Experience In Japan Research Articles

A Comparative Study of the Economic Development of China and Japan after World War II

China's economy is currently facing difficulties such as a slowdown in development, an economic structure that is not adapted to the new world economic situation and so on. How to get out of these difficulties has become an important issue. From a historical perspective, this article compares the economic development processes of China and Japan after World War II and analyses the enlightenment that China can draw from Japan's economic development. The study of this article concludes that after World War II, the economic development models of China and Japan were highly similar. Both countries implemented a development strategy that prioritized heavy and chemical industries, introduced economic development policies that emphasized exports and adopted a government-led economic development model. Both are currently encountering similar development difficulties. Based on Japan's economic development experience and lessons, China should focus on real estate bubbles, market mechanism adjustment and improvement, etc. to adapt to the needs of the new economic situation.

Secondary Spaces of Entrance, Corridor, and Balcony in Tehran Housing - A Comparative Analysis with Nagoya Residences

Due to increasing costs and shrinkage of Tehran housing, interior layout plays a more critical role. In addition to the main spaces, such as the bathroom, kitchen, and bedroom, which are present and vital in each residential unit, we identified entrance, corridor, and balcony in our Tehran samples as secondary spaces. We aimed to investigate these spaces' role in Tehran's current housing; we analyzed their existence, size, and relationship with the unit's total area by considering the background and history of these spaces. Japan's experience in small housing convinced us to utilize under 100 m2 of Nagoya samples for comparison. Results revealed sufficient area for these three spaces in all Nagoya samples. In contrast, these spaces in a large percentage of Tehran samples did not exist or lacked efficiency contrary to related rules and regulations. There was a weak correlation between unit size and the lack of entrance and balcony, but corridor was usually removed in smaller units. We suggest separate entrance and corridor as essential spaces and not optional, regardless of unit size. Also, transparent, and visible balconies, especially in dense urban areas, are incompatible with the Iranian lifestyle and should be adjusted to cultural beliefs and norms.

Japan's Lost Thirty Years: From Post-War Miracle to Bursting Bubble

Japan has achieved remarkable economic success since the 1950s, and there are consequences when Japan grows too fast, even up to a certain point. The signing of the Plaza Accord was the decisive factor in determining Japan's future economic destiny, but the Japanese at that time only focused on the growth of the exchange rate and ignored their own policy mistakes. The Japanese government even thought it was a "godsend" at one time that year, and the yen's exchange rate began to be seriously overvalued. At the same time, this also led to Japan's industrial hollowing out. Here, it could be argued that Japan signed the agreement in the mistaken belief that the economy would be great in the future. Therefore, this paper discusses whether the Plaza Accord was a determinant of Japan's economic growth between the post-war period and the bursting of the bubble by analyzing the impact of the three major industries, the yen exchange rate and the central bank interest rate, as well as consumption on GDP. It can be concluded from the analysis that the Plaza Accord was only a trigger, and Japan had an interest rate policy blunder and an overly-rapid exchange rate appreciation in those years. Therefore, the policy blunder was the main reason that pushed Japan into the abyss. From Japan's experience, for the rest of Asia, it is important not only to insist on policy independence but also to avoid the hollowing out of high-precision industries.

Menelaah Keberhasilan Pendidikan Karakter Di Jepang Untuk Menunjang Program Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter (PPK) Di Indonesia

This research explores the success of character education in Japan to support the Character Education Strengthening Program (PPK) in Indonesia. The research method employed is a qualitative approach with a literature review. Firstly, the study elucidates the Japanese education system, which incorporates character education as an integral part of the curriculum. Secondly, the principles of character education in Japan are delineated to provide a profound understanding of the values applied in the development of students' character. Subsequently, the research analyzes the success factors and challenges in character education in Japan, highlighting aspects that can be adopted or avoided in the Indonesian context. Fourth, the potential application of the Japanese character education model in Indonesia is explored, with a focus on positive changes that can occur in the mindset and behavior of students. Finally, implementation efforts in Indonesia are scrutinized through an understanding of the necessary changes in the education system and community support. The results of this research are expected to provide guidance for the implementation of PPK in Indonesia, considering Japan's successful experience in shaping students' character through qualitative and literature-based approaches. This study can serve as a foundation for the development of policies and practices in character education that are more effective and relevant in Indonesia.

A CASE STUDY ON THE OPERATION AND MARKETING STRATEGIES OF GROUP HOME IN JAPAN

This study uses the Sky Group Home case study method to understand the current status of the industrial environment where the case is located, and explore the development trends and business strategies of Japanese companies in the group home market. It also analyses the corresponding marketing strategies of the industry based on regional expansion points, so as to improve the competitiveness of the industry's regional channels and open up new markets for international group home development. In recent years, Taiwan's group homes have been gradually privatized, and Japan's implementation experience has a high degree of reference value for my country's policy construction and group homes. This study focuses on operating groups in Japan Company A of Home House is taken as the research object, and the standard policies and operating models for the establishment of Japanese group homes are discussed through literature. Company A is used to understand its operating model based on its service content and current operating conditions. Environmental analysis and marketing mix analysis are conducted to explore its market, management and Marketing strategy; Finally, use SWOT analysis to summarize A The current situation of the company and suggestions for the future development of the industry. The legal entity creates a daily life environment similar to home, adhering to the core concept of "serving users", focusing on personal uniqueness, and providing users with social care in a small unit. In Japan, group homes gather two major groups: the elderly and the physically and mentally disabled, living in a house the size of an average family. Or apartments, with nursing staff working around the clock to provide living assistance, giving customers a convenient and secure living space and a comfortable and barrier-free daily life. After a preliminary understanding, I realized that compared to Taiwan, the development of group housing in Japan is more prosperous, and because the government adopts a "government subsidy, private operation" approach in the implementation of group housing welfare policies, it not only provides operating subsidies to private operators , and also provide consulting services and other assistance to the industry to make this social welfare industry more common in the country, so it was decided to further explore this policy.

Rural Hollowing-Out Revisited: A Comparative Literature Review Between China and Japan

The issue of rural hollowing out is not unique to China, as various countries worldwide have witnessed different degrees of this phenomenon during the process of urbanization. Japan and China, among those nations grappling with rural hollowing out, share noteworthy similarities, rendering Japan's governance experience particularly instructive for China. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of Japan's issues with rural over-saturation and China's challenges with rural hollowing, revealing disparities in the formation mechanisms and timelines of these phenomena in the two countries. Notably, China experienced the hollowing-out problem later than Japan, and the process unfolded at a swifter pace. Examining governance policies, Japan advocates for the autonomous development of hollow villages in later stages. China stands to benefit by adopting Japan's supportive policies for rural areas, such as the 'one village, one product' initiative, which encourages hollowed villages to explore their unique strengths and specialize in products for endogenous development. In the realm of coordinating urban-rural relations, China can draw inspiration from Japan's strategy of "supporting rural areas with cities." This entails fostering rural development by investing in education and healthcare infrastructure in central cities, thereby promoting urban-rural integration.

Analysis and Exploration of Achievement Transformation Models in Chinese and Japanese Universities

With the global economy entering the knowledge economy era, technological innovation has become the core driving force for the development of various countries. Only by transforming technological achievements into goods or services can their economic and social value be truly realized. Especially in developing countries like China, whether technological achievements can be quickly and effectively transformed into real productivity is of decisive significance for economic growth, industrial upgrading, and international competitiveness enhancement. The outline of China's 14th Five Year Plan proposes to accelerate the construction of a strong country in science and technology and enhance the country's capacity for scientific and technological innovation. Universities, as the main base for talent cultivation and the main force of the national scientific and technological innovation system, should become an important platform for achievement transformation. However, the conversion rate of patent achievements in Chinese universities has always been low. This article reviews and draws on Japan's experience and practices in promoting achievement conversion, and explores new models of achievement conversion that are suitable for China's national conditions.

Exploring the contribution of Japan's experience in addressing rapid aging in Asia: Focus on dementia care.

This review article explores the potential contribution of Japan's experience in addressing rapid aging in Asia with a specific focus on dementia care. As Japan is a frontrunner in terms of aging society, we consider valuable insights and lessons from Japanese policy history and reflect on its contribution. The World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Action Plan on Healthy Ageing for the Western Pacific was compared with the Japanese "Outline for Promotion of Dementia Policies". The following five issues were discussed: i) improving awareness of dementia and community engagement in Japan from a mutual aid perspective; ii) social activities for prevention of dementia at the local level; iii) human resources for medical and long-term care; iv) local coordinators for old people care at home to evaluate the needs for care and tailor the care-plan on an individual basis; v) research and development of long-term care products. Given these factors, it is important to address the aging society through a combined cross-sectoral approach, including policy, research, development of care products, community, and education of care workers. Aging population measures in Japan do not provide a definitive answer, which prompts the consideration of better solutions derived from Japan's trial and error. The aging rate of 7%, 14%, and 21% are commonly used in international comparisons as indicators of the speed of the aging process, but before this 7% is reached, policies tailored to each country should be considered.

A scoping review of studies for senior nursing home planning in Japan—Trajectory of introducing private rooms and unit care system in nursing home

AbstractIn aging and aged countries, one of the main issues is to establish sufficient nursing homes for seniors. Japan, as one of the most rapidly aged countries, has been reforming nursing homes for the elderly since the 1990s and established a long‐term care insurance system. The purpose of this scoping review is to systematically map the evolution of researches for nursing homes in Japan since the 1990s, particularly with the post‐occupancy evaluation of the introduction of private rooms and small units. Forty‐three articles concerning privatization of rooms, shared spaces, and small unitization in nursing homes were extracted and analyzed. They were published between 1994 and 2021 in Journal of Architecture and Planning, AIJ Journal of Technology, JAABE, and JAR. The results revealed an evaluation of the privatized rooms mainly from the perspectives of residents' lives and care staffing, the effects and issues of the shared spaces introduced at the same time as private rooms, and the evaluation and issues on subsequent unit‐type floor plans. This study offers significant implications to Asian countries that will have aging and aged populations in the near future by summarizing Japan's experience in dealing with realistic and practical problems over the past 20 years.

CURRENT ISSUES OF LABOR PROTECTION IN JAPAN

The article considers the state monitoring on labor protection issues at Japanese enterprises. A brief overview of Japan's experience in this field has been compiled. At the same time, the regulation of employees at Japanese enterprises is being considered. The article analyzes the legislative framework of regulation and the occupational safety system in Japan. The features of Japanese laws regulating labor relations and determining the order of work are also analyzed. The article also analyzes the causes of the aggravated problem of physical fatigue and mental stress working in Japan. It should be noted that the safety and health of workers in Japan are the main goal of the state's social policy. Undoubtedly, the social and moral aspects of the issue are of great importance. Economic losses from harmful and dangerous working conditions should also be taken into account. It should be noted that the health protection of working Japanese has become one of the most acute social problems in Japan. At the same time, according to Japanese researchers, stress at work is to a certain extent an inevitable phenomenon. According to their data, the mental and physical health of workers is deteriorating due to the increasing burden of economic difficulties in recent years. The scientific justification of this process is aimed at finding, adapting, developing and testing the best international practices and ways to introduce the latest forms of digital statistical reporting tools, which is impossible without a retrospective analysis. At the moment, the state policy in the field of labor protection has a preventive orientation, which is reflected in the need to automate the processes of forming and implementing statistical observations of the state of labor protection. This should be preceded by work to radically improve the domestic system of statistical observations, taking into account the best practices of Japan.

National Interest and National Identity Affect The Behaviour Of Foreign Policy

There was a time when national identity influenced foreign policy, as in China, which has its Buddhist impermanence derived from its cultural identity. It has the identity of, and is derived from Japan's experience of the war in its own country. National interests on foreign policy actions are stronger than that of national identity. It targets countries without strong national identity clout, such as Western European countries such as Germany, and other countries such as the United States and Indonesia. The existence of strong national identities therefore only reinforces the influence of national interests influencing foreign policy, as has happened in China and Japan. Indonesia has Pancasila as its national identity. It has influenced its foreign policy by recognizing external threats. Moreover, Pancasila's national identity influences Indonesia's interior rather than its foreign policy. During the New Order era, China was known to be a communist threat to Indonesia, and Indonesia cut ties with China. In Europe and the United States, where societies have become multicultural societies, national interests influence foreign policy more than national identity. We should have more influence on our foreign policy to unite our national interests and multicultural societies.

Advancing Resilience and Fostering Sustainable Development through Strategic Investments in Cutting-Edge Technology and Innovative Methodologies for Disaster Risk Reduction: Japan Experiences

This research paper explores Japan's experiences in advancing resilience and fostering sustainable development through strategic investments in cutting-edge technology and innovative methodologies for disaster risk reduction. Japan, a country prone to natural disasters, has developed a comprehensive approach that encompasses strong governance, continuous learning, community empowerment, public awareness, and international collaboration. Through a mixed-method research methodology incorporating qualitative and quantitative analyses, this study examines Japan's robust disaster risk reduction framework and the role of cutting-edge technology in mitigating the impacts of hazards. The findings highlight Japan's multi-hazard approach, stringent building codes, and resilient infrastructure, which have significantly reduced disaster risks. The integration of innovative methodologies, such as community empowerment and early recovery planning, has fostered resilience at the grassroots level. Furthermore, the research showcases Japan's use of advanced technologies including early warning systems, remote sensing, and geospatial technologies. The lessons learned from Japan's experiences provide valuable insights for countries seeking to enhance their disaster risk reduction efforts and promote sustainable development. By investing in cutting-edge technology and adopting innovative methodologies, countries can effectively reduce disaster risks, build resilience, and foster sustainable development in the face of evolving challenges and hazards.

Building a welfare system through bounded learning: A case of Korean long‐term care insurance

AbstractThis article verifies three conditions in its aim to confirm the influence of Japan's experience on the introduction timing and policy model of South Korean long‐term care insurance (LTCI). First, the LTCI systems in Korea and Japan agree in terms of their core principles. Both are based on a separate social insurance system and ensure financial sustainability at the expense of service quality in response to the need to elevate expenditure. Second, the policymaking process reveals the reference relationship between the two systems. The advocacy coalition for LTCI suggested introducing an LTCI based on Japan's experience. However, their rationale was constrained due to the bounded rationality of policy learning. Finally, this article demonstrates that the rival arguments cannot completely explain the introduction of the Korean LTCI without considering the bounded learning argument. Consequently, the results of this study indicate that policy learning is critical to welfare development in latecomer welfare states.

Controlling Spending For Health Care And Long-Term Care: Japan's Experience With A Rapidly Aging Society.

As the Japanese population has aged rapidly, Japan's experience has implications for other high-income countries, including the United States. The aging of Japan's population, coupled with the government's decision to implement a public long-term care insurance program in 2000, has increased the nation's expenditures. In acute care, costs have been relatively contained by biennially revising the fee schedule for all physician and hospital services and by lowering pharmaceutical prices. The fee schedule not only sets prices but also controls volume by setting the conditions of billing for each item. This fee schedule is applied to all social health insurance plans (which enroll all permanent residents of Japan) and to virtually all providers. In contrast, despite the use of a similar fee schedule, spending in long-term care insurance has increased more than spending in health care. This is both because long-term care became an entitlement and because aging has had a greater impact on long-term care insurance spending than on health insurance spending. In this article we analyze Japanese expenditure data to provide essential information to the US as the percentage of its population ages sixty-five and older continues to rise. A key lesson that the US can learn from Japan's experience is that as its population ages, the need for long-term care will increase, necessitating better control of acute care spending.

Transition of the pipe jacking technology in Japan and investigation of its application status

Pipe-jacking is one of the trenchless methods being widely used for the construction and maintenance of urban underground pipelines. As an eco-friendly construction method, it has the capacity for the installation of pipelines with diameters from 100 mm (4 in.) to 5000 mm (200 in.) covering the majority needs of municipal pipeline construction and is considered the most widely used trenchless method in Japan. However, there is little English literature that systematically introduces the research and application status of pipe jacking technology in Japan, resulting in a serious underestimation ofJapanese research achievements in this field. This paper briefly reviews the origin, evolutionary stages, and classification system of the pipe jacking method in Japan, and representative technological advances are also introduced through case statistics. Meanwhile, the deficiencies in the current classification system of the International Society of Trenchless Technology (ISTT) are discussed as well. In addition, the application status of this method is investigated based on survey data from the Japan Society for Trenchless Technology (JSTT). According to the survey data from 5232 projects, a systematic analysis is carried out on the selection of pipe jacking equipment, the scale of jacking construction, the profile of curved projects, and the geological adaptability of the pipe jacking method in Japan. The emphasis of this paper is to introduce the current technical situation and analyze the development trends of the pipe-jacking method based on Japan's experience, and to popularize this method in other countries that need this simple,effective, andeconomical construction technique under the background of climate change.

Is Macroprudential Policy Instrument Blunt? Empirical Analysis Based on Japan's Experience from the 1970s to the 1990s

AbstractMacroprudential instruments, especially sectoral instruments, are considered to be precise tools that work only in areas of concern. However, it has not yet been fully tested in practice whether they affect only the targeted sectors and do not have undesirable spillover effects on nontargeted sectors. To fill this gap, we empirically study the impact of an instrument called Quantitative Restriction (QR), a policy tool used in Japan in the 1990s to curb excessive land price rises by requiring banks to contain real estate lending. We use narrative records to construct QR shocks and estimate their impact using a factor‐augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR). Our findings are summarized as follows. First, contractionary QR shocks reduced not only real estate lending and land prices, but also lending to other industries, putting downward pressure on the macroeconomy and lowering bank solvency. Second, industry groups and banks with balance sheets that were more exposed to changes in land prices and real estate transactions responded greater to these shocks, illustrating the role of balance sheet composition in spillovers and the importance of choosing the right timing for implementation following these shocks, suggesting that there may have been leakages through these institutions. Third, some nonbank financial institutions that were not required to report the loan results to the authorities did not reduce their lending following these shocks, which accords with the view that there were leakages through these institutions.

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History by Arnold Pacey and Francesca Bray

Reviewed by: Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History by Arnold Pacey and Francesca Bray Jennifer Karns Alexander (bio) Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History Revised and expanded edition. By Arnold Pacey and Francesca Bray. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021. Pp. 338. Arnold Pacey collaborates with Francesca Bray in a new edition of his classic survey, Technology in World Civilization (TWC). What a delight it is! A wealth of examples appears: cooking stoves with ceramic linings (Kenya), gas-engine dynamos (England), astrolabes with beautifully etched tympans (Marrakesh), a machine for reeling silk (China)—and these examples come just from the illustrations—alongside concise and satisfying technical descriptions: how block printing was done and early guns cast and the significance of semiconducting materials. The first edition offered a strong interpretive framework, which is slightly different and more precisely drawn in the new one. Less apparent is the interest in technology transfer that previously motivated Pacey; more developed is the concept of technological dialogue and frameworks of environmental constraint and industrial movements and/or revolutions (as plural processes that happened more than once). TWC gives us a "thousand-year history as a continuous, global process of dialogue or exchange" (p. xv) among and beyond China, West Asia, Africa, South America, the Islamic Mediterranean, India, and Europe, broadly considered. The book is a model of concrete discussion and historical specificity, with every technology tied to specific places, people, and times. We see important historical debates as scholars saw them: Karl Wittfogel and hydraulic civilizations; Christopher Freeman and waves of innovation; Tessa Morris-Suzuki and technology transfer as creative, not copying. Pacey and Bray move from the iron industry of Asia around the year 1000 to technological complexes of nomadic Mongol culture and different agricultural regions of China and the Middle East. Next come movement, trade and technologies of transport, and agroecology in the Americas. A three-way dialogue appears in mining in Zimbabwe under the Portuguese and in the crops the Portuguese had introduced: maize and peanuts from the Americas that endured long after [End Page 578] the Changamire drove the Portuguese off Zimbabwe's southern plateaus. Gunpowder empires illustrate Japan's experience with firearms, unification, and international withdrawal. Printing and books brought "new methods for handling technical information and formulating technical (and managerial) ideas" (p. 112), expressed in machine drawings and in factories and plantations, as in the novel organization of plantation sugar production on Madeira and strict divisions of labor that came to characterize later manufacturing. The new TWC is a book for our time, as we reassess our technological heritage in light of its effect on our planet's climate. About halfway through, TWC turns to the development of industry and patterns that endure. Language that in the previous edition suggested general approbation of industrial development has been excised: a "decisive advantage … [in] material production" gained by the West has become simply a "situation very different" (p. 128) from elsewhere. Pacey and Bray offer industrial movements rather than a singular industrial revolution: in Britain of "steam engines, iron, and coal" (p. 129) and changes in productive organization; in India of textiles and supporting chemical industries and in wooden ship building. Railway empires show the imperial ambitions of Europe and Japan. Scientific developments influenced and drew from technology: electricity and chemistry in France and Germany; nuclear research seemingly, and worryingly, all over the place. The inescapable dialogue of technology with health, food, and basic needs appears in discussions of public health and infant mortality, the green revolution in Asia, agroforestry in the Americas, and everyday cooking technologies in recent African history. The final chapter carries TWC into our current century, using the concept of waves of innovation—that is, innovations interacting and bunching together—to trace the continued significance of semiconductors and communications and the developing importance of photovoltaics and new batteries. TWC concludes with a discussion of environmental limits, climate change, and the need for a "radical switch to non-polluting energy sources" (p. 258) to power a twenty-first-century industrial revolution. This final chapter marks the most significant change from Pacey's first edition, which concluded with a chapter on "Survival Technology in the Twentieth...

Humanitarian Assistance in Japan's Foreign Policy: Basic Principles and Mechanisms for Providing Humanitarian Aid

Humanitarian assistance is one of the most important criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign policy of a state. The provision of humanitarian aid is currently a key area of Japan's international activities and foreign policy. As one of the world's largest humanitarian aid donors and the oldest member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, Japan provides assistance in practically all areas of the world's conflicts and natural and anthropogenic hazards. Official Development Assistance (ODA) and humanitarian aid as its subspecies are considered as a practical tool for Japan's international humanitarian activities. Japan's experience in the field of humanitarian assistance is the object of research by both Japanese and foreign authors who evaluate Japanese humanitarian assistance in different ways. A distinctive feature of modern Japan's humanitarian assistance is an integrated approach to providing aid, with an emphasis on cooperation with international organizations and the attraction of available funds from various government departments and organizations. Japan plays a leading role in the field of humanitarian assistance in the international arena and takes an active part in shaping the international agenda in this area.

일본의 국제교류 관련법제와 지방자치단체의 현황

This article provides an overview of how Japan's central government is promoting internationalization by arranging major laws related to international exchange and cooperation. In addition, this paper reviews the current status of legislation and specific policies related to international exchange of local governments in Japan. In a situation where vitality is gradually losing in various fields such as culture and economy, I would like to gain some insights from Japan's experience on how to revitalize local communities. Most local governments in Japan do not have local ordinances. Despite such legislative inadequacies, it has been steadily implementing internationalization policies based on a systematic organization and budget with a long history and experience.

Analisis Sejarah dan Perkembangan Perkeretaapian di Jepang

This research discusses the history of Japanese railways and the factors causing the progress of railways in Japan. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used in this research is a literature study or literature review. The data in this research were taken from journals, books, documentation, internet and literature that discussed the topic being researched. The results of this study are the history of Japanese railways starting in 1872 at the beginning of Japan's new era, namely the Meiji era. Japan learned the rail system from England. Initially, the railroads in Japan were under the auspices of one company, namely JNR, due to go into liquidation, Japan was forced to make JNR a private company, JNR changed its name to JR and is divided into 9 companies to this day. While the factor for the advancement of Japanese railways is Japan's long experience in the world of railways, which is more than 150 years, Japan dares to take risks in the development of railways, Japan is able to overcome competition with private railroad companies, and finally, the Japanese people are disciplined and punctual.