Japanese Sentences Research Articles

Analysis of Linguistic and Cultural Differences in Japanese Translation Based on Differential Equation Modeling in the Perspective of PMC Assessment

Abstract This paper focuses on the differences in grammar rules and syntactic structures between Japanese passive and probable tenses and labels the corresponding sentences in the corpus according to their grammatical features. A statistical method is employed to categorize the corpus by linking dependency trees and morphological information. Differential equation modeling is used to construct a classification model, and the important features and extraction processes for distinguishing sentence structure are defined. In conclusion, the impact of language and cultural differences on the machine translation of Japanese passive sentences is examined. The results show that the significant values of manual translation and machine translation are 0.158 and 0.203, respectively, which are greater than 0.05, indicating that they conform to the normal distribution and there are obvious differences between them. The mean score of the total score of manual translation is 4.62, and the mean score of the total score of machine translation is 2.85, indicating that there is a significant effect of language and cultural differences on machine translation. This paper provides useful guidance and insights for improving the quality of Japanese translation and promoting cross-cultural communication and understanding.

Enhancing Japanese Reading Comprehension Skills among Students: An Instructional Model Perspective

One of the most important aspects of learning a new language is comprehension, so teachers must promote language comprehensibility by implementing the finest instructional strategies to help students in understanding the target language. Therefore, this research aimes to develop an instructional model to enhance Japanese reading comprehension skills among university students. To identify the extent that the teachers employ language comprehensibility practices in Japanese reading comprehension, experimental study was employed. The research methodology was divided into three phases which involved investigating the current problems through contextual study, construct tentative model and implementation. From the input, this study constructed the tentative instruction based on reading comprehension skills model named as CLAS model. Finally, the model was implemented to 36 students. The findings show the students were unable to read long sentences in Japanese due to their lack of knowledge on vocabulary and grammar, as well as the awareness of understanding sentences. Then, the implementation of the CLAS model includes focus, rationale, syntax, social system, support system, and application and effects has been conducted in order to enhance Japanese reading skills among students. The data shows that the score in the experimental groups is more than the control group score. This result indicates that the CLAS model has enhanced the Japanese reading comprehension skills among university students who needs more attention.

Re-Examing the Indonesian Language Pragmatic Abilities of Students Majoring in Hospitality as a Basis for Exploring Students' Intercultural Abilities in Japanese

This research focuses on the intercultural competence of Japanese language students majoring in hospitality at three vocational schools in Yogyakarta. To be able to find out students' intercultural competence, a contrastive analysis method is used regarding politeness strategies in the context of greeting guests, asking the guest's name, asking for general information, rejecting the guest's wishes, asking for something from the guest and confirming. There are three things compared in this research, namely, politeness strategies in Indonesian sentences made by students, politeness strategies in Japanese sentences from native Japanese and the suitability of Indonesian translations into Japanese made by students. Brown and Levenson's face-threatening act (FTA) management theory was used as the theoretical basis for this research. The research results show that politeness strategies in the mother tongue do influence how students translate. In general, there are many similarities in strategies between Indonesian and Japanese regarding politeness strategies in the hospitality context. The similarity of these strategies will make it easier for students to achieve intercultural competence. It is just that a lack of linguistic ability still causes pragmalingustic failure and sociopragmatic failure. Furthermore, the difference in strategy is that the use of bald on record in Indonesian produces a bald on record translation in Japanese, which causes sociopragmatic failure.

Visual-auditory perception of prosodic focus in Japanese by native and non-native speakers.

Speech communication is multi-sensory in nature. Seeing a speaker's head and face movements may significantly influence the listeners' speech processing, especially when the auditory information is not clear enough. However, research on the visual-auditory integration speech processing has left prosodic perception less well investigated than segmental perception. Furthermore, while native Japanese speakers tend to use less visual cues in segmental perception than in other western languages, to what extent the visual cues are used in Japanese focus perception by the native and non-native listeners remains unknown. To fill in these gaps, we test focus perception in Japanese among native Japanese speakers and Cantonese speakers who learn Japanese, using auditory-only and auditory-visual sentences as stimuli. Thirty native Tokyo Japanese speakers and thirty Cantonese-speaking Japanese learners who had passed the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test with level N2 or N3 were asked to judge the naturalness of 28 question-answer pairs made up of broad focus eliciting questions and three-word answers carrying broad focus, or contrastive or non-contrastive narrow focus on the middle object words. Question-answer pairs were presented in two sensory modalities, auditory-only and visual-auditory modalities in two separate experimental sessions. Both the Japanese and Cantonese groups showed weak integration of visual cues in the judgement of naturalness. Visual-auditory modality only significantly influenced Japanese participants' perception when the questions and answers were mismatched, but when the answers carried non-contrastive narrow focus, the visual cues impeded rather than facilitated their judgement. Also, the influences of specific visual cues like the displacement of eyebrows or head movements of both Japanese and Cantonese participants' responses were only significant when the questions and answers were mismatched. While Japanese participants consistently relied on the left eyebrow for focus perception, the Cantonese participants referred to head movements more often. The lack of visual-auditory integration in Japanese speaking population found in segmental perception also exist in prosodic perception of focus. Not much foreign language effects has been found among the Cantonese-speaking learners either, suggesting a limited use of facial expressions in focus marking by native and non-native Japanese speakers. Overall, the present findings indicate that the integration of visual cues in perception of focus may be specific to languages rather than universal, adding to our understanding of multisensory speech perception.

Penggunaan dan Makna Verba ‘Berubah’ Dalam Ruigigo Bahasa Jepang Tinjauan Semantik

Japanese is a foreign language that has many variations of the lexicon. One of them is the variation of the lexicon in the verb. This article discusses the meaning and use of the verb 'to change' in Japanese ruigigo. This study focuses on sentences used by native Japanese speakers. Data collection was carried out through interviews and note taking techniques. The author conducts interviews directly with Japanese people while recording sentences containing synonyms for the verb 'change' in Japanese. The data were analyzed using a contextual meaning theory approach (Pateda, 2010) by describing them in Japanese sentences. From the data found, in Japanese there are 4 verbs that mean 'change', namely: kawaru, henka suru, hendou suru, and henkou suru. (1) kawaru states changes in terms of (weather, price, facial expression, leaf color, attitude), (2) henka suru states changes in terms of (verb forms, weather, language, post-war conditions, physical/body, patient health), (3) henkou suru stated changes in terms of (gold prices, consumer prices, temperature) and (4) henkou suru stated changes in terms of (stay schedules, regulations, plans, addresses, meeting schedules). The results of the study show that each of these verbs has a different use depending on the context of the situation. In some ways, the verbs kawaru and henka suru can be substituted for each other in the context of changing weather, as well as the verbs kawaru and hendou suru in the context of changing prices

「してもらう」文の文タイプの移行について― 受益性を表さないタイプを中心に ―

「してもらう」文の文タイプの移行について― 受益性を表さないタイプを中心に ―

Penggunaan No Da dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang: Kajian Sintaksis dan Semantik

This research aim to determine the function and meaning of modality no da in Japanese sentences found in various media such as anime. This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative method by collecting data to analyze in the form of sample sentences containing no da modality based on theory according to Noda (1997). The results of this research show that no da is used when the speaker and the interlocutor know the situation set in the conversation. Modality no da has various functions, including : as a nominalizer, expression delivery, question and conjunction that combines one clause with another. The meaning of modality no da varies depending on the function and verb attached to modality no da.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF TARGET TEXTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE PARALLEL FICTION CORPUS

This paper discusses the possibility of using a parallel text corpus to study grammatical issues of the target language, and the epistemological value of target texts is argued. Parallel text corpora are more often used in their comparative aspect, even though they have a significant content and epistemological potential for the systematization of linguistic knowledge about the target language as well. This work, carried out as a part of a general study of Japanese agentivity, describes an attempt to research the corpus material to identify recurrent patterns in the target language and to determine the distribution regularities of agentive features in Japanese. This paper was carried out using the material from the author’s parallel Russian-Japanese corpus of fiction texts. The main criterion used to collect this dataset is the markedness of sentences with inanimate subjects, which is imposed by such cognitive and cultural factors as the linguistic and social subject-object hierarchy: human beings, as the highest creatures on the animacy scale, could not be affected by an inanimate subject. The set of grammatically non-identical components of the syntactic structure of the source and target texts identified in the material of the corpus became the starting point for a detailed analysis of the mechanism for distributing syntactic and semantic roles in a Japanese sentence.

Kemampuan penggunaan kara dan node pada mahasiswa semester V tahun 2020 prodi pendidikan bahasa jepang unp

This research is motivated by the students' difficulties in understanding the use of kara and node which have the same meaning but have different meanings in Japanese sentences. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability to use kara and node to express cause and effect in a Japanese sentence. This type of research is quantitative research with descriptive methods. The population in this study was students in the fifth semester of the 2020 entry year Japanese Language Education Study Program, UNP. Thesample in this study were 30 students who were determined using a random sampling technique.The data in this study are the results of kara andnode tests. Based on the research results, it is known that the ability to use kara and nodes to express cause and effect in a Japanese sentence is generally known to have the qualification of 'sufficient' with an average score of 56.6. Theindicators are able to determine the correct use ofkara and nodesin Japanese sentences. With the highest value of kara and node in a sentence is 90, the lowest value is 30.

Analysis of Errors in Using Passive Sentences by Japanese Language Students at Universitas Harapan Medan

This research analyzed the errors in the use of passive sentences among Japanese language students at Harapan Medan University. Using a descriptive analysis method on test data from students enrolled in the Japanese Language Program in the 2021 academic year, the study found that syntactic errors were the most common. These errors were caused by students' lack of understanding of passive sentence usage, including particles, verbs, and translation. Lapses in errors emerged as the dominant type, resulting from unintentional mistakes or lack of awareness by the speakers. They usually occur in writing due to physical fatigue or rushing during the test. Competence factors were the main cause of these errors, as students had not fully grasped the rules of passive sentence structure, particularly regarding using particles and determining subject and object. The influence of the native language also played a role in the errors, especially in translating passive sentences from Indonesian to Japanese. In conclusion, students face challenges in using passive sentences in Japanese, particularly in syntax and rule comprehension. Efforts are needed to improve their learning, deepen their understanding of passive sentence usage, and enhance their comprehension of sentence structure and its constituent elements.

Pragmatic Transfer in Intermediate Japanese Learners' Apology Speech Act

This study aims to investigate the apology speech act strategy employed by Japanese language learners at the intermediate level and the pragmatic transfer from L1 to L2 that occurs. The data for this study were gathered using the Discourse Completion Test (DCT), which examined four apology situations focusing on the relationships with the interlocutors. The subjects of this study were 53 intermediate Japanese learners. The collected data were then classified into eight strategies or semantic formulas. The pragmatic transfer in the learner's expression was divided into pragmalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic transfer. This study found that several factors were related to the pragmatic transfer. First, learners translate L1 phrases literally to the L2, which leads to pragmalinguistic transfer. Second, many variations and combinations in Japanese words and sentences are difficult compared with expressions in Indonesian, especially in the "kasu-kariru" and "motte iku-motte kuru" context. Third, applying a pragmatic function from L1 to the L2, which leads to sociopragmatic transfer. This study is expected to give reference in speech act study, and help understanding interlanguage pragmatic of second language learners.

Dissociating the processing of empty categories in raising and control sentences: a self-paced reading study in Japanese

IntroductionTheoretical linguistics has proposed different types of empty categories (ECs), i.e., unpronounced words with syntactic characteristics. ECs are a key to elucidating the computational system of syntax, algorithms of language processing, and their neural implementation. Here we examined the distinction between raising and control sentences in Japanese and whether ECs are psychologically real.MethodsWe recruited 254 native speakers of Japanese in the present internet-based experiment. We used a self-paced reading and a probe recognition priming technique. To investigate whether raising and control sentences have different ECs (i.e., Copy and PRO) and whether these ECs cause a reactivation effect, behavioral data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.ResultsWe found two striking results. First, we demonstrate that the reading times of raising and control sentences in Japanese were better explained by the linear mixed-effects model considering the differences of ECs, i.e., Copy and PRO. Secondly, we found a significant reactivation effect for raising and control sentences, which have ECs, and reflexive sentences without ECs. These results indicate that ECs are processed similarly to reflexive pronouns (e.g., himself ).DiscussionBased on these results, we conclude that raising and control sentences in Japanese have different ECs, i.e., Copy and PRO, and that ECs have psychological reality. Our results demonstrate that behavioral experiment based on theoretical linguistics, which is the first step for developing linking hypotheses connecting theoretical linguistics and experimental neuroscience, is indeed necessary for testing hypotheses proposed in theoretical linguistics.

Distribution of sentence length and dependency distance in children's compositions: Characteristics of natural language and variations in language development

This study analyzed the distribution of the sentence length and mean of dependency distances (MDD) in Japanese sentences, comparing data from random sources with that obtained from children's compositions, and identifying changes in distribution according to grade level. Findings reveal that the sentence length in random data is well suited to a geometric distribution, whereas MDD is well suited to a lognormal distribution. In contrast, data from children's compositions show a shift in the distribution of the number of clauses from a lognormal to a gamma distribution, depending on the school year, with MDD suiting a gamma distribution. Mean MDD increases exponentially with the logarithm of the number of clauses in random data, while it increases linearly in composition data, thus generally supporting previous findings that dependency distances are optimized in natural language. However, MDDs exhibit non-monotonic changes with grades, suggesting the complexity of children's language development.

Connection on Events of Subclause to Main Clause: Analyzing Sentence Construction in Kyoukasho (Japanese Textbooks)

Abstract. Along with the rising influence of Japanese in many spheres of life, many language learners around the world have learned Japanese. Kyoukasho, which means "Japanese language textbooks," are the main books that people who don't speak Japanese use to learn Japanese. Many features of Japanese linguistics may be found in Kyoukasho, one of which is subclause construction. A compound sentence in Japanese must include linking elements. These elements connect the subclause to the main clause. As a result, the purpose of this research is to discover how Kyoukasho explains the use of connecting constituents of time in subclause to form compound sentences. Thistudy is necessary because it can assist Japanese learners in better understanding sentence construction. This was a literary study that used a descriptive-qualitative approach. To obtain the result, data were obtained from six Kyoukasho regularly used by Indonesian higher education institutions to teach Japanese and evaluated using agih and matching analytical approaches. This study drew two conclusions about the use of linking constituents: their use in the sequence of events and their use in the temporal order. There were three events completed for the sequence of events, namely: after, before, and concurrent events, and four orders concluded for the time order, namely: starting-ending, starting, ending, and neutral. Aside from this, this study discovered that the duration of the actions in the concurrent event affects the structure as well. The event is divided into three categories here: open-closed, complete, and partial.Keywords: Time Subclause, Constituents, Japanese Grammars

ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVES TSURAI, KURUSHII AND KUTSUU IN JAPANESE LANGUAGE RUIGIGO

Japanese is a foreign language that has many variations of the lexicon. One of them is the lexicon variation in adjectives. This article discusses the analysis of the adjectives tsurai, kutsuhii and kutsuu in Japanese ruigigo. This study focuses on sentences used by native Japanese speakers. Data collection was carried out through interviews and note-taking techniques. The author conducts interviews directly with Japanese people while recording sentences containing 'tsurai, kutsuhii and kutsuu'. The data were analyzed using a contextual meaning theory approach (Pateda, 2010) by describing them in Japanese sentences. From the data found, the adjectives tsurai, kutsuhii and kutsuu have different meanings depending on the context of their usage. Based on the results of the analysis, in general (1) tsurai expressed a bitter experience, something uncomfortable, lazy to do something, (2) kutsuu stated difficult family conditions, difficult life, doing hard training), and (3) kutsuu expressed severe pain physical and mental discomfort and torture. The results of the study show that each lexicon of 'tsurai, kutsuhii and kutsuu' has almost the same meaning, namely painful or difficult, but has a slightly different usage in other activities.

Error analysis of Using Verbs Ruigigo “Belajar” by the Sixth Semester Students of Japanese Language Education FBS UNIMA

his study aims to discover the causes of errors in using the verbs “belajar,' narau and Manabu. A descriptive statistical method was used in this research. This analytical technique is commonly used for exploratory research. This study's participants were 30 students in the semester VI Japanese Language Education Study Program Universitas Negeri Manado. The data collection technique was carried out through tests on the participants. The tests consisted of 15 questions from the textbooks Minna no Nihongo, Shin Nihongo no Kiso I and II, and several reading materials related to education containing the words narau and Manabu. The results of the study are as follows: (1) Respondents still do not clearly understand the rules for using the verbs' learning' narau and manabu in the context of Japanese sentences, while some respondents are misled by the use of the verbs' learning' narau and manabu which have similar meanings. 2) the effect of B2 on B1 can be seen from the respondent's error in placing the right verb. (3) The respondents' vocabulary still needs to improve, which can be seen from the respondents' answers not placing the verb in the context of the existing sentence. (4) Respondents do not need help understanding the verb changes correctly. After the data was processed and formulated into statistical form, 96.1% of errors appeared, and 38.9% of students correctly used the verbs' learning' narau and manabu.
 Keywords :
 Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Japanese Education JournalRuigigoJapanese Language Education

Fukugoukakujoshi ~wo moto ni shite dan ~ni motodzuite dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang: Menelisik Jenis Nomina, Verba, dan Genre Kalimat

This research aims to determine the nouns, verbs, and sentence genres contained in Japanese sentences that contained fukugoukakujoshi of ~wo moto ni shite and ~ni motodzuite. This was conducted due to the similar meaning between fukugoukakujoshi ~wo moto ni shite and ~ni motodzuite when translated into Indonesian, which is "based on". Nevertheless, each word essentially has its own differences. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques in the form of note-taking techniques, and direct-elements divide analysis technique based on experts’ theories. The used theories are noun type theory, verb type theory, phrase theory, and sentence genre seen from the theory of grammatical categories in the predicate. Based on the analysis results, the nouns, verbs, and sentence genres in Japanese sentences containing fukugoukakujoshi ~wo moto ni shite and ~ni motodzuite have similarities and differences.

Establishing a pseudo-cleft construction in Japanese: A perspective from everyday conversation

It has been well established that Japanese has one type of cleft construction. This understanding was reached mostly through the examination of single Japanese sentences, constructed based on (pseudo-)cleft examples in English. We identify another type of cleft in Japanese based on the examination of everyday conversation data. This construction can be aptly considered a pseudo-cleft as it involves the interrogative pronoun nani ‘what’. Both structurally and functionally, it behaves similarly to pseudo-clefts in several other languages and to the Japanese traditional cleft, as characterized in recent conversation-based studies.

Pipeline Signed Japanese Translation Using PBSMT and Transformer in a Low-Resource Setting

We propose a novel pipeline method for translating signed Japanese sentences into written Japanese. Sign languages often suppress functional words such as particles, and most words are not morphologically inflected as they are in spoken languages. Our method explicitly compares and contrasts the two languages and divides the translation process into two tasks: first, it translates glosses into lemmatized Japanese words or phrases, followed by complementing particles and conjugating predicates such as verbs, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives. Our method is especially effective when the size of the parallel corpus is very limited and costly to obtain, but there are plenty of monolingual corpora for the target. Specifically, our method first uses phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) to map sign glosses to corresponding Japanese words or phrases, and then employs a transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT) model trained with a monolingual corpus to refine the output in the first translation. Experimental results show that our pipeline method outperforms direct PBSMT and competitive NMT models with data augmentation, including back-translation and transfer learning in a low-resource setting with a corpus size on the order of 104 words.

문장의 시각 제시 상황에서의 상급 한국인 학습자의 한자단어 처리과정 - 문장의 제약성과 두 언어의 음운 유사성을 이용한 어휘판단과제를 통해 -

본 연구에서는 상급 한국인 학습자를 대상으로 시각 제시된 일본어 문장에서의 한자 단어에 대한 의미처리에 대해, 단어 단독 제시에서 나타난 두 언어 간 음운 표상의 연결관계를 바탕으로 문장의 제약성과 음운유사성을 조작하여 어휘판단과제 실험을 통해 검토하였다. 그 결과, 문장의 제약성에 따라 2개 언어의 음운표상의 활성화 및 작용이 다르다는 점과, 단어가 단독으로 제시되었을 때와 마찬가지로 문장에서도 음운유사성에 따른 촉진효과가 나타나는 점이 시사되었다. (ⅰ) 제약성이 높은 문장의 경우, 일본어와 한국어의 음운 유사성에 따른 촉진 효과가 표면에 나타나지 않아, 무엇보다 문맥에 따른 영향을 강하게 받고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 음운 유사성이 높은 단어의 경우에는, 한국어의 음운 표상을 통해 직접적으로 개념 표상의 의미에 접근하는 것으로 추측되었다. 한편, 음운 유사성이 낮은 단어의 경우에는, 한국어와 일본어간 음운 표상의 연결은 약하지만, 문맥 정보에 따른 영향으로 두 언어간의 음운과 개념 표상의 연결을 통해 직접적으로 개념 표상에 접근 것을 추측할 수 있었다. (ⅱ) 제약성이 낮은 문장에서는 단어 단독 제시와 동일하게 두 언어의 음운 유사성에 따른 촉진 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 단어 단독 제시의 경우와 동일한 의미처리 과정을 보인다는 점이 시사되었다.