliteness strategies and explaining the purposes of the most frequently used strategy in Afraid of the Dark stand-up comedy show performed by Trevor Noah. The data of this research are Trevor Noah’s utterances which contains impoliteness strategies. The analysis was based on the impoliteness strategies theory proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1996). The result of this research shows that Trevor Noah uses 105 instances of impoliteness strategies which cover all five types of strategies proposed by Culpeper; bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and withhold politeness. Based on the findings, negative impoliteness is found to be the most frequently used strategy. It occurs 42 times or with a percentage of 40% of the whole data. This high frequency of negative impoliteness strategy is used to entertain the audience. Trevor Noah mostly used ‘condescend, scorn, or ridicule’ sub-strategies of negative impoliteness intended to amuse and entertain the audience and also to induce laughter when hearing one being ridiculed or disparaged.

Interventions of Speakers of Polish and British Parliaments in the light of politeness theory

Abstract The present study attempts to analyze the interventions of Speakers of Polish and British Parliaments in the selected exchanges from 2018 to 2019 in terms of discourse-sensitive politeness theory advanced by Jonathan Culpeper. He proposes to use three types of impoliteness that affect three types of interlocutors’ faces via a range of impoliteness strategies. In the analyses we consider the linguistic, personal, and cultural as well as political context of the exchanges against the background of the unique, historically rooted institutional circumstances, with a special emphasis on the role of different physical contexts of respective Parliamentary chambers. We emphasize the discursive nature and continuum of (im)polite/(in)appropriate behaviors. In conclusion, the study falls back on Brown and Levinson’s tradition, argued not to be incompatible with Culpeper’s system, and confirms the existence of largely negative and largely positive politeness cultures, emphasizing the prevalence of Polish formal, impersonal, sometimes also affective impoliteness in contrast to the British somewhat more person-oriented, coercive impoliteness.

A Pragmatic Analysis of Impoliteness Forms and Strategies in Ekegusii Arbitration Discourse, Kenya

Politeness is a pragmatic concept that assumes mutually co-orperative behavior considerateness for others and polished behaviour in verbal interactions. Politeness guards against harming the hearer and speaker's self-esteem (face) during conversation. However, some speakers may intentionally attack the target's face by being impolite. The purpose of this study was to analyze the linguistic impoliteness forms and strategies employed in EkeGusii arbitration discourse. The study adopted an analytical research design and was guided by The Theory of Impoliteness by Jonathan Culpeper. Naturally occurring data was collected through tape recording of actual arbitration conversations, semi-structured interviews and the researcher's native speaker intuitions. The study population constituted the utterances from participants of the arbitration sessions held. The sample population constituted the actual impolite words and utterances spoken during arbitration conversations. The study was carried out in Bonchari and south Mugirango Constituencies in Kisii County in Kenya since speakers in the two constituencies belong to the two dialects of EkeGusii; Ekerogoro and Ekemaate dialectsWith permission from Rongo University, NACOSTI and the county Government, data collection was done through tape recording of the actual arbitration discourse, oral interviews after the arbitration sessions were conducted and through non-participant observation. Data analysis was done in line with Culpeper's Theory of Impoliteness.The findings of this study revealed that most arbitrators attacked the face of those whose cases they arbitrated over. The face attacks made those in conflict dissatisfied with the resolutions reached by the arbitrators often leading to discontentment among those who were not favoured by the verdicts reached. The findings of this study may contribute to the study of impoliteness in Eke Gusii as one of the languages of the world hence enriching research on etiquette and communicative competence. Findings of this study, if availed to arbitrators, may enlighten and even render them better users of language in arbitration.

Translation Technique of the Impoliteness in Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire

This study is a about the analysis of impoliteness strategies are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. The data were taken from the fourth series of Harry Potter series entitled Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire and its translation version Harry Potter dan Piala Api. The aims of this study are to find out the types of impoliteness strategies in the original novel and to identify what techniques applied to translate of the impoliteness. This study used impoliteness strategies theory proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1995) in order to analyze the impoliteness strategies as the linguistic data. The translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) was used to identify the translation techniques applied by translator.

Facework and Prosocial Teasing in a Synchronous Video Communication Exchange

This study centres on the analysis of prosocial teasing during a videoconference (telecollaboration) exchange between mixed-gender adolescent secondary school students from Spain and Germany. We contend that the provocative elements present in prosocial teasing activate a play frame, in Gregory Bateson’s terms, in which seemingly hostile face acts can be interpreted as playful behaviour. We argue that successful teasing can ultimately enhance the face of the teaser and that of the person being teased and thus build up rapport between them. Our analysis of the facework in the interaction during this telecollaboration exchange is based on Erwin Goffman’s notions of face, demeanour and deference and stands in opposition to the dominant (im)politeness paradigm put forward by Jonathan Culpeper, which has its roots in Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson’s seminal work. Keywords: facework; teasing; telecollaboration; language learning