Joint Solution Research Articles

The principle of the executive power unity in the contemporary Russian federative model

The article considers the unity of executive power in the federative model of contemporary Russia to show that a single system of executive power within the Russian political-legal culture presupposes a hierarchical relationship between executive authorities of different levels. Such specifics of the relationship between the federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation contradicts the idea of a vertical division of powers. The Russian model of federal relations is based on the fact that if the interests of the federation and its subjects are intertwined the best decision is not to isolate or separate the levels of power but rather to help them to interact, to provide a joint solution to the challenges of the state and its constituent parts. The author studied the federal legal acts and the practice of the Constitutional Court, in which the principle of the unity of the executive power was reinforced and evaluated. The article is based on the culturological approach as a kind of the system-structural analysis of law and other elements of social reality. This approach allows to consider the specifics of the Russian federalism as a special model of public administration in dynamics, and the corresponding institutions in their constant interaction and development. The formal-legal method allowed to identify the legal content of the principle of the state power system unity as the ‘cornerstone’ of the Russian federative structure. As a result, the article presents the following cultural-historical model of the Russian federative relations: it allows for widespread decentralization in the political sphere (by providing a list of objects of joint jurisdiction of the federal center and the subjects of the Russian Federation, and also - by residual principle - the exclusive legislative competence of the subjects), while the federal center strengthens centralization mechanisms in the administrative sphere (through the distribution of powers within the joint jurisdiction), thus, ensuring political competition under the tough statist principles in public administration.

Framing work and welfare: Insights from the growing relevance of company welfare in Italy

This article applies the concept of frames of reference to contemporary work and welfare dynamics by focusing on the growing relevance of company welfare in Italy after the 2008 crisis. The analysis considers how this occurred along three phases: in the first, a path-breaking case, Luxottica, demonstrates the potential of company welfare; then, Renzi’s government promotes company welfare through tax breaks; finally, trade unions try to affect the diffusion of company welfare, displaying contrasting ideologies as well as pragmatic joint solutions in the process. Overall, two contiguous sub-frames – consultative unitarism and collaborative pluralism – offer the mainstream justification to the events and the policy debate around them, a debate in which the industrial relations scholarship played a key role. However, a critical interpretation is present too, suggesting that the relevance of company welfare is driven by the mobilisation of a political and economic elite and results in few cases of positive employment relations alongside broad social and economic imbalances.

Methodology for distributing information protection tasks between computer devices of automated systems based on the branch and border method

The influence of software protection on various information systems is analyzed. Using set theory, the use of computational resources for the joint solution of direct tasks and information protection tasks in an automated system is described. A hybrid implementation of computing in a CPU + GPU system is proposed. The relevance of using the branch and bound method to compile a minimum schedule of information security tasks in a hybrid multiprocessor system is considered. The features of processing data structures by various types of calculators are indicated. The computational strategies of the branch and bound method with the greatest possibility of acceleration with limited resources are analyzed. The efficiency criterion is selected, the performance indicators are considered when applying the frontal and one-sided branching strategies depending on the complexity of the calculations and the amount of occupied memory. The generalized indicator of efficiency is defined. The prospects of applying the considered method in distributed systems through distributed programming are emphasized.

Policy issue interdependency and the formation of collaborative networks

AbstractEnvironmental problems often span a set of challenges that each may engage different policy actors across different policy domains. These challenges, orpolicy issues, nonetheless exhibit interdependencies that may constrain the ability of actors to work together towards joint solutions.Still, we have limited knowledge about whether and how policy issue interdependencies actually shape how actors collaborate.Using data derived from two venues for collaborative water governance in the Norrström basin, Sweden, we investigate whether and how policy issues and policy issue interdependencies influence actors' selection of collaborative partners. We test two alternative sets of propositions; one set assumes that partner selection is driven by actors' engagement in policy issues and their interdependencies, while the other set emphasises social positions and actor attributes.Our results show that in one venue, actors' choices of collaborative partner were associated with factors from both sets, but not with policy issue interdependencies specifically. In the other venue, only actor and relational attributes shaped social tie formation. These results suggest that how actors interact does not necessarily align with the policy issues and the policy issue interdependencies defined by the environmental problem they are to address.Our results provide an important step towards arriving at evidence‐based recommendations for more effective collaborative efforts in addressing complex environmental problems that no actor can address alone.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Thermal properties of cellulose-chitosan composite fibers

Cellulose-chitosan composite fibers were obtained by the method of wet spinning from joint solutions in phosphoric acid. Thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods have been used to evaluate their thermal properties in the range of 20-600 °C in air atmosphere. It was found that the temperature of the maximum decomposition rate of composite fibers lies between the temperatures characteristic of individual components. It is shown that the addition of chitosan to cellulose leads to an increase in the mass of the carbon residue and gives the cellulosic fibers a self-extinguishing property. The observed effect is explained by the uniform distribution of cellulose and chitosan macromolecules and their aggregates separated by interphase layers in each other, in which a net of interpenetrating segments of both polymer macromolecules is represented. This provides the incombustibility for composite fibers with a chitosan content of more than 20 % and maintaining the integrity of the fibers after processing them with a solvent of chitosan-acetic acid.

India’s Inequality Trap: The Role Played by Taxation Policies and Automation

Abstract Recent increases in automation and unemployment have aggravated income inequality in India. Thus, it is imperative for policy-makers to cut down on inequality and unemployment while promoting planned automation. This paper proposes a joint solution to reform India’s taxation framework to fight income inequality while promoting planned automation. The paper finds that the current tax policies are severely increasing income inequality in India, and this, in turn, has lead to alarming consumption and economic slowdown in key industries. Unable to encourage the demand side, industries have responded by cutting down labour costs. This has created an inequality trap. To bring India out of this trap, it is imperative that India moves ahead with taxing concentrated capital and invests in re-skilling. Further, India also must give effect to Baumol’s cost disease insight and create new job opportunities for the rural youth, which is at the highest risk of unemployment.

Let's collaborate but how: Discussing collaboration barriers and opportunities in the digital era

AbstractGovernments are interested in higher levels of collaboration, joint solutions and partnerships, in part to deal with cross‐sector wicked problems. However, success is limited due to the barriers to effective collaboration. This research note reports some of the results of a systematic literature review that identified common barriers to inter‐organizational collaboration across sectors, regrouping them in three key categories of cognitive, power and communication barriers. In the second part, a synergy map is used to link those barriers to less conventional approaches and solutions that can help overcome them and facilitate collaboration, including conceptual frameworks, visual thinking tools and online collaboration platforms.

Исследование напряженного состояния угольного целика между очистной и подготовительной выработками методами механики деформируемого тела

To ensure safe conditions for mining operations and increase labor productivity, a reliable assessment of the stress state of the coal-rock mass is required. The model is presented concerning the geomechanical state of the massif hosting the coal seam, treatment, and preparatory workings. The model is developed based on the fundamental methods of solid mechanics and ensures a computational experiment and the reliability of the results. Stress distribution in the coal-rock mass in the vicinity of the in-seam workings was calculated in two stages. First, the stress field in the edge zones of the coal seam and in the collapsed rocks was determined by the methods of mechanics of the flowing medium. Distribution of stresses in the extremely stressed zones of the seam and the layer of collapsed rocks behind the working excavation was found by the method of characteristics by solving differential equations of the hyperbolic type. They are obtained based on the of the joint solution of the equilibrium equations, general and special Coulomb — Mohr criteria of the transition of the seam and the collapsed layer, as well as their contacts with the lateral rocks to the limiting state. Then, by replacing extremely stressed zones of the coal seam and the layer of the collapsed rocks with stresses acting at the contacts with the surrounding massif, the problem is reduced to the integral equation of the second external boundary value problem of the theory of elasticity. It is solved by the method of boundary integral equations. Insignificant influence of changes in the angle of internal friction of the collapsed rocks on the parameters of the seam bearing pressure in the vicinity of the treatment and development workings is shown. However, it significantly effects on the bearing pressure in the extremely stressed zone of the collapsed rocks layer.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND AREA OF EXISTENCE OF THE FAMILY CRANKS AND MOBILE MECHANISMS WITH THE MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION ANGLE

The article examines crank-rocker mechanisms. Such mechanisms are used in transport and technological machines. The article is devoted to the search for a new family of crank-rocker mechanisms. A mathematical model of a new family of crank-rocker mechanisms is obtained. In this family, the maximum transmission angle reaches 90 when the crank angle is 75. Thus, the new family of crank-rocker mechanisms differs from the known families by the position of the mechanism in which the maximum of the transmission angle function takes place. It is shown that, with a certain ratio of link lengths, the new family corresponds to the known families KKM-5 and KKM-7. The area of existence of a new family of crank-rocker mechanisms is established. This area is bounded by the arc of the circle of the unit radius and the curve. The mentioned curve is based on a joint solution of a mathematical model of a new family of mechanisms and the famous Kolchin straight line. The dependence for the minimum transmission angle is obtained. A formula for determining the angle of the rocker arm span is proposed. A graphical interpretation of the mentioned dependencies and formulas is constructed. The scope of existence of a new family of crank-rocker mechanisms and graphical interpretations are used in determining the geometric parameters of mechanisms. These mechanisms are part of a new family of mechanisms.

Energy-Minimization Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Mobile Edge Computing in NOMA Heterogeneous Networks

Mobile edge computing (MEC) has been regarded as a promising technology to improve the quality of service (QoS) of users by offloading their computation-intensive and delay-sensitive tasks to the wireless network edge. Furthermore, applying non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has become a trend to improve system throughput and spectrum efficiency. Exploiting these benefits, we investigate the joint task offloading and resource allocation problem for MEC in NOMA-based HetNets. To minimize the energyconsumption of all users, we jointly consider task offloading decision, local CPU frequency scheduling, power control, computation resource and subchannel resource allocation. The optimization problem is challenging due to the combinatorial nature of the offloading decision and its strong coupling with the resource allocation. We thus decouple the problem into two sub-problems of offloading decision and resource allocation, and propose an efficient approach to find the joint solution by solving these two sub-problems iteratively. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve a near optimal performance, and outperform other benchmark approaches in terms of saving energy consumption of all users with an acceptable complexity.

Multidataset Independent Subspace Analysis With Application to Multimodal Fusion.

Unsupervised latent variable models-blind source separation (BSS) especially-enjoy a strong reputation for their interpretability. But they seldom combine the rich diversity of information available in multiple datasets, even though multidatasets yield insightful joint solutions otherwise unavailable in isolation. We present a direct, principled approach to multidataset combination that takes advantage of multidimensional subspace structures. In turn, we extend BSS models to capture the underlying modes of shared and unique variability across and within datasets. Our approach leverages joint information from heterogeneous datasets in a flexible and synergistic fashion. We call this method multidataset independent subspace analysis (MISA). Methodological innovations exploiting the Kotz distribution for subspace modeling, in conjunction with a novel combinatorial optimization for evasion of local minima, enable MISA to produce a robust generalization of independent component analysis (ICA), independent vector analysis (IVA), and independent subspace analysis (ISA) in a single unified model. We highlight the utility of MISA for multimodal information fusion, including sample-poor regimes ( N = 600 ) and low signal-to-noise ratio, promoting novel applications in both unimodal and multimodal brain imaging data.

Effect of Cr content in Ni-based amorphous filler on microstructure and shear strength of K4169 nickel-based alloy brazed joint

Three nickel-based amorphous filler materials with composition of [B-Ni9-xCrx]BSiNi (x = 0,1,2) were designed to braze K4169 superalloy according to cluster-plus-glue-atom model. The microstructure of K4169 nickel- based alloy brazed joints was examined, and the shear strength of the joint was also measured via pressure-shear tests. The brazed seam consists of γ-Ni solid solution, Nb6Ni16Si7 and CrB phases of joint brazed with [B-Ni7Cr2]BSiNi filler. More Nb6Ni16Si7 phase formed in the brazed seam with more Cr addition in filler material, because Cr promoted the diffusion of Nb atoms from base material to brazed seam. Diffusion zone was composed of needle-like Cr-Mo rich borides and blocky MC carbides (NbC, TiC). The amount of Cr-Mo rich borides went up with the enhancement of Cr content in filler material. The shear strength of joint reached 689 MPa when brazed with [B-Ni9]BSiNi filler, followed by 562 MPa with [B-Ni8Cr1]BSiNi filler and 450 MPa with [B-Ni7Cr2]BSiNi filler. In addition, Cr-Mo rich borides and continuous precipitation (Nb6Ni16Si7 and CrB) exhibited low resistance to crack, resulting in the degradation of joint strength.

The extraction method of laser ultrasonic defect signal based on EEMD

Laser ultrasonic testing is widely used in many fields, but there exist some problems, such as the complexity of the signal component and the distraction of noise signal, remain unsolved. In order to tackle these problems, an extraction method for laser ultrasonic defect signal based on step-by-step ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and joint solution was proposed in this paper. First, a laser ultrasonic simulation model was established, the characteristics of the laser ultrasonic simulation detection signal were analyzed. Then, the extraction plan of the laser ultrasonic defect signal was determined. Finally, the laser ultrasonic testing was carried out on the 45-steel sample with defects, the defect signal was extracted from the collected detection signal with errors within 3%. The experimental results showed that the laser ultrasonic defect signal extraction method based on step-by-step EEMD and joint solution was feasible.

Guiding principles for quality, ethical standards and ongoing learning in implementation research: multicountrylearnings from participatory action research to strengthen health systems.

Global health gains can be achieved through strengthening health systems to identify and address implementation challenges in low- and middle-income countries. Participatory research, that promotes joint problem and solution finding between communities and different health systems actors, supports policy implementation analysis at all levels. Within the neglected tropical disease programmes in Liberia and Nigeria, we applied participatory action research (PAR) to address programmatic and health system bottlenecks with health systems strengthening embedded. This paper shares learning from 20 interviews with co-researchers, from national and sub-national levels and academic researchers who worked collaboratively to understand challenges, co-create solutions and advocate for policy change. Through analysis and reflections of existing PAR principles, we inductively identified five additional guiding principles for quality, ethical standards and ongoing learning within PAR projects that aim to strengthen health systems. (1) Recognize communities as units of identity and define stakeholder participation to ensure equitable engagement of all actors; (2) enable flexible action planning that builds on existing structures whilst providing opportunities for embedding change; (3) address health systems and research power differentials that can impede co-production of knowledge and solution development; (4) embed relational practices that lead to new political forms of participation and inquiry within health systems and (5) develop structures for ongoing learning at multiple levels of the health system. PAR can strengthen health systems by connecting and co-creating potentially sustainable solutions to implementation challenges. Additional research to explore how these five additional principles can support the attainment of quality and ethical standards within implementation research using a PAR framework for health systems strengthening is needed.

Simulation of conjugate heat and moisture transfer in multilayer porous materials with ventilated channels

A physical and mathematical model for calculating the thermal and moisture state of the facade of a building with ventilated channels has been developed. The model is based on the joint solution of a system of non-stationary differential equations of heat and moisture transfer in multilayer porous materials. In addition, equations describing heat and mass transfer in ventilated air channels are included in the model. The calculations of the thermal and moisture state of the brick wall of the building, insulated from the outside with heat-insulating panels with ventilated channels, have shown that the selected geometry of the ventilated channels provides a low level of moisture content in the facade materials.

Streamline Simulation of Compositional Nonisothermal Flows of Viscoplastic Oils

The aim of this study is to develop a numerical method providing the possibility of computing nonisothermal compositional flows faster than traditional finite-volume methods. A plane problem of oil, water, and gas flows is considered. The oil phase is represented by two components: the light fraction and the heavy fraction, which, similarly to water, can be gasified. The study takes into account both the nonlinearity of the oil flow law and the temperature dependence of the parameters of this law. This formulation of the problem is relevant for the simulation of the development of high-viscosity oilfields. To reduce the computational complexity of the problem, the streamline method with splitting with respect to physical processes is used. It separates the convective transport directed along the flow’s propagation from processes related to the heat conduction and gravity, which directions do not coincide with the convective flow. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is the joint solution of the pressure, energy-balance, and mass-component equations both on streamlines and on the initial grid. This feature allows us to correctly calculate oil flows with a complex temperature-dependent rheology. Numerical solutions of the system of flow equations on a two-dimensional grid and on streamlines are obtained by the IMPEC method. For the presented streamline method, we propose an algorithm accounting for the thermal conductivity and transition criteria between calculations on streamlines and on a two-dimensional grid. The developed software is verified by comparison with the analytical solutions and with the results of calculations by finite-volume methods on five-point and nine-point finite-difference stencils.

Development of a Mathematical Model of an Arc Plasma Discharge in Vacuum, Describing the Joint Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations, Heat Transfer, with Equations of Plasma Theory

This article is devoted to the description of arc processes in a vacuum, relevant today for the melting of wire materials in the implementation of hybrid technologies of layer-by-layer synthesis. The directions of using an electric arc as a source of heat in creating arc additive technologies are indicated. One of the most promising methods for creating an arc discharge in vacuum using a non-consumable thermoelectronic hollow cathode is presented. A two-dimensional model has been developed for studying a hollow-cathode arc discharge in vacuum, where argon was used as the plasma-forming gas. All calculations were carried out in an axisymmetric formulation. To obtain a numerical solution, the COMSOL Multiphysics application software package was used. The obtained simulation results showed a satisfactory agreement with the literature and experimental data.

Optimization of Frame Structure and Fronthaul Compression for Uplink C-RAN Under Time-Varying Channels

Required throughput for a fronthaul in a cloud-radio access network tremendously increases and becomes a bottleneck in a communication network with wide bandwidth and a large number of antennas. To reduce the fronthaul capacity requirement, more digital function blocks are shifted from a central unit to a distributed unit. In this study, we consider separated delivery of data and pilot signals with different compression rates under time-varying channels to reduce fronthaul burden. By analyzing channel prediction error based on a Kalman filter, an achievable rate for uplink data is derived. The fronthaul rates for data and pilots are derived using rate-distortion theory. Both uplink rate maximization and fronthaul rate minimization are simultaneously designed by considering the data and pilot signal distortions as well as the frame structure. First, the optimization of signal distortion with a fixed pilot interval is investigated. Next, a sub-optimal algorithm to find the pilot interval with the fixed signal distortion is developed. Finally, an iterative algorithm to obtain the sub-optimal solution, which is the joint solution of signal distortion and pilot interval, is proposed. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can provide convergent solutions.

THE LANGUAGE OF WAR vs THE LANGUAGE OF PEACE

The article is devoted to the opposition of the language of war and the language of peace which proves the tendency of language militarization manifested in active use of military terms, military metaphors, in wide typology of war. There is a certain shift in understanding and treating the meanings of the lexeme «war» from armed conflict to struggle, actions and competition to solving urgent problems, questions in different spheres of social life: economics, politics, medicine, sport, food, etc. Pragmatic meanings of war metaphors, military lexis, are connected with the definition of modern reality as the war and aggressive struggle against everybody and everything in which politicians, businessmen, ordinary people are not interested in joint solution of problems. In such conditions the language of peace is loosing its position. Peace is the conception, based on creation, not on negation, on useful and productive actions.

Improving the Energy Efficiency of the Use of Borehole Jet Pumps

The article presents rationales for choosing the depth of installation of an oil jet pump in the borehole that which ensures maximum efficiency of its operation. The operating parameters of the ejection system are determined by the joint solution of the characteristic equations of the high-pressure jet pump and the hydraulic system. In the process of solving the system of equations, the method of successive approximations, the Delphi software environment and PTC Mathcad resources were used. The equation of the characteristics of the jet pump hydraulic system was obtained by determining the pressures in its distinctive cross-sections and then presenting their values as the relative (dimensionless) head of the ejection system. Alteration the installation depth of the jet pump changes the characteristics of its hydraulic system, the parameters of the operating point of the pumping unit and its efficiency. In this case, the minimum permissible installation depth of the jet pump is determined by the value of the minimum pressure in the elements of the ejection system, which must exceed the value of the elastic pressure of saturated vapors of the oil and gas flow and ensure its operation in pre-cavitation mode. The probability of operation of a jet pump in cavitation mode was studied using the Bernoulli, Darcy – Weisbach and flow continity equations. The inversely dependence of the ejection coefficient and efficiency of the jet pump on the depth of its installation in the borehole has been revealed. If the jet pump is installed in the borehole at the optimal depth, its efficiency is increased by 30 %.