Jet In Crossflow Configuration Research Articles

The effect of methane addition on reacting hydrogen jets in crossflow

The combustion characteristics in a jet in crossflow configuration are numerically investigated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with subgrid scale modelling for partially premixed combustion. The time-averaged statistics are compared with the experimental measurements. Both the temperature and velocity comparisons show good agreement with measurements. The distribution of reaction regions of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen fuel jet is then examined in both physical and mixture fraction space. The results demonstrate that the fuel consumption in potential core, near-field and far-field regions occurs at various mixture fraction ranges. In the potential core region, reactions predominantly occur between the lean and stoichiometric mixture fraction range. This range broadens to include fuel-rich conditions in the near-field region and narrows again to fuel-lean combustion in the far-field region. With these changes in the mixture fraction range, the fractional contribution from different combustion modes also changes. A closer study of these changes reveals that the fractional contribution from the non-premixed mode is highest at the end of the potential core region. The dependency of these combustion modes on the fuel composition is studied by increasing the volume fraction of methane in the jet. This resulted in altered chemical kinetics and thereby increased the fractional contribution of the non-premixed mode, particularly in the potential core region.

Direct Numerical Simulation of a Reacting Turbulent Hydrogen/Ammonia/Nitrogen Jet in an Air Crossflow at 5 Bar

The article aims to analyze the fluid dynamics and combustion characteristics of a non-premixed flame burning a fuel mixture derived from ammonia partial decomposition injected in an air crossflow. Nominal pressure (5 bar) and inlet air temperature (750 K) conditions are typical of micro-gas turbines. The effects of strain on the maximum flame temperature and NO generation in laminar non-premixed counter-flow flames are initially explored. Then, the whole three-dimensional fluid dynamic problem is investigated by setting up a numerical experiment: it consists of a Direct Numerical Simulation, based on accurate transport, chemical, and numerical models. The flow topology of the specific reacting jet in crossflow configuration is described in terms of its main turbulent structures, like shear layers, ring, and horse-shoe vortices, as well as of its leeward recirculation region anchoring the flame. The reacting region is characterized by providing instantaneous spatial distributions of temperature, heat release, and some transported chemical species, including NO, and calculating the Flame Index to identify non-premixed and premixed combustion local conditions. The latter is quantified by looking at the distribution of the volume fraction associated with a certain Flame Index versus the Flame Index and at the distribution of the average values of both the Heat Release Rate and NO versus the Flame Index and the mixture fraction.

Influence of synthetic jet in crossflow configuration on heat transfer enhancement

A two-dimensional computational model was developed to investigate the effect of synthetic jet interaction with crossflow in channel on the cooling of heat wall. A range of parametric studies by varying membrane oscillating amplitudes and inlet velocities of channel was conducted. The resulting complex, conjugate heat dissipation was analysed. The synthetic jet interacts with the channel flow and gives rise to heat dissipation enhancement at the heated wall. The upstream heat transfer deteriorates in the jet hole, and the heat transfer in the downstream region has improved.

Characterization of the Mixing Induced by Multiple Elevated Jets in Cross Flow

Experimental and numerical consideration is given in the present work to an inline, inclined triple elliptic jet-group discharged in cross flow, a common configuration widely present in several domains, namely environmental, industrial and even medical. The experiments were described by particle image velocimetry and hot wire anemometry measurements, and the numerical simulation was based upon the finite volume method together with a non uniform grid system tightened close to the discharging nozzles. Generally, optimizing similar configurations is meant to reach optimum mixings in terms of heat and/or mass transfers. The present work will be particularly dedicated to the heat transfers generated within the examined multiple jet in cross flow configuration, for jets emitted under an injection height equivalent to , and under a variable injection ratio. After presenting the handled geometry, a validation of the numerical model is proposed. Afterward, a discussion of the reduced static temperature is presented. This is a highly interesting parameter due to its closeness, if not similarity under some circumstances, to the cooling efficiency.

Large-Eddy Simulation of a Reacting Jet in Cross Flow With NOx Prediction

The reduction of full and part load emissions and the increase of the turndown ratio are important goals for gas turbine combustor development. Combustion techniques, which generate lower NOx emissions than unstaged premixed combustion in the full load range, and which have the potential of reducing minimum load while complying with emission legislation, are of high technical interest. Therefore, axial-staged combustion systems have been designed, either with or without expansion in a turbine stage between both stages. In its simpler form without intermediate expansion stage, a flow of hot combustion products is generated in the first stage of the premixed combustor, which interacts with the jets of premixed gas injected into the second stage. The level of NOx formation during combustion of the premixed jets in the hot cross flow determines the advantage of axially staged combustion regarding full load NOx emission reduction. Employing large-eddy simulation in openfoam, a tool has been developed, which allows to investigate staged combustion systems including not only temperature distribution but also NOx emissions under engine conditions. To be able to compute NOx formation correctly, the combustion process has to be captured with sufficient level of accuracy. This is achieved by the partially stirred reactor model. It is combined with a newly developed NOx model, which is a combination of a tabulation technique for the NOx source term based on mixture fraction and progress variable and a partial equilibrium approach. The NOx model is successfully validated with generic burner stabilized flame data and with measurements from a large-scale reacting jet in cross flow experiment. The new NOx model is finally used to compute a reacting jet in cross flow under engine conditions to investigate the NOx formation of staged combustion in detail. The comparison between the atmospheric and the pressurized configuration gives valuable insight in the NOx formation process. It can be shown that the NOx formation within a reacting jet in cross flow configuration is reduced and not only diluted.

Identifying turbulent structures through topological segmentation

A new method of extracting vortical structures from a turbulent flow is proposed whereby topological segmentation of an indicator function scalar field is used to identify the regions of influence of the individual vortices. This addresses a long-standing challenge in vector field topological analysis: indicator functions commonly used produce a scalar field based on the local velocity vector field; reconstructing regions of influence for a particular structure requires selecting a threshold to define vortex extent. In practice, the same threshold is rarely meaningful throughout a given flow. By also considering the topology of the indicator field function, the characteristics of vortex strength and extent can be separated and the ambiguity in the choice of the threshold reduced. The proposed approach is able to identify several types of vortices observed in a jet in cross-flow configuration simultaneously where no single threshold value for a selection of common indicator functions appears able to identify all of these vortex types.

Improving cooling effectiveness by use of chamfers on the top of electronic components

A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) study based on Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach is carried out to predict the mean velocity field and the heat transfer rate of an impinging jet in cross-flow configuration on a heated wall-mounted cube. Targeting an electronic cooling configuration, the aim is to investigate the effect of geometrical modification of the component on the cooling effectiveness. For the same cross flow Reynolds number ReH=3410, three levels of impinging jets are computed as well as a case without impinging jet that will serve as baseline case for comparison. The results from the RANS computation are compared to experimental data from published scientific literature. The validation shows qualitatively good agreement and almost all flow structures are well reproduced by the computation. In an attempt to optimize the wall heat flux over the cube surface, a new geometry is proposed without sharp corners on the top cube face. Numerical results show that with minor geometrical modification (chamfer), the fluid flow structure around the electronic component is radically transformed and the heat transfer rate can be improved. The highest cooling effectiveness improvement is realize for the highest Reynolds number ratio Rej/ReH=1.5 and for the chamfer height of 4mm.

Large eddy simulation of turbulent horizontal buoyant jets

Large eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent horizontal buoyant jets are carried out using a high-order numerical method and Sigma subgrid-scale (SGS) eddy-viscosity model, for a number of different Reynolds (Re) and Richardson (Ri) numbers. Simulations at previous experimental flow conditions (Re = 3200, 24, 000 and Ri = 0, 0.01) are carried out first, and the results are found to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the experimental results, thus validating the numerical methodology. The effect of varying Ri (values 2×10−4, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01) and Re (3200 and 24, 000) is studied next. The presence of stable stratification on one side and unstable stratification on the other side of the jet centreline leads to an asymmetric development of horizontal buoyant jets. It is found that this asymmetry, the total radial spread and the vertical deflection are significantly affected by Ri, while Re affects only the radial asymmetry. The need for developing improved integral models, accounting for this asymmetry, is pointed out. Turbulent production and dissipation rates are investigated, and are found to be symmetric in the horizontal plane, but asymmetric in the mid-vertical plane. A previously proposed model, for correlation between the vertical component of the fluctuating scalar flux vector and the vertical cross-correlation component of the Reynolds tensor, is modified based on the current LES results. Instantaneous scalar and velocity fields are analysed to reveal the structure of horizontal buoyant jets. Similar to the developed turbulent jet, the flow close to the nozzle too is found to be markedly different in the stable and unstable stratification regions. Persistent coherent vortex rings are found in the stable stratification region, while intermittent breakdown of vortex rings into small-scale structures is observed in the unstable stratification region. Similarities and differences between the flow structures in the horizontal buoyant jet configuration and those in the jet in crossflow configuration are discussed. Finally, a dynamic mode decomposition analysis is carried out, which indicates that the flow in the unstable stratification region is more energetic and prone to instabilities, as compared to the flow in the stable stratification region.

Experimentally informed optimization of turbulent diffusivity for a discrete hole film cooling geometry

A process has been developed by which mean velocity and concentration measurements can be used to determine optimal turbulent diffusivity values for an angled jet in cross-flow configuration. This configuration has applications in film cooling for gas turbine blades. The measurements, obtained by magnetic resonance imaging techniques, provide 3D time-averaged velocity and concentration fields. The mean velocity field is fed into a Reynolds-Averaged Advection Diffusion solver, which uses a turbulent diffusivity model to solve for the mean coolant concentration distribution. This distribution can be compared to the experimentally-obtained concentration field by means of an error metric that quantifies the difference between the computational and experimental concentration fields. By minimizing this error, an optimal value of the turbulent diffusivity can be determined. This optimized distribution is then compared to a RANS simulation to evaluate the relative contribution to error of the turbulent momentum flux model versus the turbulent scalar flux model.

A Numerical Study on the Turbulent Schmidt Numbers in a Jet in Crossflow

This work presents a numerical study on the turbulent Schmidt numbers in jets in crossflow. This study contains two main parts. In the first part, the problem of the proper choice of the turbulent Schmidt number in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) jet in crossflow mixing simulations is outlined. The results of RANS employing the shear-stress transport (SST) model of Menter and its curvature correction modification and different turbulent Schmidt number values are validated against experimental data. The dependence of the optimal value of the turbulent Schmidt number on the dynamic RANS model is studied. Furthermore, a comparison is made with the large-eddy simulation (LES) results obtained using the wall-adapted local eddy viscosity (WALE) model. The accuracy given by LES is superior in comparison to RANS results. This leads to the second part of the current study, in which the time-averaged mean and fluctuating velocity and scalar fields from LES are used for the evaluation of the turbulent viscosities, turbulent scalar diffusivities, and the turbulent Schmidt numbers in a jet in crossflow configuration. The values obtained from the LES data are compared with those given by the RANS modeling. The deviations are discussed, and the possible ways for the RANS model improvements are outlined.

Increasing the Passive Scalar Mixing Quality of Jets in Crossflow With Fluidics Actuators

Jets in crossflow are widely used in the industry for homogenization or cooling tasks. Recently, pulsating jets have been investigated as a mean to increase the scalar mixing efficiency of such configurations, whether for a single jet or for an array of jets. To avoid the disadvantages of mechanically actuated flows (costs, maintenance), a new injector based on a fluidics oscillator has been designed. Four injectors have been implemented in a generical jet in crossflow configuration and the mixing efficiency of the setup was compared with the one of the same setup equiped with standard non oscillating jets. With help of high-speed concentration measurement technique, the scalar mixing quality of both setups was measured at three positions downstream of the injection plane. In all the cases tested, the fluidics injectors present a better temporal homogenization, characterized by the Danckwerts unmixedness criterion, than the standard jets. For a defined mixing quality, a decrease of the mixing length by approximately 50% can be achieved with the fluidics injectors. Furthermore, the new injectors exhibit a mixing quality which is less sensitive to variations of the jet to crossflow momentum. The flapping motion of the fluidics injectors induces a wider azimuthal spreading of the fluidics jets immediately downstream of the injection location. This increases the macro- and micro-mixing phenomea which lead then to the high gains in mixing quality. It is thus demonstrated that fluidics oscillators present a strong potential to improve the passive scalar homogenization of jet in crossflow configurations.

Direct Numerical Simulation of Single and Multiple Square Jets in Cross-Flow

Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) have been carried out for single and multiple square jets issuing normally into a cross-flow, with the primary aim of studying the flow structures and interaction mechanisms associated with the jet in cross-flow (JICF) problems. The single JICF configuration follows a similar study previously done by Sau et al. (2004, Phys. Rev. E, 69, p. 066302) and the multiple JICF configurations are arranged side-by-side in the spanwise direction with a jet-to-jet adjacent edge distance (H) for the twin-jet case and an additional third jet downstream along the centerline with a jet-to-jet adjacent edge distance (L) for the triple-jet case. Simulations are performed for two twin-jet cases with H=1D,2D, respectively, and for one triple-jet case with H=1D, L=2D, where D is the jet exit width. Flow conditions similar to Sau et al. are considered, i.e., the jet to the cross-flow velocity ratio R=2.5 and the Reynolds number 225, based on the freestream velocity and the jet exit width. For the single jet in cross-flow, the vortical structures from our DNS are in good qualitative agreement with the findings of Sau et al. For the side-by-side twin-jet configuration, results have shown that the merging process of the two initially separated counter-rotating vortex pairs (CRVPs) from each jet hole exit is strongly dependent on the jet-to-jet adjacent edge distance H with earlier merging observed for the case H=1D. Downstream, the flow is dominated by a larger CRVP structure, accompanied by a smaller inner vortex pair. The inner vortex pair is found not to survive in the far-field as it rapidly dissipates before exiting the computational domain. These observations are in good agreement with the experimental findings in the literature. Simulations of the triple-jet in cross-flow case have shown some complicated jet-jet and jet-cross-flow interactions with three vortex pairs observed downstream, significantly different from that seen in the twin-jet cases. The evidence of these flow structures and interaction characteristics could provide a valuable reference database for future in-depth flow physics studies of laboratory experimental and numerical investigations.

Large-eddy simulation of an impinging jet in a cross-flow on a heated wall-mounted cube

A large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed in order to predict the mean velocity field, the turbulence characteristics and the heat transfer rate of an impinging jet in cross-flow configuration on a heated wall-mounted cube. The WALE model was used to model the subgrid-scale tensor. The results from the LES are compared with a Reynolds stress model (RSM) and against earlier measurements with identical set-up. A comparison between the results from the predictions and the measurements shows that in general the LES has better agreement with the measurements compared to the RSM and particularly in the stagnation region of the impinging jet.

Experimental study of a jet in a crossflow at very low Reynolds number

Flow visualizations and phase-averaged particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of a jet in crossflow configuration at very low Reynolds numbers (Rej ≃ 100) are performed in a water tunnel for jet-to-cross-stream velocity ratios R ranging from 1.5 to 4.5. The PIV vector fields and flow visualizations, carried out by injecting methylene blue dye and by the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, are analysed to characterize the effect of R on the formation and evolution of large-scale vortices. It is shown that two distinct flow regimes are established depending on R, with R ≃ 3 being a transitional value. At low R, the longitudinal vorticity dynamics is dominated by the so-called wake-like structures which are shown to be strictly connected to the streamwise counter-rotating vortices (CRVP) which drive the destabilization of the jet flow. On the other hand, at large R, vortices with positive and negative vorticity are coupled together. The establishment of these different behaviours is interpreted physically as an effect of the jet Reynolds number which plays an essential role on the destabilization mechanisms which lead to the formation of the jet shear-layer structures. In any case, the onset of instability is driven by mechanisms which are different from those characteristic of free jets.