Accessions Of Jatropha Curcas Research Articles

A comprehensive physicochemical characterization and proposed portfolios of applications for the fruits and seeds of 11 accessions of Jatropha curcas L.

The seed oil and extraction cake from 11 accessions of Jatropha curcas from Mexico, El Salvador, and India were comprehensively characterized with the objective of selecting parentals based on desirable traits for a hybridization program. Kernels contained up to 65 % oil and up to 30 % protein. The most abundant protein types were glutelins (48 %) and globulins (24 %), with arginine (0.096 mg/g) and leucine (0.070 mg/g) being the major amino acids. Glucose (0.09 g/g) and arabinose (0.03 g/g) were the most abundant carbohydrates. The oil was primarily composed of oleic (41 %) and linoleic (37 %) acids. The physicochemical properties of the oil included an acid value of 0.28–1.15 %, saponification value of 155–208 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 0.97–1.08 g I2/g, and viscosity of 21.9–40.9 cSt at 40 °C. Six accessions were selected as parental candidates based on their potential as feedstock for a diverse portfolio of products. The most common applicability of oils were lubricants, biopolymers, biofertilizer, and liquid biofuels production. One Mexican accession had a phorbol-ester concentration much lower than the toxicity threshold (0.06 mg/g) and a high protein content, making it attractive for the animal feed industry and for protein extraction. The selected accessions are preserved in a local germplasm bank and will be used for continued genetic improvement through hybridization, aiming to preserve the identified traits while increasing fruit productivity.

Comparative Study of Jatropha curcas Accessions Control of Photoinhibition and Photoprotective Mechanisms in Senescing Leaves in a Semi-Arid Region Botswana

Comparative Study of Jatropha curcas Accessions Control of Photoinhibition and Photoprotective Mechanisms in Senescing Leaves in a Semi-Arid Region Botswana

Water Stress Response in Different <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Accessions from Different Geographical Zones of Botswana: Biochemical & Physiological Perceptive

Jatropha curcas L. is one climate smart drought-resistant multipurpose plant with a variety of properties that have conjured interest all over the world due to its potential to produce biofuel. In this study, Jatropha curcas accessions were collected from three different climate zones of Botswana; Northern region (Maun), Central region (Mmadinare) and Southern region (Thamaga). These accessions were subjected to water stress to study their biochemical and physiological responses. Results showed that water stress increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage as well as proline content in all the accessions. It is worth-noting that Maun accession exhibited highest proline content, when subjected to water stress. Maun accession also displayed less MAD and electrolyte leakage than the other two accessions, an indication of less perturbation to membranes under water stress. This could be attributed in part, to its higher catalase and superoxide dismutase contents, which presumably prevented lipid peroxidation by mopping up reactive oxygen species. The slightly higher dry weights exhibited by Mmadinare and Maun accessions could be ascribed to their ability to maintain membrane integrity under water stress conditions. It can therefore be concluded that Maun and Mmadinare accessions can be grown under drought conditions commonly experienced in Botswana.

Physicochemical characterization of Jatropha oil seed and suitability as biodiesel feedstock

The physiocochemical properties of Jatropha curcas kernel oils were characterized as potential biodiesel, including oil yield per plant, seed oil content, kernel oil content, acid value, iodine value, saponification value and cetane number. Twenty-five accessions of Jatropha curcas were used for oil content measurement sranging from 21.14 to 40.66 %with a mean value of 32.85% and Kernels oil 48.59 to 60.45 % with a mean value of 56.28 %. The seed index ranged significantly from a seed weight of 45.45 to 64.45 g. Oil yields per plant ranged from 0.44 to 2.85 kg with a mean value of 1.70 kg per plant, respectively. To understand the properties of acid value, iodine value, saponification and cetane number, experimental physio-chemical studies were performed. Since these properties are critical for determining the current oil condition. The current study confirms that accession seeds performed higher than international saponification value, iodine value and cetane number standards may be an important source for meeting potential energy requirements.

Allelopathic effect of different accessions of Jatropha curcas on field crops in Bundelkhand Region (U.P.) India

Allelopathic effect of three accessions of Jatropha curcas on four field crops viz. Triticum aestivum, Raphanus sativus, Linum usitatissimum and Lens esculenta through bioassy was studied in laboratory. The level of inhibition of aqueous leaf extract of J. curcas varied with its accessions and type of tested field crops. The tolerance of the crops was in order of Lens esculenta > T. aestivum > Raphanus sativus > Linum usitatissimum. Invariably, maximum inhibition was observed in the higher concentrations of aqueous extract.

Gas exchange and antioxidant activity accessions of Jatropha curcas L. under aluminium (Al) stress

The aluminium at toxic levels causes biochemical and physiological damage that inhibits plant growth and limits productivity. Root growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and enzyme activity of four accessions of Jatropha curcas were evaluated under cultivation conditions with different levels of aluminium. The experimental design was completely randomized with a split-split-plot design, in which the plots included four levels of aluminium in the soil (0.0, 8.2, 16.5, and 24.0 mmolc dm-3), the split-plot were the four accessions of J. curcas seeds (P1 = Dourados, MS; P2 = Montes Claros, MG; P3 = Alta Floresta, MT; P4 = Petrolina, PE), and split-split-plot in all four times of evaluation (25, 50, 75, and 100 days after emergence - DAE) with four replications. At 100 DAE were evaluated the curve of transient chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) and enzyme activity, the treatments were arranged in split-plot, being four levels of aluminium in the soil and the four accesses of J. curcas. Six readings for the OJIP curve and three repetitions for enzymatic analysis were conducted. The characteristics of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that doses above 8.2 accentuated aluminium stress on plants from all accessions. The reduced efficiency of carboxylation of Rubisco and the results of the OJIP test indicated that photochemical efficiency of all varieties was decreased. The activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase was higher in the presence of aluminium for the accessions P3-Alta Floresta and P4-Petrolina. Our results indicate the greater tolerance of these accesses to aluminium stress conditions.

Flowering and fruiting seasonal changes of six accessions of Jatropha curcas L. in a semi-arid region of Senegal

Jatropha curcas is the priority species for biofuel promotion in Senegal. However the lack of knowledge on floral biology and fruiting of this plant remains a problem to increase its yield and improve farmers’ adoption. The objectives of this study were to assess seasonal changes on flowering and fruiting of six accessions of Jatropha curcas in semi-arid area, Senegal. In this study the total number of inflorescences, flowers and fruits were evaluated during six month son four years old plants, installed in the Agricultural Engineering School ( ENSA) of Thies. The results showed significant effect of the studied factors (season, accession) and interaction between them on floral and fruiting traits of J. curcas. Due to more favorable climatic conditions, the performance of flowering is better in the wet season. During this season, the number of male and female flowers ranged, respectively from 107.47–191.60 and from 2.47–11.87 per inflorescence. Consequently, ripe fruits production was higher in wet season and varied between66 and 97% of the total production. Two peaks of flowering were observed; the first one occurred in dry season (April, 24th- June 6th) and the second, with the highest number of inflorescences, arrived in wet season (8 - 22 July). Fruiting patterns is highest concentration between at the end of the wet season (September 15th and October 3rd).High seed yields were observed with the accessions CE6 (2739.3 kg ha-1), CE97 (1451.0 kg ha-1) and CE95 (1326.3 kg ha-1) that are promising for biofuel production in semi-arid areas of Senegal.

Behavior of genetic diversity in F1 crosses of selected accessions of J. curcas

Distinguishing accessions by their similarity is important for genetic improvement, given their usefulness for increasing and preserving the genetic diversity of crops. Some studies have assessed the similarity between accessions of Jatropha curcas from different regions or origins, but it is not yet clear how the similarity between accessions behaves in crosses, when different accessions are selected as maternal or paternal parents. Thus, this work used ISSR molecular markers to evaluate accessions resulting from the crossing of six parents of different origins. Of the 15 crosses studied, 7 (46%) had greater similarity with their paternal parent, 2 (13%) had greater similarity with the maternal parent and 6 (41%) showed no close similarity to any parent. These results suggest that the similarity between accessions derived from crossings is similar to that found in species such as Gossypium hirsutum, and several cycles of retro-crossing would be needed to maintain the characteristics of a maternal parent.

The Pattern and Distribution of Induced Mutations in J. curcas Using Reduced Representation Sequencing.

Mutagenesis in combination with Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) is a powerful tool for introducing variation, studying gene function and identifying causal mutations underlying phenotypes of interest in crop plant genomes. About 400 million paired-end reads were obtained from 82 ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) induced mutants and 14 wild-type accessions of Jatropha curcas for the detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion/Deletions (InDels) by two different approaches (nGBS and ddGBS) on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. Using bioinformatics analyses, 1,452 induced SNPs and InDels were identified in coding regions, which were distributed across 995 genes. The predominantly observed mutations were G/C to A/T transitions (64%), while transversions were observed at a lower frequency (36%). Regarding the effect of mutations on gene function, 18% of the mutations were located in intergenic regions. In fact, mutants with the highest number of heterozygous SNPs were found in samples treated with 0.8% EMS for 3 h. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways showed that in total 16 SNPs were located in six KEGG pathways by nGBS and two pathways by ddGBS. The most highly represented pathways were ether-lipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism, followed by starch and sucrose metabolism by nGBS and triterpenoid biosynthesis as well as steroid biosynthesis by ddGBS. Furthermore, high genome methylation was observed in J. curcas, which might help to understand the plasticity of the Jatropha genome in response to environmental factors. At last, the results showed that continuously vegetatively propagated tissue is a fast, efficient and accurate method to dissolve chimeras, especially for long-lived plants like J. curcas. Obtained data showed that allelic variations and in silico analyses of gene functions (gene function prediction), which control important traits, could be identified in mutant populations using nGBS and ddGBS. However, the handling of GBS data is more difficult and more challenging than the traditional TILLING strategy in mutated plants, since the Jatropha genome sequence is incomplete, which makes alignment and variant analysis of target sequence reads challenging to perform and interpret. Therefore, providing a complete Jatropha reference genome sequence with high quality should be a priority for any breeding program.

Estimation of Variation in Oil Yield and Characterisation of Oil Traits of Different Accessions of Jatropha curcas L. Found in Chikkamagaluru and Shivamogga Districts, Karnataka, India

Estimation of Variation in Oil Yield and Characterisation of Oil Traits of Different Accessions of Jatropha curcas L. Found in Chikkamagaluru and Shivamogga Districts, Karnataka, India

Characterization of Jatropha curcas accessions based in plant growth traits and oil quality

Variability in growth and reproductive characteristics, seed traits, quality and oil content of six accessions of Jatropha curcas growing in Murcia (Spain) under greenhouse conditions were analysed. Differences were found among accessions in branch length, ratio female to male flowers (F/M), productions, seed weight, endosperm weight, percentage of endosperm and percentage of aborted seeds oil contents, fatty acids composition and quality indexes of the biodiesel. Two genotypes (8-8 and 6-3) have shown a good vigor plant, the best F/M ratio, and appropriate average productions. In addition, these accessions showed the highest average single seed weights, and the best average endosperm weights. The highest total seed oil percentages were observed in the accessions 4-5 (42.42±0.26), 6-3 (41.51±0.20), and 8-8 (40.41±0.73), whereas percentages lower than 30% were recorded in the others. The percentage of endosperm oil ranged from 42.72±0.98% to 65.71±0.36%. In relation to the fatty acids composition, the highest monounsaturated fatty acids percentages with the highest concentration of oleic acid and the lowest concentration of linolenic acid were observed in three genotypes (4-5, 8-8 and 6-3). The biodiesel obtained from these accessions presented high cetane number and low iodine value, which indicates the good ignition quality and stability of the oil.The knowledge of plant growth parameters and oil quality of the studied genotypes could be useful to choose the appropriate ones to be grown under subtropical climatic conditions or to be used as parents in a breeding program.

EFEKTIVITAS MINYAK JARAK PAGAR DAN JAMUR Beauveria bassiana UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA Helopeltis spp . PADA KAKAO / Effectivity of jatropha oil and Beauveria bassiana fungi to control Helopeltis spp. on Cacao

<p>The oil of jatropha seeds has a potency as botanical pesticide, because of its chemical subtances which are unsaponifiable such as streoester, tryacycerol, diacilglicerol, sterol, monoacilglycerol and others. The chemical substances which are toxic to insect are sterol and triterpene alcohol. The other substance in fruits and seeds which is also toxic is curcin. The objective of this research is to find out the efectivity of jatropha cake and oil on mortality of Helopeltis spp. combined with commercial B. bassiana. Two factors were used in this activity i.e. accessions of Jatropha curcas and strains of B. bassiana. Accession factors consist of nine levels based on phorbol ester and curcin, as B. bassiana consists of three strains, so there were 27 combinations of treatments. The research used factorially block design with three replications. Variables observed were damage intensity, mortality of helopeltis and the effect on cacao seeds and B. bassiana development. The formulation contained 20% of jatropha oil or cake, 60% of solvent, 10% of emulsifiers and others. This formula was diluted in water with 10% concentration. The result of the research were a) Jatropha oil and cake had the same effect on insect mortality b) the combination between two accessions of jatropha (C100 and JW) and ED7 resulted 97-100% mortality, while c) B80 and C81 gave the highest mortality on Helopeltis spp. without the use of fungi.</p>

Molecular genetic assessment of jatrophacurcas l. Germplasm of diverse origin along with its wild Relatives for various early growth and Establishment related traits

Jatropha curcas L. is promising crop with drought tolerance and potential crop for biodiesel. In present study, 33 accessions of Jatropha curcas L. were collected from different eco-climatic zones along with two wild relatives, J. foetida and J. gossypifolia, were screened for genetic diversity using RAPD and ISSR markers. Further the same has been evaluated for their ability for early field establishment on the basis of phenotypic parameter. Out of 25 RAPD and 14 ISSR primers, 16 RAPD and 6 ISSR primers gave reproducible amplification banding patterns with total 88 polymorphic bands across genotypes. The polymorphic information content was highest for the primer OPB 10 (0.43) followed by the primers OPH 7 (0.42). UPGMA cluster analysis of genetic similarity indices grouped all the accessions into four major groups. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity varied from 0.42 to 0.97, indicating high level of genetic variation across genotypes under study. Significant phenotypic variation in terms of total chlorophyll content, growth and establishment across genotypes was also observed. Present study highlights collection, conservation and characterization of potential Jatropha genetic resources and their utilization as breeding materials for their growth and early establishment in field conditions.

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship analysis of Jatropha curcas L. inferred from nrDNA ITS sequences

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among 102 Jatropha curcas accessions from Asia, Africa, and the Americas were assessed using the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS). The average G+C content (65.04%) was considerably higher than the A+T (34.96%) content. The estimated genetic diversity revealed moderate genetic variation. The pairwise genetic divergences (GD) between haplotypes were evaluated and ranged from 0.000 to 0.017, suggesting a higher level of genetic differentiation in Mexican accessions than those of other regions. Phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific divergence were inferred by Bayesian inference (BI), maximum parsimony (MP), and median joining (MJ) network analysis and were generally resolved. The J. curcas accessions were consistently divided into three lineages, groups A, B, and C, which demonstrated distant geographical isolation and genetic divergence between American accessions and those from other regions. The MJ network analysis confirmed that Central America was the possible center of origin. The putative migration route suggested that J. curcas was distributed from Mexico or Brazil, via Cape Verde and then split into two routes. One route was dispersed to Spain, then migrated to China, eventually spreading to southeastern Asia, while the other route was dispersed to Africa, via Madagascar and migrated to China, later spreading to southeastern Asia.

Genetic Parameters for Fruits, Seeds and Oil Content Traits of Jatropha curcas L. in a Semi-arid Region of Senegal

Aim: The aim of this work was to study the genetic parameters of fruits, seeds and oil content of Jatropha curcas accessions in a semi-arid region of Senegal. Methodology: The study was conducted on 35 accessions of J. curcas planted at the research station of National School of Agriculture located in Thies, Senegal. Fruits were collected from 1-4 years old plantations. Then, for each accession, 30 dry fruits were randomly selected and were Original Research Article

Genetic divergence through joint analysis of morphoagronomic and molecular characters in accessions of Jatropha curcas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic divergence between accessions of Jatropha curcas through joint analysis of morphoagronomic and molecular characters. To this end, we investigated 11 morphoagronomic characters and performed molecular genotyping, using 23 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers in 46 accessions of J. curcas. We calculated the contribution of each character on divergence using analysis of variance. The grouping among accessions was performed using the Ward-MLM (modified location model) method, using morphoagronomic and molecular data, whereas the cophenetic correlation was obtained based on Gower's algorithm. There were significant differences in all growth-related characteristics: number of primary and secondary branches per plant, plant height, and stem diameter. For characters related to grain production, differences were found for number of fruit clusters per plant and number of inflorescence clusters per plant and average number of seeds per fruit. The greatest phenotypic variation was found in plant height (59.67- 222.33 cm), whereas the smallest variation was found in average number of seeds per fruit (0-2.90), followed by the number of fruit clusters per plant (0-8.67). In total, 94 polymorphic ISSR fragments were obtained. The genotypic grouping identified six groups, indicating that there is genetic divergence among the accessions. The most promising crossings for future hybridization were identified among accessions UFRB60 and UFVJC45, and UFRB61 and UFVJC18. In conclusion, the joint analysis of morphoagronomic characters and ISSR markers is an efficient method to assess the genetic divergence in J. curcas.

De novo Transcriptome Analysis of Apical Meristem of Jatropha spp. Using 454 Pyrosequencing Platform, and Identification of SNP and EST-SSR Markers

A high-throughput sequencing by 454 pyrosequencing was performed on the transcriptomes of apical meristem tissue of two Jatropha curcas accessions and four jatropha-related species. J. curcas accession (acc.) CN produced 45.61 Mb data from 127,094 reads with 11,579 contigs and 15,645 singletons, while acc. M10 produced 54.52 Mb data from 142,447 reads with 10,964 contigs and 12,069 singletons. J. integerrima acc. KL gave 20.91 Mb from 71,541 reads with 4,551 contigs and 5,144 singletons, while acc. KY gave 48.74 Mb from 149,392 reads with 8,440 contigs and 8,299 singletons. J. multifida (acc. JM) gave 66.72 Mb from 191,654 reads with 17,444 contigs and 13,965 singletons, and J. podagrica (acc. JP) gave 73.28 Mb from 165,228 reads with 14,070 contigs and 16,572 singletons. BLASTX search of all contigs revealed that 1,683 unique proteins were orthologous across all four Jatropha spp. From 432 EST-SSR primer pairs designed and tested on these six accessions, 269 markers showed polymorphism and produced a total of 862 alleles. Based on sequence alignments between J. curcas accessions with low and high phorbol esters (PEs), 20 candidate SNPs were identified in four coding sequences including one gene relating to biosynthesis pathways of PEs. These expressed sequence tag-sample sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be useful for jatropha breeding in the future.

Assessment of phenotypic diversity and agronomic contrast in American accessions of Jatropha curcas L.

This study was conducted to determine the genetic variation and relationships between American accessions of Jatropha curcas from different origins. The accessions from El Salvador showed the lowest plant proportions, while two of the Mexican accessions (MCT10 and MCE06) showed the highest values in oil yield. The principal component analysis explained 75.99% of the total variation in three components. Repeatability analysis showed a low effect of the environment on the characters associated with oil yield (R=0.99), 100-seed weight (R=0.98) and seed volume (R=0.97), indicating a high level of diversity among accessions and the feasibility of finding desirable characters in each collection, while offering useful information for the selection of parental plants for use in crop improvement programs.

Assessment of genetic diversity in different accessions of Jatropha curcas

The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity among 273 Jatropha curcas L. accessions and to develop a new SNP-based multi-allelic marker assay (Intra-Locus SNP Haplotype, or LSH) to enhance the genetic discriminatory power of the SNP marker system. The accessions were collected in 15 countries of 3 continents (Africa, Asia and America) and analyzed with SSR, EST-SSR and SNP markers. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of two main genetic groups with an extreme high genetic uniformity and homozygosity of accessions grown in all countries of Africa, Asia, South America, and in some states of Mexico. Differently, an increased genetic variability and heterozygosity was observed in other states of Mexico and Guatemala. The newly developed LSH assay successfully identifies multiple alleles at the same locus and increased the average polymorphic information content of the SNP system. These results confirm the general idea recognizing the Central America region as the center of origin of the species and the genetic homogeneity of the world-wide cultivated accessions, and propose a new powerful SNP-based multi-allelic marker assay for enhancing genetic diversity analysis and selection methods in breeding programs.

Variación fenotípica y rendimiento de Jatropha curcas L. introducida a Túnez

Se sembraron en el sur de Túnez (Gabès) semillas de ocho accesiones de Jatropha curcas (seis americanas y dos africanas) para estudiar sus propiedades agrícolas y desarrollo en condiciones locales semiáridas. Los caracteres observados incluyen aspectos generales del desarrollo de planta (altura, circunferencia del follaje, número de nodos y producción de semillas); características de las hojas (longitud del peciolo, longitud del limbo, anchura del limbo y superficie foliar); y caracteres de la semilla (tamaño y forma). El análisis morfológico de las semillas incluyó el área de las imágenes, el perímetro, la relación longitud/anchura, el índice de circularidad y el índice J. Este índice refleja la semejanza de las imágenes de cada semilla con una elipse mostrando diferencias en la forma de las mismas entre accesiones. Los genotipos de J. curcas introducidos en Túnez son polimórficos, su producción de semilla es baja y variable entre genotipos. El análisis morfológico de las semillas da una idea en relación con la producción en algunas de las accesiones. Estudios agronómicos comparativos son cruciales antes de la selección.