Accessions Of Jatropha Curcas Research Articles

Genetic variation amongJatropha curcasL. using dominant molecular marker collected from different agro-climatic regions of India

Genetic variability and relationship among 182 accessions of Jatropha curcas collected from total 19 Indian states were analysed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. A total of 30 primers were chosen which produced 263 bands of which 254 were polymorphic (96.82%) across the studied accessions. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was highest for the primer Oligo 905 (0.901) and the lowest was OPAD 11 (0.620) with an average of 0.791. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity varied from 0.31 to 0.98 indicates the high level of genetic variation among the genotypes studied. The overall grouping pattern of clustering corresponds well with the principal component analysis (PCA), confirming patterns of genetic diversity observed among the accessions.

Development of Efficient Micropropagation Protocols of Elite Accessions of Jatropha curcas L.

Efficient micropropagation protocols were developed from explants of two accessions of Jatropha curcas L. viz. Rain Shadow Area Development (RSAD) department and Karimnagar (KM). Adventitious shoots were regenerated with higher frequency on medium-A from cotyledonary node explants, than those from axillary node and shoot-tip explants. Shoots were also regenerated from calluses developed from cotyledonary node and shoot-tip explants on medium-B. Regenerated shoots were rooted on medium-G, transplanted to pots and later transferred to field. Somatic embryos developed on embryogenic calluses produced from cotyledonary node explants on medium-C were converted to plantlets on medium-F and transferred to pots. Out of the 199 plants established in the Botanical Garden, 118 plants were developed from cotyledonary node explants, which indicates that they are the most suitable explants for micropropagation of Jatropha. D. O. I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17524 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 231-239, 2013 (December)

The Field Performance of some Accessions of Jatropha Curcas L. (Biodiesel Plant) on Degraded Sodic Land in North India

Twenty four accessions of Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) were planted on a degraded sodic land in Lucknow, India, in which growth and yield traits were measured over five years (2006–2010). There was a large variation in growth and yield among these accessions, and the average seed yield (118 g plant−1) and oil content (30%) of JCL on the sodic land were sufficiently low to make it an economically feasible venture for biofuel production. The seed:fruit, kernel:seed ratios and the 100 seed test weight were also measured. In order to make it an economically viable proposition, some preliminary screening were done to assort the superior accessions (CSMCRI-C1, NBPGR-Urlikanchan, NBPGR-Chhatrapati, and NBPGR-Hansraj), on the basis of growth and yield traits, that have attained an average height of 264.6–344.6 cm, with an 8.5- to 10-cm collar diameter, 41–57 branches per plant, a 209- to 290-cm canopy spread, a 178–246 g plant−1 seed yield, and a 27–38% oil content at five years. Though they do not correlate well between growth/yield and gas exchange parameters (photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency), even then these markers are useful to screen out a large number of accessions at an early stage before the yield starts or stabilizes to increase the land use efficiency. The changes in soil properties after five years of the plantations showed reduction in soil pH and electrical conductivity, with a parallel increase in organic carbon, organic nitrogen, microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase activity, indicating that JCL had a modest ability to reclaim the sodic soils.

English

Jatropha curcas, a plant with great biodiesel potential is also used to reduce the population of whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci on cassava fields when planted as a hedge. We therefore, investigated the transmission of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) by the whitefly vector from cassava to seedlings of ten accessions of J. curcas as part of a wider investigation on the possible role of J. curcas as an alternative host of ACMV. Transmission tests were conducted in insect-proof cages using adult B. tabacicollected from ACMV-infected cassava in the field, at a rate of three adult whiteflies per J. curcas seedling and a transmission feeding period of four days. Twenty one (21) days after the infestation, leaf samples from individual plants of the ten J. curcasaccessions were tested for the presence of ACMV by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), using the monoclonal antibodies SCRI 33. DAS-ELISA detected ACMV in five out of the ten J. curcas accessions while PCR detected it in eight of the ten accessions. Furthermore, 18 out of the 35 Nicotiana benthamiana indicator plants mechanically inoculated with sap from symptomatic J. curcas seedlings produced symptoms typical of ACMV infection. This indicates that J. curcas is a likely host of ACMV and it may in turn, be able to infect cassava, and presumably other ACMV-susceptible hosts, in the presence of the vector. Key words: Jatropha curcas accessions, controlled transmission, mechanical inoculation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, African cassava mosaic virus(ACMV)-susceptible hosts.

KARAKTERISTIK PERTUMBUHAN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.) YANG DITAMBAHKAN CENDAWAN ENDOFIT PADA LAHAN PASCA TAMBANG TIMAH

Tin mining activity caused canging in physical and chemical characteristic of the soil that were not suitable for growth of plants. The objective of this experiment was to study accessions of Jatropha curcas planted on post tin mining land which were given endophyte. This research was conducted in a Sinar Baru village TS 133, district of Bangka, Bangka Belitung province for field research conducted in May 2007 to April 2008. The experimentas a factorial experiment in the design of the randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot is 7 accessions consisting of: accession Madiun, Ponorogo, Jember, Dompu, Lampung, Bengkulu, andSukabumi, while the subplot of the land without giving endophyte fungal (control) and the provision of endophyte fungal in baglog 250 g. Each experimental unit contained four plants per plot.The result showed that vegetative growth the highest for the former tin mining land given endophyte fungal vary in some accessions. Accession to the highest Sukabumi: plant height, branch number, plant dry weight, dry weight of the shoot, and root dry weight, the largest diameter have Jember accession, accession Dompu had the highest canopy diameter, and the accession of Lampung has the lowest ratio of shoot roots. Keywords: Jatropha curcas , accession, fungal endophyte

Development of EST-SSR markers through data mining and their use for genetic diversity study in Indian accessions of Jatropha curcas L.: a potential energy crop

Jatropha curcas L. is gaining importance as a potential energy crop. However, lack of sufficient numbers of molecular markers hinder current research on crop improvement in Jatropha. The expressed sequences tags (EST) sequences deposited in public databases, offers an excellent opportunity to identify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) through data mining, for further research on molecular breeding. In the present study 42,477 ESTs of J. curcas were screened, out of which 5,673 SSRs were identified with 48.8 % simple (excluding mononucleotide repeats) and 52.2 % compound repeat motifs. Amongst these repeat motifs, dinucleotide repeats were abundant (26.5 %), followed by trinucleotide (23.1 %) and tetranucleotide repeats (0.8 %). From these microsatellites, 32 EST-SSR (genic microsatellite) primer pairs were designed. These primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among 42 accessions collected from different parts of India. Out of the 32 EST-SSR primers, 24 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism among the genotypes, with amplicons varying from one to eight, giving an average of 2.33 alleles per polymorphic marker. Polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.02 to 0.5 with an average of 0.402 indicating moderate level of informativeness within these EST-SSRs markers. The EST-SSR markers developed here will serve as a valuable resource for genetic studies, like linkage mapping, diversity analysis, quantitative trait locus/association mapping, and molecular breeding. The current study also revealed low diversity in the screened Indian Jatropha germplasm. Therefore, the future efforts must be made to broaden the gene pool of Jatropha for the creation of genetic diversity that can be further used for crop improvement through breeding.

Variation in physiological traits in Jatropha germplasm from peninsular India

Thirty-four diverse accessions of Jatropha curcas L. were studied for physiological parameters viz., net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and leaf temperature difference (ΔT) and exhibited significant variation under semi-arid field conditions. The mean net photosynthesis (Pn) was 15 μmol m−2 s−1 and maximum net photosynthesis was recorded by IC537862 (24 μmol m−2 s−1). Accession, IC544693 recorded highest stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of 0.77 and 8.81 mmol m−2 s−1 respectively, whereas accession IC537877 showed lowest value of 0 for both of these traits. Correlation studies showed linear positive relationship between Pn and gs (r = 0.72) and Pn and E (0.77). Based on the physiological traits, accessions suitable for moisture limiting conditions viz., IC471314, IC541660 and irrigated conditions viz., IC537862, IC537914, IC565044, IC565048 were identified. Multivariate cluster analysis helped in identification of physiologically diverse accessions viz., IC565048, IC550849, IC537869 and IC 544654 which were suitable for incorporation in breeding programmes.

Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism in toxic and non-toxic accessions of Jatropha curcas L. and development of a codominant SCAR marker

Thirty six start codon targeted (SCoT) primers were used for characterization of 48 accessions of Jatropha curcas from different countries and include material with genetic variation for levels of phorbol esters, yield, seed oil content, test weight and plant type. SCoT analysis revealed high polymorphism and 74% of the primers generated polymorphic profiles. The SCoT6 primer discriminated edible and toxic accessions in a single reaction while the SCoT26 and 27 primers produced amplicons specific to toxic and non-toxic accessions, respectively. The polymorphic SCoT markers obtained with these three primers were converted to sequence characterized amplicon regions (SCARs) which resulted in codominant SCARs with SCoT6 primer and dominant SCARs with SCoT 26 and 27 primers. The codominant nature of SCoT6 primer and the resultant SCAR6 primer were validated on intraspecific hybrids derived from a cross between non-toxic and toxic accessions. The accession JP38 from Madagascar was found to be distinct and showed accession specific bands with 9 different SCoT primers. Sequence analysis of polymorphic amplicons obtained with SCoT6 primer showed a 65bp deletion in accessions with low/zero phorbol esters. Diversity analysis separated the toxic and non-toxic accessions into two groups and the accessions JP29 and JP48 from Mexico formed a third cluster.

Susceptibility and physiological responses of Jatropha curcas accessions to broad mite infestation

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus is a key pest of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). The purpose of this study was to identify physic nut accessions that are less susceptible to P. latus, in support of the breeding program of J. curcas. We first evaluated population growth rate and injury symptoms of P. latus on different J. curcas accessions and then carried out physiological analyses on P. latus-infested and uninfested accessions. From the germplasm bank of the Federal University of Viçosa, 15 physic nut accessions with high seed oil content, with different genetic background, were tested. The following traits were evaluated: instantaneous population growth rate of P. latus (r i ), injury symptoms, relative leaf water content, specific leaf area, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen and biomass of the aerial part. Significant differences were observed for P. latus population growth rate and injury symptoms among accessions. A positive correlation between P. latus growth rate and injury was found. The UFVJC72 accession stood out as the more resistant, considering P. latus growth rate and injury symptoms, compared with most accessions. Physiological responses did not vary among accessions, but did between infested and uninfested plants. In P. latus-infested plants, net photosynthesis was on average 50.5 % lower than in uninfested plants, whereas stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased by 46.2 and 51.6 %, respectively.

Genetic variability and divergence analyses in Jatropha curcas based on floral and yield traits

Genetic variability of 80 accessions of Jatropha curcas showed that oil content varied between 20.8-36.1% (X=26.2?0.38). Thirty seven accessions showed seed weight/plant above average mean value (180.2g) and 26 accessions showed oil content above average mean (26.2%). The hierarchical clustering grouped all the accessions into 4 clusters. Clustering showed that majority of accessions i.e. 56 (70%) were genetically close to each other and grouped in two clusters. The maximum intra cluster distance was recorded in cluster IV (30.15). The inter cluster distance varied from 47.59 (between cluster I and cluster II) to 211.27 (between cluster III and cluster I). The cluster III showed maximum genetic distance with cluster I, followed by cluster IV and cluster II suggesting comparatively wider genetic diversity among them. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that first four principal components (PCs) accounted for more than 93% of the total variation. The first principal components accounted for 42.5% of the total variation mainly due to seed length, seed width, seed weight/plant and number of seeds/plant which had maximum and positive weight on this component. Oil content had negative weight on PC1. Thus, PC1 related to the accessions with thick seeds, moderate to high seed yielder with low oil content.

Drought stress response in Jatropha curcas: Growth and physiology

Tolerance to drought remains poorly described for Jatropha curcas accessions from different geographical and climatic origins. To address this issue we studied the response of two J. curcas accessions, one from Indonesia (wet tropical climate) and the other from Cape Verde islands (semi-arid climate). Potted seedlings (with 71 days) of both accessions were subjected to continuous well watered conditions (control) or to a drought stress period followed by re-watering. To mimic natural conditions in which drought stress develops gradually, stress was imposed progressively by reducing irrigation (10% reduction every 2 days, on a weight base), for a period of 28 days, until a field capacity of 15% (maximum stress) was achieved, followed by one week under well-watered conditions. We measured soil and plant water status, growth and biomass partitioning, leaf morphology, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Both accessions maintained high leaf relative water content (70–80%) even at maximum stress. Net photosynthesis (An) was not affected by mild to moderate stress but it abruptly dropped at severe stress. This was due to reduced stomatal conductance, which showed earlier decline than An. Plant growth (stem elongation, leaf emergence and total leaf area) was reduced, minimizing water loss, but no significant differences were found between accessions. Drought stress did not reduce chlorophyll contents but led to reduced chlorophyll a/b. Both accessions showed fast recovery of both stomatal and photochemical parameters suggesting a good tolerance to water stress. Both J. curcas accessions showed a-dehydration-avoidant behaviour, presenting a typical water saving strategy due to strict stomatal regulation, regardless of their provenance.

Phenotypic, genotypic and genetic divergence found in 48 newly collected Malaysian accessions of Jatropha curcas L.

Physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. is an important bio-fuel crop. The present study was conducted to determine the extent of genetic variation and relationship among 48 J. curcas accessions of from Malaysia using 14 morphological traits during 2009–2010. In respect of all traits, there were highly significant differences among the accessions. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was the highest for oil yield per ha followed by total no. of seed per plant and seed yield. Similarly, the genotypic coefficient of variation was the highest for seed yield followed by oil yield per ha and total number of seeds per plant. Broad sense heritability was high in general and exceeded 63.5% for all the traits studied. The percentages of genetic advance was higher (>70%) for total number of seeds per plant and seed yield. Morphological traits viz. total number of seeds per plant, total number of branches per plant, number of primary branches per plant and seed yields per ha exhibited a high genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. Seed yield was significantly (p≤0.05) and positively correlated with plant height, total branches, leaf greenish, total number of seeds, number of fruits and oil yield. Based on UPGMA cluster and principal component analyses, the accessions, D-01-09 and B-03-02 (grouped into a single cluster) had above average seed yield, oil yield, number of fruits, total number of seeds, leaf greenish, plant height and primary branch compared to other accessions. For the improvement of J. curcas, two accessions (D-01-09 and B-03-02) could be used as parents and required to be hybridized with the accessions (B-02-05, B-02-01, B-02-04, B-05-05 and B-01-07) of distant clusters I and II.

Physico-chemical screening of accessions of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is an alternative environmentally friendly fuel made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The present report deals with screening of 14 accessions of Jatropha curcas collected from all over India to find the most suitable ones for production of Biodiesel. From the 14 accessions of J. curcas located in the plantation at Osmania University, 4 accessions were initially selected on the basis of traits like general appearance, pest resistance, seed yield and seed-oil content. Further, the seed-oil of these 4 accessions was characterized by physico-chemical analysis to identify the elite accessions for production of biodiesel. Highest 1000-seed weight (640 g) and highest percentage seed-oil content (50.16) (extracted by Soxhlet method with hexane as the solvent) was recorded in the “KM” accession. The transesterification process is affected by the presence of high free fatty acids (recorded in “MB” accession) and high moisture content (recorded in “KM” accession) of the seed-oil which also interfere with the separation of fatty esters and glycerol during production of Biodiesel. Further, high phosphorus content and iodine number (recorded in “MB” accession) interfere with conversion of seed-oil to Biodiesel. In the above context, in spite of its yield being lower, the seed-oil of the “RSAD” accession was found to be most suitable for Biodiesel production followed by “KM”, “F.W.B” and “MB” accessions, since it contains lower free fatty acids, acid value, viscosity, diglycerides and iodine number.

Genetic relationships and diversity of Jatropha curcas accessions in Malaysia

This study has been undertaken to assess the extent of genetic diversity in a representative set of 16 accessions of Jatropha curcas. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was used to establish the genetic relationship among the accessions. From the eight ISSR primers used, the number of amplicons per primers varied from 2 (I7) to 14(UBC834) and the amplicon size from 151 bp to 2779 bp. Out of a total of 63 bands, 25 (40%) were polymorphic with an average of 4.16 polymorphic bands per primer. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity varied from 0.72 to 1, indicating low level of genetic variation among the studied genotypes. UPGMA cluster analysis indicated five main clusters with the highest number of accession grouped under cluster II. Although, the grouping was not related to location sources, there was a close genetic relationship among the Jatropha accessions represented. This indicated that the accessions were derived from the same source when they were introduced to Malaysia.

Influence of Climatic Factors and Soil Types on Seed Weight and Oil Content of Jatropha Curcas in Guangxi, China

The seed weight and oil content of accessions of Jatropha curcas collected from 21 locations in different climatic zones of Guangxi province, China and their correlation with climatic factors and soil types were analyzed. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in 100-seed weight and oil content between locations. Maximum 100-seed weight was 71.0 in seeds collected from S21 and the minimum weight was 59.0 g in S10. Oil variability ranged from 34.10% in S12 to 55.50% in S21. The seed weight and oil content of J. curcas in acid soil types were significantly higher than those in calcium soil types. Seed weight and oil content were positively correlated with the mean annual sunshine duration (Sa), the mean annual temperature (Tmean), mean minimum daily temperature of the coldest month (Tmin), mean maximum daily temperature of the warmest month (Tmax) and the mean annual evaporation (Ea) (p<0.01), while were negatively correlated with altitude and the mean annual precipitation (Pa) (p<0.01). The ecological requirements of J. curcas are more fertile soil and more humid and have a higher Tmin than its commonly believed ecological requirements, and therefore point towards cautious selection of plantation sites, especially in karst and subtropical regions.

Growth performance, variability in yield traits and oil content of selected accessions of Jatropha curcas L. growing in a large scale plantation site

Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) is gaining global popularity as a potential feed stock of biodiesel and a candidate species for waste land reclamation. Although the oil yield of this species is better than any other non-edible oil yielding plants, the lack of agronomic practices defame this species for further exploitation. Furthermore, there is paucity of data on the growth performances and yield of JCL plantations. In this context, a systematic study on passport data and yield performance of JCL germplasms (including their indigenous collection number (IC No.), morphological characterization of seeds and seed oil content) growing in a large scale plantation site at Solar Energy Center, Gurgaon, India were carried out during 2007-2008. Ten elite accessions of JCL were screened from this site based on their growth performance and biomass characterization and were deposited at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi for registration. The oil content of the 10 registered accessions was ranged from 17% to 34%. Cluster analysis was performed to find out promising germplasms. Cluster analysis formed two prominent groups, each one with two sub-clusters. The promising accessions can be further explored for crop improvement programs. Furthermore, multi-locational trials are essential for optimizing the agropractices for maximum yield for a sustainable biodiesel production. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genetic diversity of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) revealed by SSR markers

Ten microsatellite markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and genetic structure among 32 accessions of Jatropha curcas. Low levels of average genetic diversity were observed (HE = 0.160). A dendrogram produced by the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) based on Nei’s genetic distances revealed 3 groups among 32 accessions. The genetic differentiation (FST) among two groups was significant (P < 0.01). The model-based Bayesian clustering method indicated that a population structure (ΔK) was separated into two groups. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variability (63.753%) among groups than within groups (36.247%). These findings could assist in defining the best method of genetic conservation and studies in breeding programs for genetic improvement of J. curcas.

Morphological, physico-chemical and micropropagation studies in Jatropha curcas L. and RAPD analysis of the regenerants

Four accessions of Jatropha curcas L. were characterized with respect to their yield and physico-chemical properties of seed-oil. Further, an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed followed by RAPD analysis of the regenerants. Although the highest 1000-seed-weight and seed-oil content were recorded in OJC1 and OJC5 accessions respectively, the seed-oil of OJC9 accession was more suited for biodiesel production due to the desirable characteristics like low values of free fatty acids, acid value, moisture content and total unsaturated fatty acids. An accession – independent micropropagation protocol of Jatropha was optimized by using axillary nodal explants with MS medium supplemented with a combination of growth regulators, glutamine and citric acid. All the accessions were amenable to in vitro culture, and the highest number of plantlets could be regenerated from the OJC5 accession. Although no somaclonal variation was recorded in the regenerants of all the accessions, RAPD analysis confirmed their genetic similarity and also the similarity of the clones with their respective mother plants.

Genetic similarity of Jatropha curcas accessions based on AFLP markers

The genetic relationships between accessions of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) were determined based on AFLP marker. A set of 50 plants from 12 accessions of J. curcas was analyzed with molecular data from 164 loci generated from 17 AFLP primer combinations. Molecular variance of data was analyzed by total decomposition between and within accessions. An UPGMA dendrogram was constructed based on genetic distances estimated by Jaccard's similarity coefficient. The well-defined dendrogram showed a cophenetic value of 0.91. Groups of plants were observed in six of the 12 accessions studied with similarity of over 30 %, indicating high genetic variability. The variation among accessions was estimated to be 0.275, also indicating high variability. These results show that the genetic variability of the studied J. curcas accessions is structured according to the origin and that a greater number of populations should be sampled to increase the genetic diversity of the studied genebank.

A novel set of highly polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite and ISSR markers for the biofuel crop Jatropha curcas

A novel set of polymorphic ISSR and chloroplast microsatellite markers were identified to mark the genetic relationship among different accessions of Jatropha curcas. A total of 12 polymorphic ISSR primers used, amplified a total of 26 fragments among ten different accessions of J. curcas. The cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci is timesaving as well as a cost-effective approach for developing locus specific markers for new species. Further, in an attempt to reveal a high degree of polymorphism and genetic variation among different accessions of J. curcas chloroplast microsatellite primer pairs developed for Acorus calamus (Acoraceace) were examined for cross-species amplification and validation among them. Out of 18 cpSSRs, six (33.33%) were identified as resulting in good amplifications and polymorphism. The number of amplified alleles per cpSSR primer pair ranged from 2 to 4 with the total number of 18 size variants as whole. The 18 size variants at 6 loci among 10 accessions were combined in 4 different haplotypes. The total chloroplast DNA diversity (HT) and the differentiation (GST) were found as 0.700 and 0.560 respectively. Whereas, Shannon's information index (I), Nei's genetic diversity among different accessions of J. curcas using ISSR and cpSSR markers was estimated at 0.33±0.28; 0.22±0.19 and 0.94±0.35; 0.55±0.18 respectively. The genetic relationship among the accessions was established using UPGMA cluster analysis, which were grouped into two major clusters denoted as cluster-I and cluster-II. The implication of the results in devising the importance of a identified novel set of markers for the genetic relationship and genetic diversity analysis in J. curcas is discussed.