Jatropha Biodiesel Research Articles

An experimental investigation of emission performance of heterogenous catalyst jatropha biodiesel using RSM

Tremendous growth in the number of automobiles in developed and developing global economies has exorbitantly boosted competition for petroleum products. Petroleum products derived from fossil fuels are predominantly responsible for environmental pollution as unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) & carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are released from the fossil fuel combustion. In the view of increasing environmental pollution and stringent emission norms, the present study is concentrated on using Jatropha biodiesel as an alternate fuel source to run variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine. The characteristics of VCR diesel engine emission have been evaluated under different compression ratio (CR), operating conditions of load & pressure of fuel injection. In this research work, Jatropha biodiesel diesel blend B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel) and B0 (100% diesel) have been taken as fuel to run the engine. For conducting experiments, load has been varied from 0 to 12 Kg, CR from 14 to 18 and FIP from 180 to 270 bar as per the model of Response Surface Methodology experiments. The experimental investigation showed that the use of the B30 blend reduces HC & CO emissions by about 16.7% and 24% correspondingly in comparison to diesel. However noteworthy rise in NOx & CO2 emissions rate recorded by using the B30 blend as that of diesel. It has been shown that with enhancing in load & CR, HC&CO emissions decreased significantly however increase in CO2 and NOx observed. Advancing FIP, significantly decreases HC & CO emissions as well as tends to increase NOx and CO2 emissions.

Study on the mechanism of auto-oxidation of Jatropha biodiesel and the oxidative cleavage of C[sbnd]C bond

Jatropha biodiesel was obtained according to the continuous preparation process which included vapor esterification - transesterification - methanol steam distillation. Accelerated oxidation of small Jatropha biodiesel was obtained by the Rancimat method. GC–MS and liquid phase micro-extraction were used to study and analyze the components in the oxidation process of Jatropha curcas biodiesel. The electronic effects of the related reactants and products were calculated by density functional theory, followed by the deduction of the related chemical reaction paths. Experimental investigation shows that methyl linoleate is the main factor affecting the oxidation stability of the Jatropha biodiesel. The main volatile products at the initial stages of the oxidation of methyl linoleate are hexanal, methyl octanoate, styrene, and 2-heptenal. The cis/trans-3-octyl-oxiranyl octanoic acid methyl ester (18.03% yield) is produced by the reaction of peroxy acid and methyl oleate during the oxidation of methyl oleate. The hydrogen extraction reaction is difficult to occur, and the oxidation reaction energy barrier is relatively high due to the relatively large bond energy of the CH bond in the methyl stearate molecule. In this manuscript, the auto-oxidation mechanism of the biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters at the initial stage of oxidation, the path of oxidative cleavage of the CC bond of Jatropha biodiesel and the formation process of ethylene oxide structure are obtained through DFT calculation and analysis of the oxidation products.

Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine fueled with Bio-Diesel along with Additives (NM, MTBE)

The significant quantity of power is expensive in transportation segment & industrial sector and also a critical command in meeting through CI engine in all over the world due to their greater performance as contrast to the conventional diesel fuels. However, there was a tremendous alarm regarding the crude oil products which are going to be depleted in near future. So, in this connection it is necessary to reach, the suitable fuels other than the fossil fuels and also on the other hand it is mandatory to control the expense of the both fuels. In this work an attempt is to be made to investigate the commercial use of suitable and non-toxic additives in order to improve the performance of an engine without sacrificing the functionality parameters. The main concern of this work is to utilize the maximum effective way to control the asserted parameters like emissions and combustion characteristics. This investigation carried out on a diesel engine fuelled with B100 (jatropha) with two additives, Nitro methane (Nm) and Methyl Tetra Butyl Ether (MTBE) are tested in kirloskar computerized diesel engine. Jatropha bio-diesel is a biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable fuel, environment friendly and do not build on globalwarming. Additives selected are based on the biodiesel characteristics, and economic feasibility. Additive MTBE is used for oxygenated and the other additive Nm is used as cetane booster.

Performance, energy, emission and cost analysis of Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas) oil as a biofuel for compression ignition engine

Increasing energy demands and various environmental stringent laws are the factors which give thrust area to the scientist to develop clean and green energy for future and sustainable developments. Biofuel (Biodiesel) seems like an alternative that can meet several energy requirements. Biodiesel from Non-edible vegetable oil is getting more attention day by day compared to edible vegetable oil. Jatropha Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable and renewable source of energy that can be used as a replacement to diesel fuel in the compression ignition engine. The present research is carried out to find the suitability and sustainability of Jatropha biodiesel in the diesel engine. The trans-esterification process is used for the production of Jatropha oil biodiesel and different samples of biodiesel are prepared. Physio-chemical properties of fuels, its sustainability, performance, and emissions characteristics of the CI engine are experimentally investigated, followed by energy and cost analysis to explore the operational and economic feasibility. Fuel properties determined in this study conform to the ASTM D6751 standard. The outcomes of the study indicate that the viscosity of different blends of biofuel is close to pure diesel. With the increase in the percentage of prepared biodiesel in fuel, specific fuel consumption increased whereas, the thermal efficiency of the engine falls. The maximum thermal efficiency of the engine is found to be 29.8% and 19.2% for pure diesel and biodiesel respectively. There is an improvement seen in the hydrocarbon emissions but with the rise in percentage of biodiesel in different composition of blends, NOx emission increases. Results conclude that the blend of a 10–20% of Jatropha biodiesel with mineral diesel (B10 and B20) is suitable to use as fuel in CI engines.

Nontraditional Sources for Biodiesel Production in Malaysia: The Economic Evaluation of Hemp, Jatropha, and Kenaf Biodiesel

Nontraditional Sources for Biodiesel Production in Malaysia: The Economic Evaluation of Hemp, Jatropha, and Kenaf Biodiesel

Prediction of performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel microexplosion process in CI engine by utilising NN-IABC approach

The world is getting modernised and industrialised step by step. Utilisation of traditional diesel fuel causes a difficult issue of air contamination and consequences for the earth prompting impact like nursery, few consider diesel fuel brings about high discharge in diesel motor. In this paper, it propose a Jatropha biodiesel, which can be utilised as an option diesel fuel, is produced using inexhaustible natural sources, for example, vegetable oil and creature fats. The principle destinations of this paper are to examine the execution and discharges qualities of a compression ignition (CI) engine keep running with biodiesel under miniaturised scale blast handle with different loads and weight. The test consequences of SFC, SEC, TFC, BP, BTE and fumes temperature and additionally CO2, O2, NOx, CO and HC outflows were displayed and talked about by the assistance of NN improvement with IABC calculation. In view of the exploratory outcomes, NN performs preferred outcome over ordinary calculations. The improvement calculations foresee the parameters viably and executed in MATLAB programming.

Effect of B20 and B30 jatropha biodiesel blends on combustion characteristics of mullite coated LHR DI diesel engine

Effect of B20 and B30 jatropha biodiesel blends on combustion characteristics of mullite coated LHR DI diesel engine

Optimization of Operating Parameters of Diesel Engine Powered with Jatropha Oil Diesel Blend by Employing Response Surface Methodology

Biodiesel is promoted as an appropriate alternative fuel for use in compression ignition (CI) engines as it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and sulphur-free and does not require any change in current engines design. The key objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the best operational parameters of engine referring to performance and emissions of Jatropha biodiesel powered CI engine by employing response surface methodology (RSM). In order to achieve maximum brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions the optimization model is used. Effects of different factors such as fuel injection pressure (FIP), engine compression ratio (CR), and load on thermal performance have been studied in a single cylinder diesel engine. Experiments design was based on L20 orthogonal array Central composite design (CCD) method. RSM was employed to test the suitability of biodiesel in diesel engines and models were developed by using experimental results. Based on the optimization, the optimum engine parameters found were 18 CR, 180 bar FIP and 8.11 kg engine load. Under these settings, the optimum responses were found as 2.21 kW, 28.24%, 25.3 ppm and 174.6 ppm for BP, BTE, HC, and NOx, respectively. Meanwhile, R 2 (coefficient of determination) values were found as 99.96%, 99.93%, 98.5%, 99.14%, and 99.78%, for BP, BTE, net heat release rate (NHRR), HC, and NOx, respectively.

Production of Biodiesel from Moringa Oleifera and Jatropha Curcas Seed Oils over a Modified ZnO/Fly Ash Catalyst

Abstract Methyl ester biodiesel was produced from Moringa Oleifera oil and Jatropha Curcas oil with the sole aim of assessing the feasibility of the feedstocks as viable sources of biodiesel in Botswana. Oil extraction and transesterification were carried out under identical experimental conditions for both Jatropha Curcas and Moringa Oleifera biomass. Oil was extracted from seeds through a soxhlet extraction method using the solvent, n-hexane. The extracted oil was then trans-esterified at 60 °C using a methanol/oil ratio of 12:1 at a stirring rate of 350 rpm, 3 wt. % catalyst loading and 120 min reaction time. Zinc Oxide modified with fly ash was used as heterogeneous catalyst for the process. GC analysis results of biodiesels produced indicated that the highest biodiesel yield was obtained from Jatropha seed oil. Moringa biodiesel showed a greater proportion of docosanedioic acid while Jatropha biodiesel composed of oleic acid in larger proportions. Both oleic and docosanedioic acid are unsaturated methyl esters. The results obtained suggests Jatropha as the more suitable feedstock as compared to Moringa.

Optimization of <i>Jatropha</i> Biodiesel Production by Response Surface Methodology

Cost of biodiesel is primarily because of factors such as the feedstock, production process and materials. Apparently, the final biodiesel product is a bit expensive compared to fossil diesel fuel. While non-food feedstock of high oil content such as Jatropha curcas has been proposed to reduce the cost due to the feedstock, a promising two-step approach of hydro-esterification can possibly offset the production cost for oil resource with high free fatty acids. Most importantly, optimization of the materials and process is expected to reduce wastage, enhance product purity and generate less wastewater. However, optimizing product generation has been dauntingly elusive because several parameters are needed to be considered holistically. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the yield and conversion of Jatropha biodiesel from J. curcas hydrolysate. An optimum Yield and conversion of 96% was achieved for both responses with an optimum temperature value of 60°C, 4 wt% for catalyst loading for 6 hrs reaction time. Findings imply that optimization study of Jatropha curcas hydrolysate for yield and conversion of fatty acid methyl esters using face centered central composite design of Design Expert 6.0.8 can ensure purity of product, conserve energy and reduce waste generation providing a significant frontier in biodiesel pricing.

Influence of EGR on a CI engine running on 20% blend of jatropha biodiesel

Abstract Biodiesels are becoming famous as an elective fuel due to their emission qualities. But still, there are some issues with the exhaust emission from biodiesel. The emission like CO, HC and CO2 reduces with biodiesel, but the NOx outflow increases with biodiesel. The present study involves the application of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to diminish NOx. The J20 (20% blend of Jatropha biodiesel) is utilised as a fuel in a CI engine for this investigation. The emissions like CO, HC, CO2 and NOx and 20% EGR are noted down at 10% and 20% EGR. The load is varied from 0% to 100%. The NOx is reduced significantly, but the CO, CO2, HC and smoke increases on applying Exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR).

Outcomes of advanced biodiesel with nanoparticle additives on performance of CI engines

Abstract Biodiesel is a potential alternative fuel source that shows the importance of fossil fuels and helps to keep diesel engines in use for a long time. Numerous research works have shown that biodiesel suffers from its drawbacks, including high viscosity, low volatility, low heat value and high NOx emissions, although some features of biodiesel promote their use, such as CO2, HC, and PM reduce emissions. Some researchers have also noted that these impairments can be overcome with the help of additives and increasing the use of biodiesel. The reduction in harmful effects of emissions on the environment has attracted the attention of researchers towards biodiesel additives. In this work the conclusion of experimental works from different types of additives mixed with jatropha biodiesel is presented. Experimental work includes various nanoparticles such as aluminum (Al), copper (C), zinc oxide (ZnO), carbon nano tubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplates (GNP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) etc. In addition to jatropha biodiesel and blends, nano additives reduced the ignition delay period. The combustion process began early, and brake specific fuel consumption decreased as well as an increase in brake thermal efficiency. The effects of various types of biodiesel additives on controlled and uncontrolled emissions of combustion ignition engines have been noted. Their qualities and demerits are also discussed.

Combustion Performance of Jatropha Blended Biodiesel in An Oil Burner

In this study, pure Jatropha oil (inedible plant oil) was converted into biodiesel (Jatropha Methyl-Ester or JME) through an esterification and trans-esterification process. It is then blended with commercial diesel in various ratios to produce four different blends. The ratio of Jatropha biodiesel to diesel (Jatropha:diesel) is 5:95% (B5), 10:90% (B10), 15:85% (B15) and 20:80% (B20). The letter B indicates the total volume of biodiesel in a mixture with diesel. Each batch of the fuel blend was then tested for their physical properties compared to diesel. Combustion performance tests were performed and temperature and emission (NOx and CO) profiles were measured at five different equivalence ratios. Experimental results are presented and they show that the temperature profile of each mixture does not exceed the value of diesel, and results in lower emissions (NOx and CO) than diesel.

Effect of emulsified fuel based on dual blend of Castor-Jatropha biodiesel on CI engine performance and emissions

Over the years, the diesel engine has been used in several marines, automobiles, locomotives, and agriculture applications due to its high efficiency and high-power torque capacity. However, the use of a diesel engine increases the rate of harmful pollutants like soot and NOx. This study aims to reduce engine emissions while simultaneously enhancing engine performance by using dual biodiesel emulsified fuel. For the preparation of the test fuel, a B20 Castor - Jatropha biodiesel blend (10% Castor + 10% Jatropha + 80% Diesel v/v %) was selected. Furthermore, for the preparation of emulsified test fuel, the concentration of water (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v/v %), surfactant (1, 2 v/v %) and HLB ratio (4.3, 5.3, 6) varies in the given range, respectively. During the experiment, parameters such as the stability of the fuel, engine performance, combustion, and emission analysis were carried out, comparing the test fuels with diesel. As the engine does not constantly operate at its full-rated load throughout its entire life, the results were therefore multiplied by the engine load factor. Our experiments demonstrated that the test fuel with a 5% water concentration formed the best-emulsified fuel. This fuel had a 14% higher BTE, 42% higher CO2, and ~60% lower NOx. Apart from this, the test fuel showed better combustion and performance characteristics than diesel and other emulsified fuels. The present work concludes that 20% of biodiesel, 2% surfactants, 5% water and 5.3 of HLB ratio shows reduced harmful engine emissions and improve engine performance.

Effect of additive structure on the performance of biodiesel fuel winterization

The effects of additive structure on the separation of saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from FAME mixtures by winterization were investigated. Six sorbitan derivatives, seven palmitate derivatives, and sorbitan monopalmitate, which is known to improve the low-temperature separation of FAME mixtures, were studied. A model FAME mixture was prepared by blending saturated FAME (methyl palmitate) and unsaturated FAME (methyl oleate). Sorbitan derivatives that had fatty-acid groups with the same carbon chain length as the main saturated FAME in the FAME mixture improved the separation significantly. Shorter chain lengths and unsaturated fatty acid groups did not promote the winterization of FAME mixtures because their interactions with the main saturated FAME were too weak. Cyclic structures and hydroxy (OH) groups in the ester groups of the palmitate derivatives were found to be essential for preventing crystal growth and liquid contamination of the recovered solid phase. Cyclic structures affected the appearance of the FAME mixture during winterization, and the presence of OH groups affected the separation factor and the cloud point (CP) of the recovered liquid FAME. Span40, which has palmitate and sorbitan groups, was found to be the most effective additive for mixtures containing approximately 50 wt% methyl palmitate. The CP of the recovered liquid decreased 4–9 K, and the separation factors were between 3.6 and 7.5. These results will be useful for the separation and purification of saturated rich-FAME mixture such as palm, lard, mahua, neem, and jatropha biodiesels.

Novel mutant camelina and jatropha as valuable feedstocks for biodiesel production

Novel mutant camelina has become a crop of interest inspired by its short growing season, low harvesting costs and high oil composition. Despite those advantages, limited research has been done on novel mutant lines to determine applicability for biodiesel production. Jatropha is an extremely hardy, frugal and high oil yielding plant species. The major aim of the present study was not only to compare biodiesel production from jatropha and camelina but was also to test the efficacy of camelina mutant lines (M6 progenies) as superior feedstock. The biodiesel yield from camelina oil and jatropha oil was 96% and 92%, respectively. The gas chromatographic analysis using flame ionization detector (GC-FID) showed that mutant camelina oil biodiesel sample contain major amount of oleic acid (46.54 wt%) followed by linolenic acid (20.41 wt%) and linoleic acid (16.55 wt%). Jatropha biodiesel found to contain major amount of oleic acid (45.03 wt%) followed by linoleic acid (25.07 wt%) and palmitic acid (19.31 wt%). The fuel properties of produced biodiesel were found in good agreement with EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The mutant camelina lines biodiesel have shown comparatively better fuel properties than jatropha. It has shown low saponification value (120.87–149.35), high iodine value (130.2–157.9) and better cetane number (48.53–59.35) compared to jatropha biodiesel which have high saponification value (177.39–198.9), low iodine value (109.7–123.1) and lesser cetane number (47.76–51.26). The results of the present student of utilizing novel mutant camelina lines for biodiesel production are quite promising and are helpful in turning out the outcomes of the previous studies suggesting that C. sativa biodiesel presents serious drawbacks for biodiesel applications.

Nano emulsified diesel - biodiesel blend selection through a MCDM technique

The populace growth and their expectations for everyday comforts have prompted impressive utilization of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel blends and its nano emulsions is a decent option for engine application. This paper depicts the use of crossover Multi Criteria Decision Making for the determination of best nano emulsion for engine. Here, two MCDM techniques TOPSIS and VIKOR used to get the best Nano biodiesel emulsion. Diesel, Jatropha biodiesel blend of B10, nano emulsions of B10 with 25, 50 and 100 ppm of Al2O3 are used. The Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Smoke, Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon (HC), Specific Fuel Consumption(SFC), excess Oxygen(O2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are considered as the assessment criteria. It shows that Diesel is positioned first for 0%,25%,50% and 100% load and fourth for 75% burden using AHP-TOPSIS and Diesel is positioned first for 25% & 50%, second at 0% & 100% and third for 75% load using AHP-VIKOR. Consequently, it is consistent that blending B10+50PPM and B10+25PPM biodiesel is recommended as a decent swap for diesel.

Performance of Diesel Engine using Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel Blends (Dept.M)

In this study, jatropha biodiesel fuel blends were used by volumetric ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with Diesel fuel to evaluate Diesel engine performance. Jatropha oil was extracted from jatropha carcass and converted to biodiesel fuel using transesterification reaction. Tests were performed on a four stroke, two cylinder, direct injection, air cooled Diesel engine at full load and different speeds, namely 500, 750, 1000.1250 and 1500 rpm. The present study reveals that, locally jatropha biodiesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel for Diesel engines without any modifications. However, there was a decrease in engine performance with increasing biodiesel fuel percentage in the blends. The results showed a decrease in both of brake power by 16%, brake thermal efficiency by 22%, air to fuel ratio by 17% (which indicates that the consumption of air is less in case of biodiesel fuel blends compared to Diesel fuel), volumetric efficiency by11%. While there are increases in brake specific fuel consumption by 31% and exhaust gas temperature by 34% compared to Diesel fuel.

Regulated, Unregulated, and Particulate Emissions From Biodiesel Blend Fueled Transportation Engine

Abstract Engine experiments were performed for measurement of regulated, unregulated, and particulate emissions using a 2.2 L transportation compression ignition engine fueled with blends of diesel and biodiesels derived from Jatropha and waste cooking oils. JB20 (20% v/v Jatropha biodiesel blended with 80% v/v diesel), WCOB20 (20% v/v waste cooking oil biodiesel blended with 80% v/v diesel), and baseline mineral diesel were used as test fuels in this study. Experiments were performed at an engine speed of 2000 rpm at five engine loads (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% rated load). Regulated emission results exhibited that JB20 and WCOB20 emitted higher hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO) at low engine loads compared to baseline diesel, whereas WCOB20 exhibited relatively higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared to baseline diesel. Unregulated emissions were higher at low engine loads and decreased with increasing engine load. Biodiesel blends showed relatively higher methane and ethylene trace emissions compared to baseline diesel, whereas WCOB20 showed higher formaldehyde, formic acid, iso-pentane, sulfur dioxide, and n-octane emissions compared to diesel at no load. Particulate number concentrations were relatively higher from biodiesel blends compared to baseline diesel at most engine operating conditions.

Determination of optimum diesel: jatropha blend for compression ignition diesel engines through fuel properties analysis

The non-edible oil jatropha biodiesel is a diesel blend fuel source for the compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Hence, the determination of the exact blending ratio of biodiesel to diesel fuel for best engine operation is needed through research. Keeping this in mind, this work investigated various acceptable jatropha biodiesel-diesel blends for diesel engines through fuel properties analysis. In this study, six different volumetric percentages of the biodiesel-diesel fuel samples were prepared. The percentage of the biodiesel was varied from 5 to 30% with a step of 5% by volume. The important properties required for engine operation like cloud and pour point, flash and fire point, density, viscosity and calorific value were measured under standard conditions. The average measured properties of biodiesel-diesel blends were compared with diesel fuel. The possibility of using 100% biodiesel in diesel engines without any modifications is also checked by comparing its properties with diesel fuel. The investigation revealed that the cold flow properties of diesel fuel such as cloud and pour point were improved with jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. Also, the results confirmed the good ignition quality and stability, energy content and atomization property of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. The diesel and 20% jatropha biodiesel blending (B20) fuels showed an identical pour point temperature of − 3.5 °C. Similarly, B20 fuel has produced only 2.28% lower calorific value and 1.2% higher density as compared to diesel fuel. The other B20 fuel properties such as fire point, viscosity, flash point and cloud point were found within 7.44% to 12.5% higher than the diesel fuel. Hence, the study has recommended the B20 as the optimum blend fuel for CI diesel engines.