Japanese Translation Research Articles

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Japanese vocabulary translation of seawater desalination environmental impact and trade based on geoinformatics

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Japanese vocabulary translation of seawater desalination environmental impact and trade based on geoinformatics

Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic sclerosis (DESIRES): a double-blind, investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterised by multiorgan fibrosis with an autoimmune background and poor prognosis. Although a few drugs have shown some efficacy in treating the disease, there remains a great unmet medical need. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with systemic sclerosis. We did a double-blind, investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at four hospitals in Japan. Patients aged 20-79 years, who fulfilled the 2013 American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for systemic sclerosis, with a modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) of 10 or greater, and an expected survival of at least 6 months were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m2) or placebo once per week for 4 weeks. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in mRSS 24 weeks after initiation of study treatment, measured in all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment and had one endpoint assessment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04274257, and UMIN-CTR, UMIN000030139. Between Nov 28, 2017, and Nov 6, 2018, 80 individuals were screened and 56 (70%) were enrolled and randomly assigned; 51 (91%) were women and five (9%) were men. 27 (96%) of 28 patients in the rituximab group and 22 (79%) of 28 patients in the placebo group received at least one dose of their allocated treatment and completed 24 weeks of follow-up. The absolute change in mRSS 24 weeks after initiation of study treatment was lower in the rituximab group than in the placebo group (-6·30 in the rituximab group vs 2·14 in the placebo group; difference -8·44 [95% CI -11·00 to -5·88]; p<0·0001). Adverse events were similar in both groups and occurred in 28 (100%) of 28 patients in the rituximab group and 23 (88%) of 26 patients in the placebo group. One serious adverse event leading to treatment discontinuation occurred in one patient in each group (decreased serum albumin in the rituximab group and biliary enzyme increase in the placebo group). The most common adverse event was upper respiratory infection, which occurred in 11 patients (39%) in the rituximab group and ten patients (38%) in the placebo group. There were no deaths during follow-up. Rituximab appears to be an effective and safe treatment for systemic sclerosis. Although this study has some limitations, this is the first clinical trial to show efficacy of rituximab with skin sclerosis as the primary endpoint. Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Zenyaku Kogyo. For the Japanese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Four-Character Idioms and the Rhetoric of Japanese Shakespeare Translation

Yoji jukugo are idioms comprised of four characters (kanji) that can be used to enhance the textuality of a Japanese Shakespeare translation, whether in response to Shakespeare’s rhetoric or as compensation for the tendency of translation to be carried out at a lower textual register than the source. This article examines their use in two translations each of Julius Caesar by Matsuoka Kazuko (2014) and Fukuda Tsuneari (1960) and of The Merry Wives of Windsor by Matsuoka (2001) and Odashima Yūshi (1983); in both cases Matsuoka uses significantly more yoji jukugo than her predecessors. In the Julius Caesar translations their usage is noticeable in the set speeches by Antony and Brutus in 3.2, and commonly denote baseness or barbarity. In the Merry Wives translations they commonly denote dissolute behaviour, often for comic effect, and can even be used malapropistically in the target language.

Japanese Translation of Villalta SCale and EVALUATION of Post-thrombotic Syndrome

血栓後症候群（post-thrombotic syndrome; PTS）は深部静脈血栓症後に発症する重要な慢性期合併症である．これまで幾つかのPTSの診断，重症度分類スケールが報告され，それらの信頼度は評価されてきている．これらの中で，現在最も広く受け入れられておりゴールドスタンダードに近いものとされているのがVillaltaスケールである．Ginsbergスコアなどと比較し，Villaltaスケールはその簡便性，他の評価スケールとの高い相関，高い評価者間信頼度により，すでに多くの臨床試験および長期コホート研究等で用いられている．しかしながらPTSは，血行動態が複雑で，臨床症状の程度が個々で大きく異なるため，明確な基準を決定しにくい病態である．Villaltaスケール単独でPTSを評価するには限界があるという意見もある．日本静脈学会国際委員会ではVillaltaスケールの日本語訳を作成し，PTS評価の実際を報告する．

Japanese Translation of NCRP Statement No. 13 “NCRP Recommendations for Ending Routine Gonadal Shielding During Abdominal and Pelvic Radiography” and Its Accompanying Documents National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Japanese Translation of NCRP Statement No. 13 “NCRP Recommendations for Ending Routine Gonadal Shielding During Abdominal and Pelvic Radiography” and Its Accompanying Documents National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Japanese Translation of CEAP Classification: International Committee of Japanese Society of Phlebology

日本静脈学会国際委員会では，静脈学国際的指標の日本語版作成を進めている．翻訳事業の概要と方法について報告した．また，静脈学国際的指標のうち，CEAP（Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology）分類は，そのすべてまたは一部が今日，殆どの慢性静脈疾患に関する臨床論文に用いられていると言えるほどの普遍的な分類である．2020年に16年ぶりに改訂された最新のCEAP分類について日本語翻訳とその使用法の実際を記載した．学会公式版として日常臨床/研究にお役立ていただけると幸いである．

Japanese Translation of Venous Severity Scoring (VSS) System

慢性静脈疾患の病態を表現する共通言語であるClinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology Classification（CEAP分類）を土台とし，それを補完する目的で，内容を点数化することで定量評価を可能にし，また治療などによる病状の変化を反映可能なスコアリングシステムとして，2000年にVenous Severity Scoring（VSS）システム（静脈疾患重症度スコアリングシステム）が開発された．VSSは3つのスコアリングシステム，すなわちVenous Clinical Severity Score（VCSS: 静脈疾患臨床重症度スコア），Venous Segmental Disease Score（VSDS: 静脈疾患分節的病変スコア），Venous Disability Score（VDS: 静脈疾患障害度スコア）から構成される．このうちVCSSは，実臨床での使用による妥当性の検証を経て2010年に改訂された．VSSシステムは，原疾患あるいは治療方法の種類を問わず，広く慢性静脈不全の評価に利用できるツールである．VSSシステムの日本語訳を作成し，VSSについてこれまでの使用実績などを含めて解説する．

A comparative study on the Korean and Japanese translations of the Shiījīng during the 16th century based upon the Jīngdiǎn shìwén : Forcus on Reflection of meaning derivation due to initial difference from the Sigyeong eonhae (1583~1593) and Nobukata Kiyohara"s Kunten glossed Máoshī zhèngjiān (1521)(1)

The aim of this paper is to examine the phonological and semantic changes of polyphonic characters jiāng~qiāng (将)、bài (敗) and kăn~hàn (感) in the Máoshī zhèngjiān、by comparing the Korean translated text Sigyeong eonhae and Nobukata Kiyohara

Associations between prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds and neurodevelopment in 12-month-old children: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS)

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of problems associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children, and there has been a growing interest in the relationship between environmental chemicals and children's health. The objective of this study was to examine whether an association exists between occupational or environmental prenatal maternal exposure to volatile organic compounds and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children using Japanese translations of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (J-ASQ-3). An increase in the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in 12-month-old children associated with maternal exposure to formalin or formaldehyde was identified in terms of problem-solving (odds ratio (OR): 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–3.12) and personal-social skills (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.46–7.55). It is not clear whether or not this tendency is reversible, and whether it is observed past 12 months of age. Further research and a preventive approach are needed.

Categories that bind: Transgender, crossdressing, and transnational sexualities in Tokyo

This article investigates “ toransujendā” (transgender), “ josō” (male-to-female crossdressing), and “ otoko no ko” (boy/male daughter) as categories that bind through ethnographic research in Tokyo’s contemporary josō gyōkai (scene and business circles). Building on queer and transgender scholarship, I ask what these categories mean, what they do, and how they figure in trans people’s everyday lives and the institutionalization of seidōitsuseishōgai (Japanese translation of Gender Identity Disorder). I argue that categories are imbued with asymmetrical power relations and operate affectively, emerging from contact between bodies and practices. Ultimately, they are important sites for questioning categories of “gender” and “sexuality” in transnational sexuality and transgender studies.

DESCRIPTION BY FURUICHI KOI ON SUSPENSION BRIDGES AND LOADS ETC. AROUND DURANCE RIVER, FRANCE

Notes handwritten by Furuichi Koi in French are currently kept in “Furuichi Koi Collection”, the University of Tokyo (M04, M05, M07). M04 and M05 were translated into Japanese by Iguchi Shohei, but Japanese translation of M07 entitled Notes sur les travaux publics en Europe is not yet realized. The purpose of this report is the typing and Japanese translation of the full text of “Notes diverses” of Chapter 1 that provide an overview of the Rhone River, suspension bridges over the Durance River, roads near the Durance River, and maintenance personnel for roads.

Quality Control and Quality Assurance for the Intermediate Zone between Food and Drug: Rational Use of Such Products and the Need to Modify the Pharmacy Education

General views on three aspects were discussed. The first aspect is regulatory categories, which can range from "soft to hard", an expression using the English and Japanese translation of the French term, "drogue douce" (soft drug). This categorization starts with "so-called health foods" and extends to Foods with Health Claims [Foods with Nutrient Functional Claims (FNFC); Foods with Functional Claims (FFC); Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU)], OTC drugs, and ethical drugs. "The Basic Policy for New Drug Approval" (1967) made a distinction between OTC and prescription drugs. FOSHU (1991) originally included foods for "patients", such as low allergen rice with preventive "health claims". Foods for Medical Uses (FMU) later became an independent subcategory under Foods for Special Dietary Uses. On the other hand, manufacturers of FFC can make various "health claims" on the basis of randomized controlled trial or systematic review (2015). Products in the intermediate zone between food and drug have an annual market of over 2 trillion yen (US$ 20 billion). The second aspect is the five elements, i.e., quality, safety, efficacy, information, and cost, which are derived from WHO's "The rational use of drugs" (1985). The adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the UN General Assembly (2015) led to the addition of "ecology" as the sixth element, which is applicable for herbal and animal raw materials. The third aspect is quality control and quality assurance. This initially began with manufactured products and was expanded to the service fields handled by various health workers including pharmacists.

A Japanese translation, cultural adaptation, and linguistic and content validity confirmation of the Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

The Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA©) is a globally recognized and used nutritional screening, assessment, monitoring, and triaging tool. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the original English PG-SGA for the Japanese speaking populations and to assess its linguistic validity (i.e., comprehensibility, difficulty) and content validity, as perceived by Japanese patients and healthcare professionals. In accordance with methodology used in previous Dutch, Thai, German, and Norwegian PG-SGA studies, we followed the ten steps of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Principles of Good Practice for Translation and Cultural Adaptation for Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. The study enrolled 50 patients and 50 healthcare professionals (HCPs) to evaluate the comprehensibility and difficulty of the translated and culturally adapted PG-SGA. The HCPs also evaluated the content validity of the translation. We evaluated each item and quantified scale indices for content validity (item content validity index (I-CVI), scale content validity index (S-CVI)), comprehensibility (item comprehensibility index (I-CI), scale comprehensibility index (S-CI)), and difficulty (item difficulty index (I-DI), scale difficulty index (S-DI)). Patients evaluated the comprehensibility and difficulty of the patient component as excellent (S-CI = 0.97, S-DI = 0.96). The professionals rated the Japanese version of both components of the PG-SGA as very relevant (S-CVI = 0.94). The professionals evaluated the comprehensibility of the professional component as being acceptable (S-CI = 0.88) but difficult (S-DI = 0.69), based predominantly on items related to physical examination (I-DI = 0.33-0.67). The PG-SGA was systematically translated and culturally adapted for the Japanese setting according to the ISPOR process. The Japanese version of the PG-SGA was perceived as comprehensive, easy to use, and relevant. Perceived difficulty in professional components, specifically in the context of metabolic demand and physical examination, will require appropriate training for professionals in order to optimize implementation.

Translanguaging sequel

Abstract The paper examines the products of interlingual and intralingual translanguaging and qualitatively analyzes three origin-based lexical varieties in Japanese, wago (native Japanese words), kango (Sino-Japanese words), and gairaigo (foreign loanwords other than kango) in terms of how they have been complementing, competing against, or being in conflict with each other, how they engage word-formation processes as deep as morpheme-levels, and how they are perceived and manipulated by language users, including translators. This study shows that translanguaging has been practiced recursively and multi-directionally over a long period of time, yielding the phenomenon ‘translanguaging sequel’. The qualitative study of a Japanese translation of a Korean poem reveals a translator’s ideology-driven translanguaging practice that crosses not only interlingual but also intralingual boundaries, causing an international socio-political dispute. This study supports the view that translanguaging has been shaping and reshaping the norms of languages and language use. It also suggests the benefits of analyzing the products and traces of translanguaging in translated texts as well as the process of translanguaging during translation activities that can be promoted and implemented in language classrooms.

Puraviekuand Other Translations: Olga Tokarczuk in Japan

AbstractBetween 2010 and 2019, three novels by Nobel Prize-winning author Olga Tokarczuk appeared in Japanese translation. Against the history of Polish literature in Japanese translation, this article tells the story of the discovery of Tokarczuk by her two translators, Hikaru Ogura and Michiko Tsukada, and describes the reception of Tokarczuk’s work in Japan. The essay then moves on to analyze the work of the translators, arguing that Tsukada bases her approach on the use of a higher literary style and the addition of explanations for the reader. This is contrasted with the method of Ogura, who strives to render Tokarczuk’s rhythm and feel, choosing at times to tame Tokarczuk’s occasionally strong language and to leave some names, like Prawiek, untranslated. This last choice stands in contrast to the decisions made by translators into other languages, who instead chose native-language equivalents. I place this strategy within the context of a trend that can be observed in Japanese literary translation more generally, whereby words considered “untranslatable” are simply left in their original forms.

Discontinuation of infliximab in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission (HAYABUSA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial

Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents are the mainstay of long-term treatment for refractory ulcerative colitis. However, long-term use of anti-TNF therapy might lead to an increased risk of malignancy or infection. To date, no randomised controlled trial has evaluated whether anti-TNF agents can be safely discontinued in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. We therefore aimed to compare outcomes in these patients who continued infliximab with those who discontinued infliximab. We did a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial at 24 specialist centres in Japan. We enrolled patients with ulcerative colitis who were in remission, had been treated with intravenous infliximab (5 mg/kg) every 8 weeks, and had started infliximab at least 14 weeks before study enrolment. No restrictions regarding age and comorbidities were used to exclude participation. Patients who were confirmed to be in remission for more than 6 months, to be corticosteroid-free, and to have a Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) of 0 or 1 were centrally randomised. An independent organisation randomly assigned patients (1:1) into either the infliximab-continued group or infliximab-discontinued group, using a computer-generated stratified randomisation procedure. The stratified factors were the use of immunomodulators (yes or no) and MES (0 or 1). Neither patients nor health-care providers were masked to the randomisation. The primary endpoint was the remission rate at week 48 in the full analysis set, which was based on the intention-to-treat principle and excluded participants with no efficacy data after randomisation. This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Center Trials registry, UMIN000012092. Between June 16, 2014, and July 28, 2017, 122 patients were eligible for screening and a total of 95 patients were randomly assigned to the infliximab-continued group (n=48) or the infliximab-discontinued group (n=47). 92 patients (n=46 for both groups) were included in the full analysis set. 37 (80·4% [95% CI 66·1-90·6]) of 46 patients in the infliximab-continued group and 25 (54·3% [39·0-69·1]) of 46 patients in the infliximab-discontinued group were in remission at week 48. The between-group difference was 26·1% (95% CI 7·7-44·5; p=0·0076) before adjustment and 27·3% (95% CI 8·0-44·1; p=0·0059) after adjustment for stratification factors. Eight (17%) of 48 patients in the infliximab-continued group and six (13%) of 47 in the infliximab-discontinued group developed adverse events (between-group difference 3·9% [95% CI -10·3 to 18·1]; p=0·59). In the infliximab-continued group, one patient had an infusion reaction and two patients had psoriatic skin lesions. Eight (66·7%, 95% CI 34·9-90·1) of the 12 patients in the infliximab-discontinuation group who were re-treated with infliximab after relapsing were in remission within 8 weeks of re-treatment; none had infusion reactions. Maintenance of remission was significantly more common in patients who continued infliximab than in those who discontinued. Discontinuing infliximab should therefore be discussed with caution, taking both risk of relapse and efficacy of re-treatment into account. Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and the Intractable Disease Project of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. For the Japanese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Japanese Translation and Validation of the Environmental Assessment Tool-Higher Care.

The purpose of this study was to translate the Environmental Assessment Tool-Higher Care (EAT-HC) into Japanese and validate its use in small-scale group living facilities in Japan. Environment of a facility is shown to improve its residents' quality of life (QOL). Japan's "welfare-based nursing homes for the elderly" are gradually shifting to a small-scale group living concept called group care units (GCUs). However, there is no appropriate environmental tool available for evaluating GCUs. The application of valid environmental assessment tools brings about a better understanding of the nature of good environments and the relationship between environments and outcomes for residents living with dementia. The study had a mixed method design conducted in several steps, covering translation and adaptation. The translation phase involved (1) forward translation and (2) backward translation. The adaptation phase involved (3) content validity and homogeneity reliability and (4) concurrent validity and interrater reliability. 71 Items (92%) met the acceptable level of content validity (item-content validity index [CVI] > .79) and had good scale-CVI of .88. Concurrent validity was confirmed between .65 and .78 (p < .001). For reliability test, the internal consistency of six subscales was between .88 and .98. Overall interobserver agreement was 90.3%. Intraclass correlation coefficients were .80-.98 (p < .001), and homogeneity reliability coefficient for all items was >.76 (p < .01). Validation of the EAT-HC-Japanese Version (EAT-HC-JV) was confirmed as an appropriate tool for environmental assessment to enhance the QOL in Japan's GCUs. For future study, we plan to modify the EAT-HC-JV to adapt to Japanese cultural aspects in order to increase its usability in Japan.

Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of randomised, cohort, and pre–post studies

Evidence of comparative benefits of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) versus oral antipsychotics for schizophrenia has been inconsistent across study designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative benefits of LAIs versus oral antipsychotics in three study designs to inform clinical decision making. We did a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis comparing LAIs versus oral antipsychotics for schizophrenia covering three study designs: randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and pre-post studies. Our literature search was without language restrictions, in MEDLINE and PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase, for studies published from database inception up to a last search on March 13, 2020. We also searched for unpublished studies and ClinicalTrials.gov. We included studies lasting at least 6 months that targeted adults with schizophrenia and related disorders (>80% of participants). Studies on penfluridol (neither an LAI or daily oral antipsychotic), case reports, and case series with fewer than 20 patients were excluded. Two investigators independently extracted study-level data and resolved disagreement by consensus, or via a third investigator. Study authors were contacted to obtain additional information as needed. For our primary outcome we meta-analysed the risk ratio (RR) for hospitalisation or relapse with LAIs versus oral antipsychotics by a random-effects model, with hospitalisation used preferentially over relapse. As secondary analyses, we reversed the preferential order to relapse over hospitalisation, and assessed hospitalisation risk and relapse risk individually. Other secondary outcomes included all meta-analysable data, classed by relevance to effectiveness, efficacy, safety, quality of life, cognitive function, and other outcomes, and analysed by study design. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as pooled RR and continuous outcomes as standardised mean difference (SMD). The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019142094). We identified 14 687 records, of which 137 studies (397 319 patients) met the inclusion criteria (32 RCTs [23·4%; 8577 patients], 65 cohort studies [47·4%; 377 447 patients], and 40 pre-post studies [29·2%; 11 295 patients]) and were analysed. The quality of studies in terms of risk of bias varied across study designs and within each study design from low to high. LAIs were associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation or relapse than oral antipsychotics in each of the three study designs (RCTs: 29 studies, 7833 patients, RR 0·88 [95% CI 0·79-0·99], p=0·033; cohort studies: 44 studies, 106 136 patients, RR 0·92 [0·88-0·98], p=0·0044; pre-post studies: 28 studies, 17 876 patients, RR 0·44 [0·39-0·51], p<0·0001). This association was maintained across the study designs when we reversed the preferential order to risk of relapse over hospitalisation, and in individual analysis of hospitalisation risk. The association was maintained only in pre-post studies for relapse risk alone. In all other outcomes related to effectiveness, efficacy, safety, quality of life, cognitive function, and other outcomes, LAIs were more beneficial than oral antipsychotics in 60 (18·3%) of 328 comparisons, not different in 252 (76·8%) comparisons, and less beneficial in 16 (4·9%) comparisons when analysed by study design. Significant heterogeneity was observed across all three study designs. Publication biases were apparent in cohort and pre-post studies, but effect sizes were similar after trim-and-fill analyses. Although study designs have strengths and weaknesses, including potential low quality of observational studies, we consistently identified significant benefit with LAIs versus oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalisation or relapse, in settings ranging from restricted research (RCTs) to real-word application (cohort and pre-post studies). Our findings suggest that increased clinical use of LAIs could improve outcomes in schizophrenia. None. For the Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portugese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Translation and validation of the Japanese version of the measure of moral distress for healthcare professionals

ObjectivesMoral distress occurs when professionals cannot carry out what they believe to be ethically appropriate actions because of constraints or barriers. We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Japanese translation of the Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP).MethodsWe translated the questionnaire into Japanese according to the instructions of EORTC Quality of Life group translation manual. All physicians and nurses who were directly involved in patient care at nine departments of four tertiary hospitals in Japan were invited to a survey to assess the construct validity, reliability and factor structure. Construct validity was assessed with the relation to the intention to leave the clinical position, and internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted.Results308 responses were eligible for the analysis. The mean total score of MMD-HP (range, 0–432) was 98.2 (SD, 59.9). The score was higher in those who have or had the intention to leave their clinical role due to moral distress than in those who do not or did not have the intention of leaving (mean 113.7 [SD, 61.3] vs. 86.1 [56.6], t-test p < 0.001). The confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha confirmed the validity (chi-square, 661.9; CMIN/df, 2.14; GFI, 0.86; CFI, 0.88; CFI/TLI, 1.02; RMSEA, 0.061 [90%CI, 0.055–0.067]) and reliability (0.91 [95%CI, 0.89–0.92]) of the instrument.ConclusionsThe translated Japanese version of the MMD-HP is a reliable and valid instrument to assess moral distress among physicians and nurses.

Red Hair in a Global World: A Japanese History of Anne of Green Gables and Prince Edward Island

There is likely no version of Anne of Green Gables more mythologized than Muraoka Hanako’s 1952 Japanese translation, Akage no An. While many arguments have been offered to explain Anne’s Japanese success, this article moderates some of the more sensationalized while also situating the book within Japan’s wider cultural history.