Japanese Tea Research Articles

Utopia and Nostalgic Return

The term ‘traditional Japanese architecture’ often causes confusionbecause people want the architecture of a certain period to eithercontinue endlessly, or to be substituted by some kind of facsimile.This paper maintains that the roots of Japanese architecture continueand that these roots make themselves evident at times of upheavaland renewal.Japan consists of a number islands which have had periods ofisolation both internationally, and nationally from ‘political lockdown’within. And yet these periods of isolation have often produceda veritable zenith in the houses of what Bruno Taut called “thepeasants”, and the author has chosen to call ‘commoners (minka)’.One example this is the Japanese tea house, which came about at atime of heightened military dominance. Castles were the strongholdsof power complete with large rooms in which the rituals of statedemanded order by rank. Beside this show of power came the humbletea house, used for the simple tea ceremony, sometimes between as few as two people.
 The roots of this humble hut, if we can call itsuch, carried with it the same structural principles as the minka, orcommoner’s house. A non-loadbearing structure of post and lintelconstruction for the sole purpose of concentrating on “the sound ofboiling water”. Out of the dream of power came the need for humility.The warrior’s power lay in the control of space; the tea master’s in thecontrol of time. The architecture responds. The building is an event

A Bowl for a Coin: A Commodity History of Japanese Tea

A Bowl for a Coin: A Commodity History of Japanese Tea

Phenotypic Markers Reflecting the Status of Overstressed Tea Plants Subjected to Repeated Shade Cultivation.

Shade cultivation is a traditional Japanese tea cultivation method in which the shoot buds are shaded for several weeks. This technique is increasingly used for green tea production because it produces tea of high quality (as indicated by umami and nutritional content) and commands high prices. However, given that shaded tea plants are grown under low-light stress, concerns exist regarding damage to tea plants caused by repeated shade cultivation. To understand basic physiological responses and accumulative changes in photosynthetic ability and metabolites of tea plants subjected to repeated shading, we performed a pot experiment on immature tea plants grown in a growth chamber subjected to repeated shading treatments. The results demonstrated that shade cultivation caused a decrease in non-structural carbohydrate content and an increase of several degrees in leaf surface temperature, reflecting transpiration through the leaf stomata, as a result of a reduction in photosynthetic ability. An increase of several degrees in canopy temperature and a reduction in photosynthetic ability in the field in the mid-summer season was also observed in overstressed tea plants subjected to repeated shading. Metabolomic analysis identified several candidate biomarkers, such as citrulline and glycine betaine, that were significantly changed in individuals affected by shade cultivation. These physiological changes may be an indicator of the stress status of tea plants grown under repeated shade cultivation.

Cross-Modal Correspondences Between Temperature and Taste Attributes.

Temperature is an important characteristic of food and drink. In addition to food-intrinsic temperature (i.e., serving temperature), consumers often experience food-extrinsic temperature (e.g., physical warmth). Emerging research on cross-modal correspondence has revealed that people reliably associate temperature with other sensory features. Building on the literature on cross-modal correspondence and sensation transference theory, the present study aimed to reveal mental representations of temperature–taste correspondence and cross-modal mental representations influencing corresponding sensory/hedonic perceptions of beverages, with a focus on manipulating food-extrinsic warmth. To reveal mental representations of temperature–taste correspondence, Experiment 1 investigated whether temperature words (warm, cool) are associated with sensory/hedonic attributes (e.g., sweet, sour, salty, bitter). The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that warm (vs. cool) was matched more with saltiness, tastiness, healthfulness, and preference (intention to buy), whereas cool (vs. warm) was matched more with sourness and freshness. Experiment 2 assessed whether cross-modal mental representations influence corresponding sensory/hedonic perceptions of beverages. The participants wore hot and cold pads and rated sensory/hedonic attributes of Japanese tea (Experiment 2a) or black coffee (Experiment 2b) before and after tasting it. The results of Experiment 2a demonstrated that physical warmth (vs. coldness) increased healthfulness and the intention to buy Japanese tea. The results of Experiment 2b did not reveal any effects of physical warmth on sensory/hedonic ratings. These findings provide evidence of taste–temperature correspondence and provide preliminary support for the influence of food-extrinsic warmth on taste attributes related to positivity.

台湾における「日本茶」市場動向と日本産緑茶輸出の課題

台湾における「日本茶」市場動向と日本産緑茶輸出の課題

Barbed Voices: Oral History, Resistance, and the World War II Japanese American Social Disaster. The George and Sakaye Aratani Nikkei in the Americas Series. By Arthur A. Hansen. Foreword by Lane Ryo Hirabayashi

Resistance, whether it is recognized at the time as principled dissent or as irrational disruption, is dependent on context. This is the decades-long focus of Arthur A. Hansen, whose meticulously researched work on the complexity of Japanese American wartime incarceration is a timely read for today’s political climate. Once viewed as “trouble-makers” disrupting the polished narrative pushed by the federal government, Hansen continues to unearth the silenced history of the resisters. Incidents once characterized as “riots” at Manzanar, California, or Poston, Arizona—justifying use of force or further isolation in a stockade inside an American concentration camp—are, in truth, revolts by Americans against the loss of civil rights, poor food, inadequate facilities, or bureaucratic failures by camp administrators. The arrests in December 1942 at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, by military police of thirty-two persons for security violations were, in fact, all children under the age of eleven sledding in the snow. Hansen puts to rest the notion of Japanese Americans holding a monolithic view of society, politics, and citizenship. Of the approximately 120,000 forcibly removed from rural and urban communities in the West, there are 120,000 views of the world. The federal administrators were unprepared for the political dynamics that would unfold and mostly clueless about the cultural context. In a riveting account of a banquet held by incarcerees with camp administrators at Gila River, Arizona, the details of speeches in the Japanese language and the serving of “Japanese tea” (bourbon with water)—despite the prohibition against alcohol due to the camp being on Native American land—are understood as performative resistance meant to send a message. The tension overlaying the banquet is felt. These acts were a show of power over the War Relocation Authority for other incarcerees.

ФИЛОСОФИЯ И АРХИТЕКТУРА ЧАЙНЫХ ДОМИКОВ ЯПОНИИ

ФИЛОСОФИЯ И АРХИТЕКТУРА ЧАЙНЫХ ДОМИКОВ ЯПОНИИ

한국, 일본, 중국의 전통 미생물발효차(청태전, 아와반자, 보이차)의 미생물 군집 비교

미생물발효차는 차나무(Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze)의 잎을 미생물 발효과정을 거쳐 생산된다. 본 연구에서 한국의 청태전, 일본의 아와반차, 중국 보이차에 우점하는 박테리아 분석을 위해 double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DG-DGGE)와 16S rRNA gene clone library 기법으로 분석하였다. 각국의 미생물발효차에 우점하는 박테리아가 청태전은 Pantoea sp., 아와반차는 Lactobacillus sp., 보이차는 Sphingomonas sp.인 것을 확인했다. 미생물 군집 크기를 분석한 결과 청태전과 아와반차는 박테리아가 우점하고, 중국 미생물발효차는 곰팡이가 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다.

A Bowl for a Coin: A Commodity History of Japanese Tea by William Wayne Farris

A Bowl for a Coin: A Commodity History of Japanese Tea by William Wayne Farris

The Window in the Mirror

The Window in the Mirror Jennifer L. Knox (bio) "They know locks are important," the nurse says when she sees me watching a man, younger than my father, twist the switch of a deadbolt nailed to the wall in the dayroom—one of many locks nailed to the wall. Puzzles that can never be solved. Total fake-outs. A tumbler lock, a sliding door latch, an interior doorknob with its little tongue sticking out… At the table, a woman, also younger than my father, looms over two big piles of Christmas cards—her face frozen in a silent scream. The nurse explains the woman had been in a car accident, and the part of her brain that managed fear got stuck on ON. Old Christmas cards are the only things that make her feel better. The woman slowly picks up a card from the left-hand pile, opens it, closes it, then lays it down on the right-hand pile. Her fluid movement reminds me of the Japanese tea ceremony. A flimsy chain tethers her to the chair like a dog no one thinks will run away. [End Page 82] Jennifer L. Knox Jennifer L. Knox's new collection of poems, Crushing It, is forthcoming from Copper Canyon Press in 2020. Her work has appeared four times in The Best American Poetry series, and her nonfiction writing has appeared in The Washington Post and The American Poetry Review. She teaches at Iowa State University and is the proprietor of a small-batch artisanal spice company called Saltlickers. Copyright © 2019 Emerson College

Various responses of single-walled carbon nanotubes with differing chirality: A suggestion for biosensing

The near infrared absorbance and near infrared photoluminescence intensity of several single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with different chiralities in the same suspension were analyzed. Differing chirality of the SWNTs showed different spectral responses with adsorbed H2O2 and catechin. While the detection of the antioxidant effects of catechin and Japanese tea using hybrids of DNA and SWNTs have previously been reported, those studies did not focus on the effects of chirality of the SWNTs on near infrared spectra. Chirality of SWNTs is one of the most important parameters to determine SWNT physicochemical properties. For example, the responses of (10,5)/(8,7) were more drastic in contrast to (9,4), while the (6,5) SWNTs were inactive. The findings indicate that different information can be obtained using mixed chiralities of SWNTs. The data suggest that the chirality effects reported from various studies should be evaluated carefully, considering the different SWNT chiralities.

Comparisons of effective half-lives of radiocesium in Japanese tea plants after two nuclear accidents, Chernobyl and Fukushima

The time-dependence of 137Cs in new shoots of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) following a137Cs-deposition was analyzed and quantified in terms of effective half-lives. The underlying monitoring studies were performed after the accidents in the Chernobyl and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants for tea plants growing in Japan. The major transfer route for atmospherically deposited radiocaesium to the first new shoots sampled after the accidents were different: for the Fukushima accident, it was mainly translocation of radiocaesium deposited onto old leaves and twigs to the new growth, while direct deposition on the new leaves was the major source after the Chernobyl accident. The effective half-lives in new tea leaves representing the fast and slow components of the decline did not significantly differ between these accidents. Geometric means (ranges) of fast and slow effective half-lives of 137Cs after the Chernobyl accident were 66 d (25–125 d) and 902 d (342–15900 d), respectively, and those after the Fukushima accident were 50 d (26–105 d) and 416 d (222–1540 d), respectively. From these results, 137Cs declines in new tea leaves were similar although contamination conditions were different for these two accidents.

Goryeo-chawan Based on ‘Kobori Enshu Chakaikishusei’

Goryeo-chawan is a general name for Korean tea bowls used in Japanese tea ceremony. There are three major categories of Goryeo-chawan: tea pots chosen from Korean daily life, tea pots made in Korea which were ordered from Japan, and tea pots made by Korean potters who moved to Japan. In this study, we examined the Goryeo-chawan used for Daimyo tea, focusing on the tea ceremony record named ‘Kobori Enshu chakaikishusei’ in the early Edo period. Thirty kinds of Goryeo-chawan were used, and the two tea bowls used most among them are the Totoya and the Ido tea bowls. The tea ceremony of Kobori Enshu can be considered in three stages. In the creation period, Totoya tea bowls and Shima Korean tea bowl were used, with Korean tea bowl, which retained the influence of Senno Rikyu. During the establishment period, the height of bowl stand was slightly high, and the shape was slightly distorted, but there are many elegant tea bowls in design. Since it was time to ensure the dignity of Shogun Tokugawa, they tried to enhance the authority of Daimyo tea by selecting and using the existing Korean tea bowls with sophisticated designs that matched the new era. In latter years, Seto tea bowl was used twice as much as Korean tea bowl, but Goryeo-chawan was often used in Sukiya, which is a space of Wabi tea. The research showed that in the early Edo period, due to the change of the times, Goryeo-chawan had a unique design as a “Kireisabi” tea bowl of Daimyo tea and was honored as a tea bowl suitable for a new era. As a condition, there is a history of connecting Sennorikyu s legitimacy, a little emphasis of the Kairagi on the tea bowl, selecting various designs and unique patterns, and also they assigned the special meaning among the tea bowls to increase their special value.

Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by ddRAD-seq reveal genetic structure of tea germplasm and Japanese landraces for tea breeding.

To obtain genetic information about the germplasm of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Japan, 167 accessions including 138 var. sinensis (96 Japanese var. sinensis and 42 exotic var. sinensis) and 29 Assam hybrids were analyzed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers identified by double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) analysis. Approximately 10,000 SNPs were identified by ddRAD-seq and were mapped across the whole genome. The 167 tea accessions were classified into three genetic subgroups: (1) Japanese var. sinensis; (2) Japanese and exotic var. sinensis; (3) Assam hybrids and exotic var. sinensis. Leaf morphology varied widely within each genetic subgroups. The 96 Japanese var. sinensis were classified into four genetic subgroups as follows; two subgroups of Shizuoka (the largest tea production region) landraces, Uji (most ancient tea production region) landraces, and the pedigree of ‘Yabukita’, the leading green tea cultivar in Japan. These results indicated that the SNP markers obtained from ddRAD-seq are a useful tool to investigate the geographical background and breeding history of Japanese tea. This genetic information revealed the ancestral admixture situation of the ‘Yabukita’ pedigree, and showed that the genome structure of ‘Yabukita’ is clearly different from those of other Japanese accessions.

일본에서 건너온 한글 다완

일본에서 건너온 한글 다완

Draft Genome Sequence of the Yeast Pichia manshurica YM63, a Participant in Secondary Fermentation of Ishizuchi-Kurocha, a Japanese Fermented Tea.

Pichia manshurica is common in fermentation; however, genome analysis has never been reported for the species. This yeast plays a role in the secondary fermentation of Ishizuchi-kurocha, a traditional Japanese fermented tea. This paper presents the draft genome sequence of P. manshurica YM63, isolated from the leaves of fermented tea.

Current Situation of the Japanese Tea Industries and Implications

최근 일본의 젊은 소비자들은 찬 페트병 녹차음료를 선호하고 있다. ‘우려 마시는 녹차’와 녹차음료 사이에 소비의 대체관계가 심해지면, 차 산업의 미래는 어떻게 될 것인가? 녹차 음료에 친숙해진 젊은 세대는 나이가 들어도 ‘우려 마시는 녹차’ 소비로 돌아오지 않을 것이기 때문이다. 또, 세계적인 추세와 비슷하게, 일본에서도 발효차인 홍차가 꾸준히 소비자들로부터 인기를 얻고 있다. 이러한 트렌드는 녹차가 주류를 이루는 일본차 산업에서 어떠한 의미를 갖는지 주목할 필요가 있다. 일본의 전통적인 녹차 산지는 경사지에서 수작업으로 녹차를 생산하고 있다. 농촌의 고령화와 맛 물려 경사지의 수작업 녹차생산이 줄고, 평탄지에서 대규모로 기계화하는 방식이 확대되어 나갈 것으로 예상된다. 생산지역, 경영자, 경영방식의 변화는 일본 녹차 생산구조에 지각변동을 가져올 수 있다. 말차 가루를 식품(빵, 과자 등)과 외식(아이스크림, 음료 등)에 가미하여 섭취하는 사 례가 급증하는 추세이다. 앞으로 차 성분이 함유된 식품은 더욱 다양하게 개발될 것이고, 이 점은 차 산업 발전에 크게 기여할 것이다. 녹차 산지의 입장에서 보면 ‘우려마시는 녹차’의 소비시장이 줄게 됨으로써, 차별화, 브랜드화 등 산지 간 마케팅 경쟁이 한층 격화될 것이다. 산지에서는 간편한 고품질 티백 생산을 비롯하여, 차 성분이 함유된 기능성 식품 생산 등에 더욱 박차를 가할 것으로 보이다. 녹차 음료를 생산하거나 말차를 식재료로 사용할 때, 식품기업은 고령화 된 농가와 계약을 통해 원료를 조달하고 있다. 기업의 기술지도에 의해 재배되는 차나무는, 농가가 ‘우려마시는 차’를 생산하기 위해 재배하는 차나무와 차이가 있다. 공정한 계약관계를 포함하여, 이러한 점들이 차 산업의 미래 측면에서 어떤 의미를 가지는지 심사숙고해 볼 필요가 있다. 녹차에 함유된 낮은 수준의 카페인을 우려하면서, 차 식품에 함유된 높은 수준의 카페인을 섭취해도 괜찮은지? 부정적 이미지의 카페인과 긍정적 이미지의 카테킨 간의 조화는 어떻게 이루는 것이 좋은지? 이러한 점들은 소비자들이 궁금해 하는 사항이다. 향후 이러한 부분을 세밀하게 과학적으로 분석·제공하여, 소비자들이 보다 안심하고 녹차 및 차 식품을 소비할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

The growth of the Japanese black tea market: how technological innovation affects the development of a new market

This paper studies the birth of the market for Japanese black tea, its decline, and its rebirth. Currently, the black tea consumed in Japan is mostly imported. But the production of Japanese black tea has gradually increased, and more than 200 tons was produced in 2016. We investigate the history of Japanese black tea, the use of manufacturing technology, and the components of tea and their effects on humans to influence quality. We found the main reasons for the revival and spread of Japanese black tea were production and manufacturing innovation. Fermentation was especially an important process because it determined tea quality. Manufacturing technology for fermentation was established by entrepreneurial farmers and transferred to other Japanese black tea farmers, resulting in the rapid market creation of the Japanese black tea.

Golden Gate Bridge Wows With Sweeping Arches, Stunning Views

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Association NewsFull AccessGolden Gate Bridge Wows With Sweeping Arches, Stunning ViewsLinda M. RichmondLinda M. RichmondSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:14 Feb 2019https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2019.2b16AbstractNo trip to San Francisco is complete without a trek across the Golden Gate Bridge. Built during the Great Depression, the bridge is a marvel of engineering, construction, and design.With its sweeping arches and art deco styling, the Golden Gate Bridge is arguably one of the most beautiful and most photographed bridges in the world. The bridge is painted an orange vermillion dubbed International Orange to make it stand out against the spectacular backdrop of sea, land, and fog.iStock/Ron ThomasIt spans almost two miles across the Golden Gate, the narrow strait where San Francisco Bay opens to meet the Pacific Ocean. Prior to the opening of the bridge in 1937, San Francisco was the largest city in the United States reached primarily by ferry boat.Aside from its iconic beauty, the bridge is considered a marvel of engineering: its suspension design allows it to move more than two feet laterally to withstand strong bay winds. The Golden Gate Bridge was named one of the “Seven Wonders of the Modern World” by the American Society of Civil Engineers.It is said that everyone should experience walking across the Golden Gate Bridge at least once in their lifetime. Its pedestrian walkway allows walkers and bikers to experience the bridge and peer down some 22 stories to the water below.More information about the history, science, and engineering of the bridge’s construction can be found in the interactive exhibits at the bridge’s Welcome Center and outdoor plaza. On Thursdays and Sundays, the San Francisco City Guides—a nonprofit associated with the San Francisco Public Library—offers free educational walking tours of the bridge.The bridge spills into Golden Gate Park, an attraction in its own right, with more than 1,000 amazing acres of beauty covering more than 50 city blocks. Its attractions number more than can be seen in a day, with some highlights including a Japanese tea garden, a flower conservatory, botanical gardens, a science museum, an aquarium, the de Young Museum, and a buffalo paddock where visitors can watch a herd of bison. While the park is free to visit during the day, popular attractions charge admission. ■More information about the Golden Gate Bridge can be accessed here. More information on attractions at the Golden Gate Park is available here. A schedule of tours by San Francisco City Guides is posted here. ISSUES NewArchived

THE JOURNEY TO THE FAR EAST: TEA CEREMONY AS A PHENOMENON OF JAPANESE CULTURE

The purpose of the study. This paper aims at exploring the Japanese tea ceremony as a phenomenon of Japanese culture. Methodology of the study. The authors have used integrative anthropological approach, multidisciplinary analysis, comparative, cultural-historical, and descriptive methods. Practical methods of research, including personal participation in the tea ceremony of the Urasenke Tradition of cha no yu, were used. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the exploration of the Japanese tea ceremony as a component of Japanese culture, as well as in the analysis of its philosophical and aesthetic aspects. Nurturing simplicity and naturalness and being an institutionalized form of spiritual activity, cha no yu opens a window into the spiritual realm of our being and brings true peace into our souls. Conclusions. Tea is philosophy, which is a part of the Japanese spirit. Due to the Way of Tea, the meditative component and element of joyful rest came into life. The Way of Tea teaches people to be sincere and responsive. Thus, it is more than just a ceremony – it is the way of life.