Japanese Verbs Research Articles

Japanese Compound Verbs 「〜dasu」「〜deru」「〜komu」: Exploring Meaning and Illustrated Pedagogy for Japanese Learners

Research on the use of compound verbs in learning the Japanese language becomes crucial as previous studies have not fully addressed aspects related to the necessity of categorizing compound verbs clearly and accurately with a simple understanding. Although Satou (2002) divides verbs based on morphophonology, the research remains incomplete without considering morphosemantic aspects. Therefore, doubts arise regarding the result of combining the two verbs, whether the Verbs Group 1 ‘Godan Doushi’ (V1), referred to as the initial verb element 'zenkouyouso', or the Verbs Group 2 ‘Ichidan Doushi’ (V2), referred to as the final verb element 'gokouyouso', still adhere to the status of the final verb as a jidoushi or tadoushi. Kageyama's (1993) study on the meaning and usage of compound verbs [-dasu] is divided into two groups, indicating a change of place 'ichihenka' and aspect 'aspekuto,' observed in Japanese sentences. The concepts of compound verbs developed by Satou (2002) and Kageyama (2016) are combined eclectically in this research, aiming to obtain accurate data. The results of this analysis may not be well understood without additional support. Therefore, the analysis is presented with the illustrations of compound verbs 「〜dasu」「〜deru」「〜komu」, which are drawn based on example sentences. This research aims to categorize the meanings of compound verbs in Japanese and illustrate them in pictures. Thus, Japanese language learners will optimally understand the use of those verbs based on both the inherent meaning of verbs and sentence structure.

(Anti)Causativization of psych verbs in Spanish and Japanese

There is a notable typological contrast between psych verbs in Japanese and Spanish. Japanese derives Experiencer-Object verbs (e.g. yorokob-ase-ru ‘to please’) from specific Experiencer-Subject verbs (e.g. yorokobu ‘to become pleased’) via a morphological causativization. Spanish, on the other hand, presents so-called reflexive psych verbs (e.g. alegrarse ‘to feel happy’), most of which can be analyzed as outputs of an anticausativization from certain Experiencer-Accusative verbs (e.g. alegrar ‘to make happy’). Simply put, these languages derive psych verbs with procedures that reversely mirror each other. This paper will elucidate the characteristics of the causativization used to produce Japanese Experiencer-Object causatives and the anticausativization associated with Spanish Reflexive Psych Verbs and demonstrate that the typological contrast between Japanese and Spanish psych verbs results in semantic variation, e.g. differences in the entailment relation, absence/presence of ambiguity in negation, aspectual diversity. Semantic differences between psych verbs in these languages are ascribed to specific features of the (anti)causative operations employed to generate the predicates.

Parallelisms between Verb–Particle Constructions in English and Verb–Verb Compounds in Japanese: Evidence from Acquisition Research

This study shows two parallelisms between (i) the acquisition process of English verb–particle constructions (VPCs) by children in the process of acquiring English as a native language (henceforth ENL children) and (ii) that of Japanese verb–verb compounds (VVCs) by children in the process of acquiring Japanese as a native language (henceforth JNL children) using the CHILDES database. First, both JNL and ENL children produce creative N–N compounds and complex predicates during the same period, in line with the proposal by Snyder that the Compounding Parameter (TCP) is set to positive for both Japanese and English languages. Second, particles or verbs which are used to represent the path of motion in English VPCs and Japanese VVCs are produced before the VPCs and VVCs they are used in because complex predicates are created by the combination of two or more constituents, such as verbs and particles. Thus, our findings corroborate the proposal that Japanese is a [+TCP] language and suggest that Japanese makes use of VVCs instead of VPCs. Furthermore, this parallelism observed among ENL and JNL children in the acquisition process of creative N–N compounds and VPCs/VVCs, respectively, suggests that English VPCs and Japanese VVCs are related expressions in a grammatical sense. This in turn implies that VPCs and VVCs are connected by more than their semantics; indeed, it implies that they are realizational variations of the same abstract linguistic structure.

An Analysis of Japanese Verb Conjugation Errors Among Students at Universitas Harapan Medan

This study aims to identify and analyse the common verb conjugation errors among students in the Japanese Language Program at Universitas Harapan Medan. The research method utilised was the analysis of student essays, focusing on verb conjugation forms such as ~te, ~ta, ~nai, and ~nakatta. The collected data indicates that the most frequent errors occur in the ~te and ~ta forms, accounting for 43.37% and 42.17%, respectively. These findings suggest that students struggle with differentiating between positive and negative past forms. Errors in the negative forms ~nai and ~nakatta were also found at lower percentages. The results of this study indicate a need to improve the teaching methods of verb conjugation at the university.

The lexical semantics of finite control: A view from Japanese

In this paper, we propose a semantic analysis of control verbs in Japanese that take finite clauses marked by the nominalizer koto. We argue for an analysis in which the invisible subject of the embedded clause is a run-of-the-mill zero pronoun and where the obligatory coreference relation between the controller and the embedded subject is mediated by a primarily semantic factor. At the heart of our analysis lies the idea that there is a common underlying meaning shared across apparently heterogeneous classes of koto-taking control verbs, which consists of a causal relation between a volitional action inherent in the meaning of the verb and a de se attitude denoted by the embedded clause. The semantic analysis we offer not only explains language-internal properties of Japanese control verbs with respect to tense morpheme distribution that have been attributed to syntactic factors in the previous literature, but it also suggests a hitherto unnoticed possible cross-linguistic generalization about finite control and embedded tense interpretation which we dub ‘hypothesis of relative tense in finite control.’

The Meaning and Formation of the Japanese Compound Verb <i>～tomeru</i> (～留める)

This study discusses "Compound Verbs ~tomeru (～留める) in Japanese Sentences." The purpose of this study is to describe the structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru as it appears in Japanese sentences. The data consists of a variety of sentences containing the compound verb ~tomeru that were taken from a Japanese news website. This study collects data through the use of library techniques. The structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru were then analyzed using the apportion method (agih) in conjunction with the basic technique for direct elements. The data analysis indicates that the compound verb tomeru is most frequently associated with progressive verbs. Volitional verbs can also be attached to the compound verb ~tomeru. The compound verb ~tomeru has seven meanings which are divided into five meanings that express the progressive aspect and two meanings that express the perfective aspect.

Psych verbs in Japanese: Inchoativity and boundary types

Psych(ological) verbs pose a problem to theories about argument realization that assume a uniform and universal mapping between semantic relations and syntactic configurations. A number of attempts try to explain variation in argument structure in terms of the aspectual differences, assuming that the argument realization of a predicate is a reflection of the temporal properties of the predicate to some extent. However, it is challenging to classify psych verbs into any of Vendler’s four aspectual classes because of the “inchoativity” of these verbs. In this study, we take the notion of 'boundary' and its different types as relevant semantic components to describe the internal temporal structure of predicates. We demonstrate that Japanese psych verbs are not aspectually homogeneous but include different types of inchoatives. Accordingly, we propose that the argument realizations of psych verbs can be ascribed to the types of the ‘boundary’ (i.e. left boundary, right = left boundary and its explicitness/implicitness) the predicates denote.

Verba Majemuk Leksikal Tematik dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Pemaknaannya

The process of forming compound verbs in Japanese has different patterns and rules from Indonesian. Japanese compound verbs are formed by combining two verbs to form a new verb that carries a certain meaning. The process of combining two verbs lexically can be grouped into aspectual lexical compound verbs and thematic lexical compound verbs. This research focuses on thematic lexical compound verbs, and provides a descriptive explanation of the meanings that emerge as a result of the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with an interpretive approach, with proportional random sampling data collection techniques using documentation methods. The results of this research show that the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically to form a lexical thematic compound verb will give rise to new meanings that can be seen from the relationship between V1 and V2, namely the meaning of means of action, manner of motion/movement, cause-result, and parallel meaning.

Time course of effective connectivity associated with perspective taking in utterance comprehension.

This study discusses the effective connectivity in the brain and its time course in realizing perspective taking in verbal communication through electroencephalogram (EEG) associated with the understanding of Japanese utterances. We manipulated perspective taking in a sentence with the Japanese subsidiary verbs -ageru and -kureru, which mean "to give". We measured the EEG during the auditory presentation of the sentences with a multichannel electroencephalograph, and the partial directed coherence and its temporal variations were analyzed using the source localization method to examine causal interactions between nineteen regions of interest in the brain. Three different processing stages were recognized on the basis of the connectivity hubs, direction of information flow, increase or decrease in flow, and temporal variation. We suggest that perspective taking in speech comprehension is realized by interactions between the mentalizing network, mirror neuron network, and executive control network. Furthermore, we found that individual differences in the sociality of typically developing adult speakers were systematically related to effective connectivity. In particular, attention switching was deeply concerned with perspective taking in real time, and the precuneus played a crucial role in implementing individual differences.

Chinese JSL/JFL learners' online perception of Japanese verb conjugations: Evidence from a behavioral study

Verb conjugation is essential in learning Japanese as a second or foreign language (JSL/JFL). Previous studies showed that Chinese JSL/JFL beginners behaved differently in acquiring Japanese verb conjugations, but the results were obtained from offline tests (e.g., writing examination without time limitation), hard to reflect the real perception. On this background, the current study adopted a time-controlled lexical decision task (real-time automatic processing) to explore how Chinese intermediate JSL/JFL learners processed four types of verb conjugations (i.e., masu/tai form, te/ta form, nai form and yoo form). Based on the error rates and RTs collected form 27 Chinese intermediate JSL/JFL learners, the results showed that the JSL/JFL learners processed better in masu/tai form and te/ta form, followed by nai form and yoo form. The discrepant processing of the four types of Japanese verb conjugations suggests that the JSL/JFL learners do have difficulties in Japanese acquisition. Finally, a general discussion is offered from the perspective of verb conjugations' frequency, JSL/JFL learners' learning strategy and Japanese teaching method.

Reduplication of Balinese and Japanese Verbs: A Contrastive Analysis

Reduplication of Balinese and Japanese Verbs: A Contrastive Analysis

A segmental analysis of the Japanese negation verb variation: A phonological perspective

Within the field of Japanese linguistics, the topics on segmental analysis of verb variation have rarely been studied from the phonological perspective. On the other hand, verb modifications have been frequently observed to occur in oral communication. This study addresses a segmental analysis within the variation of Japanese negation verb from the phonological standpoint. It employed a qualitative descriptive approach with the data gathered from the Japanese animated series Orange (Hamasaki Nakayama, 2016). Excerpts of the data were in the form of conversation fragments, which were analyzed using the articulatory phonetic identity technique. The analysis resulted in five found variations: -nai, -nnai, -nee, -nnee, and -ai deletion. The presence of sounds in the phonological environment caused phonological variation, which affected the internal structure of the verb. As a result, the phonological rules are applied to showcase the phonological process in the verb. It was also found that segmental processing does not necessarily reduce the amount of mora in verbs. Segmental processes, on the other hand, can change the mora structure without reducing the mora. Additionally, the current study shows vowel coalescence associated with the male speech in Japanese.

A Study on the Corresponding Relationship between Korean and Japanese Verbs : Focused on the Composition Example of the Korean Verb “chida” and the Japanese Verb “utsu”

A Study on the Corresponding Relationship between Korean and Japanese Verbs : Focused on the Composition Example of the Korean Verb “chida” and the Japanese Verb “utsu”

Interactive Teaching Model in the Comprehensive Japanese Class—Case Study of the Practical Teaching of Causative and Obliged Forms in Japanese Verbs

Interactive Teaching Model in the Comprehensive Japanese Class—Case Study of the Practical Teaching of Causative and Obliged Forms in Japanese Verbs

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЄСЛІВ КЛАСИЧНОЇ ЯПОНСЬКОЇ МОВИ БУНҐО

Background. Classical bungo Japanese and modern Japanese languages have a number of differences that make it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for an untrained reader to understand a text written in the bungo style, even if the reader has a high level of modern Japanese. This makes it necessary to first familiarize yourself with the grammatical features of the classical Japanese language. Verbs in bungo texts are the most difficult element due to their grammatical differences with modern Japanese, which makes them the object of this study. Methods. The following methods were used: comparative – for comparing verbs in modern Japanese and classical; descriptive – for the description of conjugation rules and functions of auxiliary verbs. Results. The rules of conjugation of verbs in the classical Japanese language were formulated according to the bases of the verbs, examples are given in the form of tables. Examples of verbs in modern and classical Japanese are given, which refer to different conjugations, which complicates the perception of classical texts. After the analysis of literary works written in bungo style, the most common auxiliary verbs (suffixes) are singled out and the features of their use are outlined. The following suffixes have been highlighted: ～ず、～き、～けり、～ぬ、 ～つ、～たり、～り、～む、～けむ、～らむ、～らし、～まし、～べし、～めり、～なり. Such auxiliary verbs as ～ず、～たり、～べし, etc. exist in the modern Japanese language as well, but perform a narrower range of functions. Conclusions. Given the leading role of the verb in the system of the classical Japanese language bungo, the article only provides the list of the main verb suffixes and their functions, therefore, in further research, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of less common verb suffixes, as well as grammatical features of other parts of the language. This will contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of bungo texts.

ĐỐI CHIẾU TỰ ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ THA ĐỘNG TỪ TRONG TIẾNG NHẬT VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT

Few contrastive studies have been conducted on the distinction between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in the Vietnamese language. To void this research gap, this study aims to clarify the characteristics of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in the Vietnamese language as well as criteria to distinguish them apart. On that basis, it sheds light on the similarities and differences in semantic, morphological and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in Japanese and Vietnamese.

Using learning analytics to investigate learning processes and behavioural patterns in an augmented reality language learning environment

AbstractBackgroundAugmented reality has been widely applied in various fields, and its benefits in language learning have been increasingly recognized. However, the investigation of effective learning behaviours and processes in augmented reality learning environments, taking into account temporality and analysis of differences in learning behaviours between learning achievements from the perspective of learning strategies, is still a topic that requires further research.ObjectivesThe goal of this research is to explore effective learning processes in AR language learning environments and learning behavioural patterns of learners with different performance levels via LA taking into account temporality.MethodsWe used the learning application designed and developed in previous studies to understand the learning process and behavioural patterns of acquiring Japanese compound verbs with augmented reality. Lag sequential analyses were conducted to analyse the learning behavioural transitions using learning data. Additionally, frequent sequences were analysed using frequent sequence mining to compare the learning behavioural patterns of learners with different learning performances.Results and ConclusionsWe investigated the learning process and behavioural patterns and discussed the language learning strategies employed in the augmented reality learning environment. The results indicated that learners primarily performed strategies of performed expressions, recombining, and structured reviewing in AR compound verb learning activities. Furthermore, the results revealed the different types of strategies applied by different learning performance learners, whereby the low group learners used the least variety of strategies, and the middle and high group learners employed repeating and deductive reasoning strategies that were not followed by the low group.

The Japanese Compound Verb ~ kakeru (~ かける): It's Meaning and Formation

This study examines "~kakeru (～かける) Compound Verbs in Japanese Sentences." This study describes the structure and meaning of the compound verb kakeru in Japanese sentences. The data used by the researcher come from diverse sources, including books, dictionaries, and sentences written by the researchers themselves. It utilizes library resources to collect the necessary data. Then, the form and meaning of the compound verb kakeru are determined using the distributional method and the basic direct element technique. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the meaning describes the activity's initiation and its state. In addition to being attached to activity verbs and punctual verbs, the form of the compound verb kakeru can also be attached to stative verbs. In sentences containing the compound verb kakeru, that state just before an activity begins and activities that have been ongoing for some time.

동사의 부정 정중형 ‘~ないです’의 기능

This study has examined ‘-naides’ form of Japanese verbs which is frequently used, even though it is non-normative expression. Description through ‘-naides’ form of verbs conveys negative proposition, briefly speaking, it performs the function of conveying fact. Unlike ‘-masen’ form, ‘-naides’ form of verbs cannot express volition, because it performs only the function of conveying fact, and accordingly, it is mainly used for description, rather than expressing volition or invitation. ‘-Naides’ form of verbs, which conveys negative proposition simply as fact, gives feelings of kindness, mildness, and familiarity, when compared to ‘-masen’ form, which is the expression of emphatic negation. This is why ‘-naides’ form of verbs is frequently used in daily life. Though ‘naides’ form of verbs is frequently used in daily life, how to teach it is a matter of contemplation. However, when taken into consideration the fact that, in daily life, there are many Japanese who think that ‘-masen’ form is somewhat stiff, it is believed that there is a need to refer to ‘-naides’ form at least in teaching conversation. It is also necessary to teach the learners who are already using it the fact that the acceptable level of ‘-naides’ form of verbs is low, in case there is a need to use literary style or to be formal, and that ‘-naides’ form of verbs cannot be used when expressing volition or invitation.

The relationship between verb meaning and argument realization: What we learn from the processing of agent-implying intransitive verbs in Japanese.

This study investigated whether some Japanese intransitive verbs, called agent-implying intransitive verbs, are processed differently from other ordinary intransitive verbs. These verbs are special in that they denote agentive events, but they are intransitive verbs, which only allow the patient/theme to be the only nominatively marked argument. The priming experiment was designed based on the situation model theory, assuming that verbs with an agentive semantic structure (e.g., ordinary transitive verbs) has a shorter causal inferential distance than those with a non-agentive semantic structure (e.g., ordinary intransitive verb). In the experiment, participants were instructed to read two sentences that formed a story, of which the second sentence was either a transitive or intransitive sentence. The participants then answered a related question about general knowledge, and their response times were measured. The results show that, whereas the mean response time in the ordinary intransitive condition was significantly longer than that in the ordinary transitive condition, the mean response time in the agent-implying intransitive condition was not significantly different from that of the corresponding transitive condition, suggesting that agent-implying intransitive verbs are interpreted as agentive. The findings suggest that agent-implying intransitive verbs instantly evoke agentivity, whereas ordinary intransitive verbs do not. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.