Japanese Invaders Research Articles

Research on Emotion about Media Memory of Wenxi Fire in Central Daily News

The author conducted a comprehensive study on the emotions reflected in The Central Daily News coverage of the Wenxi Fire, utilizing the digital analysis tool ROST CM6 in combination with historical research. The media memory of the Wenxi Fire in The Central Daily News reflects the emotional response and guidance of the National Government towards this disastrous event. The newspaper's spirited stance on the War of Resistance against Japan invigorated the public’s morale. Through selective reporting and, at times, the outright omission of facts, the newspaper initially mitigated the public’s criticism towards the central and Hunan provincial governments during the first phase, when the cause of the fire was still under investigation. In the second phase, after the cause was determined, the newspaper successfully shifted the blame for this governmental failure to the Japanese invaders, the Hunan provincial government, and the “righteously indignant” public. Through a series of carefully orchestrated actions, the newspaper managed to quell public anger, boost morale, and foster a stronger sense of national unity under the National Government, ultimately enhancing its image.

The ‘darkest history’ must live: narrating Sino-Japanese relations through museum geopolitics

While scholars have increasingly focused on the intersectional analysis of tourism and geopolitics, the material and affective dimensions underlying the geopolitical implications of tourism remain underexplored. This paper analyses the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders (MH-VNM-JI) in Nanjing, China, focusing on how it sustains and intensifies geopolitical narrations of militarism, fascism, and massacres inflicted by Japanese invaders during WWII through the creation of an affective environment while enacting dark tourism experiences. Drawing on the recent debates on the geopolitics of tourism, affective geopolitics, and the materiality of geopolitics, this paper delineates how the MH-VNM-JI significantly shapes popular geopolitical relations between China and Japan by engineering visitors’ affective experiences and, by extension, geopolitical subjectivities. The MH-VNM-JI serves not only as a static tourism infrastructure that transmits fixed and dogmatic geopolitical knowledge through its exhibits but also as a dynamic space that actively preserves and transforms Sino-Japanese geopolitical knowledge through the structuring of tourists’ embodied and affective experiences. In this vein, this study also contributes to the broader research agenda of exploring the connections between museums, tourism, and geopolitics.

The reproduction of imagination: how do non-experiencers remember history?

ABSTRACT In 1937, for a period of six weeks, the Imperial Japanese murdered approximately 300,000 people, including civilians, in Nanjing, China. This historical event is known as the Nanjing Massacre. As few survivors remain, studies on memory consumption can clarify how modern Chinese individuals remember this event. By writing the individual back into collective memory, this study identifies the importance of the Chinese state in fashioning individual remembrance of the Nanjing Massacre from the audience’s perspective. Specifically, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of remembrance and sites of memory, we analysed the interaction between memory consumers, memory representations, and memory makers. We focused on the relationship between visitors and the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders and how the state permeated this process. This study adds to the literature by offering an empirical study of memory consumption. Through participant observations and 23 semi-structured interviews with visitors, we found that education systems and media constructed visitors’ pre-existing memories of the Nanjing Massacre. During their visit, the prosthetic memories of the interviewees were reproduced and re-verified. After they left the Memorial Hall, visitors’ reshaped memories awaited arousal at a future time.

A new trend in war museums

As the role of museums becomes broader nowadays, it has more social responsibilities. The war museum, a conditioner of public memory, has a new trend of focusing on the current life and the future instead of just stating the truth. It seems to become more audience-centered in curatorial strategy or audience activities. The visitor-centered strategy is applied well in UK war museums like the Imperial War Museum, while it should be improved in Chinese war museums like the Memorial. Hall of the Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders. Based on the theory and practice, the paper discusses the following main aspects: the new trend of war museums, the case study of The Memorial Hall of the Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders in China, and the Imperial War Museum North in the UK, based on the contract between the two case museums in interpretation strategy and the situation of memory work. It will see the current situation of display and memory work in the Memorial Hall in Nanjing, which reflects the Chinese war museums, as well as the future landscape of the Memorial Hall in Nanjing, China.

Soft and resilient: When embroidery encounters narrating the Nanjing Massacre in the Memorial Hall

ABSTRACT The paper engages directly with ‘Xuefang Liang’s Embroidery Art Exhibition’ held at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders as a departure point for investigating the narrative presentation of the Nanjing Massacre through artistic practice. The exhibition uses embroidery images to tell the stories of foreigners who established the Nanking Safety Zone to protect and help refugees during the Nanjing Massacre. The materiality and cultural significance of the embroidery art is used to enrich and better interpret the meaning-making space of the trauma narrative. Meanwhile, embroidery exhibits, as the material expression of the human factors in intangible cultural heritage, are critical to generating emotions from intimate contact between objects and people. Further, the visitors’ prior sensory memories facilitate the embodiment of emotions, which in turn provides ways to strengthen the visitors’ ability to derive meanings from museum engagement.

Analysis of Integrating the Yan'an Spirit into University Education in China's New Era

The Yan'an Spirit is a unique ideological and cultural phenomenon that emerged during the period of China's War of Resistance against Japan. It represents the experience summary and theoretical innovation of the Chinese nation in the Yan'an area. The Yan'an Spirit is an important part of China's spiritual heritage with rich connotations. It not only enabled the Chinese nation to defeat the Japanese invaders in conjunction with the international community during World War II, but also helped to establish a more confident national identity, providing great impetus for China's modernization. Today, university education in China has the mission of cultivating students. Integrating the Yan'an Spirit into university education can help college students strengthen their ideals and beliefs, and persist in seeking truth from facts. Therefore, in the new era, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of China's university education with the actual situation of universities' own development, and continually explore innovative paths to integrate the Yan'an Spirit into university education in China.

Investigation Characteristics and Influence of Manchurian Railway on Forest Resources in Northeast China

Northeast China is rich in forest resources, and it is also a resource that Japanese invaders covet and demand. At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan began to investigate China's forest resources, and Japan carried out nearly half a century's investigation and plunder of forest resources in Northeast China, among which Manchuria was the main economic institution for Japan to investigate and plunder forest resources, and fully met Japan's military needs. Therefore, through the main statement of Manchuria Railway's investigation of forest resources in Northeast China from 1906 to 1936, and the main characteristics of Manchuria Railway's investigation of forest resources, the historical influence of Japan's plundering of forest resources in Northeast China is finally explained.

임진왜란기 조선의 對일 공수(攻守) 방안

The main focus of this article is upon how Chosǒn pursued ‘the ground and maritime joint defense’ as the main part of its anti-Japanese strategy and as the principle of its military collaboration with the Ming by actively taking advantage of its geographical terrain bridging Ming and Japan via Yellow Sea/Southern Coast. From the first half of 1593 to the first half of 1594, when the Ming army stationed in Chosǒn, the Chosǒn court proposed a joint operation between the Ming ground forces and the Chosǒn maritime forces for a complete repulse of the Japanese invaders who camped in the Southern Coast and sought to enter into Chǒlla Province and Yellow Sea. And, from the second half of 1594 to the second half of 1596, when the Ming army withdrew from Chosǒn, the Chosǒn court devised plans of a combined operation between the Chosǒn navy and the Ming navy in order to carry out a sea blockage and destroy the Japanese armies within Chosǒn. What is more, this ground and maritime joint defense plan, emphasizing the strategic importance of Chosǒn in geographical terrains, also concerned such practical matters as how to enhance firepower, replenish military strength, and increase the number of battleships. At this juncture, we can rethink the way Chosǒn strove to strengthen its anti-Japanese counterattack and to overcome the unprecedented national crisis. This approach will enable us to explore complex and multilayered contexts in a wider analytic methodology that redefines the war as an international war in East Asia.

漢詩에 형상화된 壬辰倭亂, 그 항쟁과 수난의 양상

The Imjin War(Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592) lasted for seven years. It did Joseon big damage and had a great impact on the change of situation of Northeast Asia. In this paper, I analyzed Korean ancient poems expressed disastrous scenes of the Imjin War. The main subject is divided into three sections: first, the defeat and sacrifice of the government army; second, a struggle and activity of a commander of volunteers; third, sufferings and injury of the people.
 Kim, Je-gap, the governor of Wonju, died a glorious death on the field of battle at Youngwon fortress. Won-ho, a deputy commander of Gangwon province, won a victory in battle at Yeo-river but eventually died in battle at Kimhwa. Shin-gak won a victory in battle at Haeyou-ryeong of Yangju. It was the first victory of Joseon in a land battle. But he was put to death unfairly due to a wrong report. After the war, Lee, Hae-su wrote Nanhu- domangrok and Gu, Sa-maeng wrote Nanhu-jomangrok. Each book is a collection of poems lamenting the war dead. They both wrote condolence poems for Kim, Je-gap, Won-ho and Shin-gak. These poems show the whole problems of government forces; insufficiency for the enemy’s surprise attack, disuse of steep landform, betrayal of uncontrolled inside people, carelessness due to only one victory, a false punishment due to wrong communication, etc.
 Woo, Seong-jeon as a commander of volunteers defended the Japanese invaders at Kimpo and Ganghwa. Lee, Jeong-am, the governor of Yeonan, defended the fortress against the enemy. Lee, Hae-su, Gu, Sa-maeng, Hwang-seom, and Dasan wrote poems about these two people. Reading the poems, we come to know that a victor did not get any special privilege but did receive a reprimand instead. Hwang-seom and Dasan praised Lee, Jeong-am’s contribution to keeping the fortress. And Dasan also praised Shin-gak’s contribution to defensive preparation of Yeonan before.
 Lee-Dal and Heo-Gyun described sufferings and hurts of the people in their poems. Lee-Dal portrayed a grandfather who held a memorial service for his son died in a war, a young widow who lost her husband in a war and has raised her daughter by herself, and an elderly couple who was fleeing to neighboring province losing their son and daughter-in-law. Heo-Gyun wrote a long piece, Nogaekbuwon, which described a woman’s checkered life in a war.

화성 정시영고택의 입지 및 공간배치의 풍수고찰

It can be seen that Traditional house of Jeong Si-yeong is located in a place where Saenggi(good energy), which is important in Pungsu(Feng Shui), can be gathered and that energy can be properly maintained. According to the theory of feng shui, a place that is not easily exposed by the surrounding mountains and is well protected by the strong wind was selected, and the main room was placed on the south side so that the sunlight was adequate while facing the north, so that you can live a comfortable life for a long time. Located on such a relatively well-hidden site, it is a location that can cope well with the invasion of Japanese invaders through the sea in the past, and even today, it is seen as a reasonable base that can be properly protected from strong sea winds in reality. On the other hand, if we look at the Hyungguk theory, it was a house built in the late Joseon Dynasty, and we could see the hidden hopes of the nobles at the time. The mountain behind the house is a haebok-type with a crab lying on the seashore, and what the crab symbolizes is the past national exam for official. Considering that the name of the place where the house is located is also Oyat(cucumber tree)-ri, where many cucumber trees closely related to the royal family of the Joseon Dynasty were planted, it seems that the family wished for prosperity by producing many Sadaebu(upper class gentry) in the past and forming a good relationship with the royal family.

Meetings: The Operation of Grassroots Political Power in the Northwest Shanxi Anti-Japanese Base Area

Abstract Grassroot communities are critical fields of governance. To enhance the development of local government and to mobilize, organize, and arm the people to fight against the Japanese invaders, the Communist Party employed a number of methods in the base areas during the Anti-Japanese war. Among them, holding meetings was an effective method to get the work done and to forge leadership in local governance in the base areas, and it built a space of power that incorporated and displayed both group and individual experiences. Though the endless rounds of meetings can be seen as a kind of formalism, they provide a pivotal angle to observe the operation of power in the Northwest Shanxi Anti-Japanese Base Area. For the Communist Party, whose purpose was to reshape the countryside, the implementation of policies was far more important than their formulation. The villages were the critical places where the Party interacted with the people, where most of the meetings occurred, and where most of the policy directives were implemented. Grassroot meetings in the base areas revealed directly the willingness of the people to participate as well as their on-site performance, and indirectly the response of the people toward the Party’s policies and how the Party dealt with that response. Making decisions, mobilizing and organizing the people, and implementing policies were the basic functions of meetings. The establishment of the institution of meetings and the twists and turns of its practice reflected the gaps between the Party’s ideal and practice, and between the Party and the people.

The ulama of Palembang Sammaniyah order: Survival in the middle of the regime of power in the 20th century

During the Palembang Sultanate, the Sammaniyah order was the official religion of the Palembang palace. Sammaniyah tariqa scholars were also made officials and advisers to the sultan. This article aims to discuss the power relations of the Palembang Sammaniyah ulama in terms of continuity and change in the regime of power. From the 19th to the 20th centuries, the Sammaniyah tariqa lived and developed under five regimes of power, namely the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam, the Dutch colonists, the Japanese invaders, the Old Order and New Order. Palembang Sammaniyah tarekat scholars who are considered conservative (kaum tuo) have to deal with modern scholars (kaum mudo) because of the khilafiyah problem. As a result, there was a great shift by the Sammaniyah ulama in maintaining and developing the Sammaniyah order in Palembang. Firstly, the shift occurred in the role and function of the ulama of the tarekat, changing from religious leaders who teach Islamic religious knowledge to multifunctional scholars in dealing with modernism by utilising public space. Secondly, the charismatic nature of the Sammaniyah tarekat ulama formed the authority of the ulama so that the ulama could play a role in sociopolitical affairs in each power regime. Thirdly, contemporary tarekat scholars and Sammaniyah tarekat scholars who are considered conservative scholars could compete with mudo people who were considered religious reformers. Besides, the ongoing Islamisation challenged the Sammaniyah tariqa scholars in maintaining and developing the Sammaniyah tariqa.Contribution: This research will contribute to determining the relationship between power and the existence of scholars. The question that the article tries to explore is how the identity and existence of the ulama could survive every change of power in Palembang. This article will discuss the changes in power that have occurred in each period that caused a change in mindset and a shift in the identity of the ulama. This study discusses the power relations of the Palembang Sammaniyah ulama in changing regimes of power and finds the fact that power can affect the order.

Memorial Hall of the Victims: portrait photography, war-political narratives and transformation from exhibition media

This study takes the Memorial Hall of the Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders as a case to discuss how the portrait photography exhibitions transform the modern individual into a collective mind, especially from the period or memory of the War of Resistance. By analyzing the inherent attributes of portrait photography, this article situates the general effect of the media and genre, as well as the mode of narrative in this specific type of museum exhibition.

Negotiating cultural trauma in tourism

ABSTRACT This study responses to call for an evidentiary frame that incorporates the contested views of cultural trauma in dark tourism sites. Central to this contestation is a failure to break down the victim-perpetrator binary that particularly struggles for truth-seeking transnationally and trans-generationally. This requires a new and critical heritage interpretation, addressing traumatic historical lessons and reaching a reconciliation for future integration and inclusivity. With employment of semi-structure interviews and participant observations, this study of the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders illustrates how dark tourism and counter-monuments play a critical role in transforming massacre trauma into commemorative practices. Designing and building new tourism space and artworks as counter-monuments proves to be one significant encoding practice that negotiates more mundane and interactive peacebuilding and reconciliation. Such negotiation contributes to a more meaningful and holistic understanding of cultural trauma, heritage interpretation, memory and identity. Its implications can inspire future research to explore tourism’s transformative potential for remembering, forgetting and healing.

THE DYNAMICS OF CHORAL CULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA IN THE 1930S ON THE EXAMPLE OF HUANG TZI’S ORATORIO ETERNAL REGRET

Choral music in China is a dynamically developing form of contemporary musical art. Scientific works devoted to the Chinese choral culture consider the 1930s of the 20th century as the most productive period in the development of this branch of musical creativity. The article examines the phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, which is directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer — Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The oratorio genre, the genesis of which refers us to the European religious musical tradition of the 17th century, spread in China owing to the massive flow of Chinese intelligentsia to the territory of Western states throughout the entire beginning of the 20th century. In the article, the actualisation of the oratorio and its interpretation in a new light is presented as the merit of Huang Tzi, whose civic position was directly related to the desire to preserve ethnic origins in Chinese music and to complement them with Western composing techniques organically. Having proved himself not only as a composer but also as a theorist and teacher, Huang Tzi devoted most of his life to educating a large number of music professors, initiating a progressive approach to music education. His desire to raise the level of the composing school in China made it possible to enrich the repertoire of vocal and instrumental music with characteristics of the folk style. The oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic music and Western composition techniques. In the story of Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guifei (to the poems of Tang poet Bai Juyi), taken by the composer as the theme for the libretto, there is certain symbolism that has the conceptual plan of addressing the power to demonstrate the alleged results of Kuomintang’s unclear policy. Thus, directly related to political cataclysms and their final embodiment in the form of the Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945), the oratorio Eternal Regret is presented in the article as a consolidating core that inspired the civilian masses to fight the Japanese invaders. The analysis of Bai Juyi’s original poem “Eternal Regret” and a fragmentary historical-stylistic and vocal-choral analysis of the oratorio have been carried out. The artistic features of individual parts of the oratorio, seven of which were completed by the composer, are revealed. Based on literary sources and theoretical research presented in the article, the author asserts the special role of the oratorio Eternal Regret in history and its far-reaching influence on the prospects for the development of the Chinese choir.

Heroic pastoral and its national-style reception IN THE CANTATA “YELLOW RIVER” BY XIAN XINGHAI

Heroic pastoral and its national-style reception IN THE CANTATA “YELLOW RIVER” BY XIAN XINGHAI

Remembering forgotten heroes and the idealisation of true love: Veteran memorial activism in contemporary China

Recent research on collective memory and war commemoration highlights the ‘conspicuous silence’ of war veterans in Chinese history. Studies of the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945) typically reflect either a state-centred approach, which emphasises the official history constructed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or the alternative narratives constructed by intellectual elites in post-socialist China. In response to these top-down narratives, this essay focuses instead on a historical redress movement led by ex-servicemen of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The former PLA members, the participant volunteers of this movement, devote themselves into seeking and supporting a group of forgotten Kuomintang (KMT) veterans who fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second World War but now struggle with impoverished living conditions. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork from 2013 to 2015, I will show how the daily interactions between these two groups of veterans embody a more private and internalised sense of commemorative yearning for a lost past, highlighting in the process the value of ethnographic research in breaking through the wall of silence constructed by hegemonic histories around veteran communities and their role in making war history.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ УКРАИНЫ И КИТАЯ: ИСТОРИЯ, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРЕСПЕКТИВЫ

Socio-cultural ties between Ukraine and China began long before Ukraine's independence and long before the establishment of diplomatic relations between the PRC and Ukraine in 1992.The first Ukrainians came to the territory of the Qing Empireas part of the Russian Spiritual Mission back in the 18th century. Then, during the struggle against the Japanese invaders, Ukrainians demonstrated courage and bravery in battle and became national heroes of China. In the heyday of Chinese-Soviet relations, a large number of students and trainees were admitted to Ukrainian universities and enterprises, which gave an impetus both to the development of Chinese industry and agriculture and to the formation of science and education in the PRC. The current state of Ukrainian-Chinese relations is characterized by a sufficient degree of stability and development in the sphere of education, science and tourism. However, there remain a number of problems and contradictions that do not allow to say that social and cultural relations between the two countries are effective. Among the major problems are the following: the passivity of existing structures and organizations, the low level of support for the grassroots initiative on the part of authorities, the lack of a balanced and purposeful policy of the Ukrainian government in relation to solving the complex and controversial issues of Ukrainian-Chinese relations.

The Image of the Japanese Invaders in Chinese Feature Films on Nanjing Massacre of 1937

The Image of the Japanese Invaders in Chinese Feature Films on Nanjing Massacre of 1937

무릉등처안무사 김인우의 활동에 대하여

Kim In-Woo had lived in Samcheok(三陟), though it was not known when he was born and passed away. He had visited WoosanMooreung and such(于山武陵等妻) even three times as Anmusa(安撫使) in the Early Joseon period. Kim In-Woo was a soldier who contributed to defeating Japanese invaders under the command of Nam Eun(南誾)in the Late Goryeo. He also had careers of Aninpo Manho(安仁浦萬戶), Panjanggihyunsa(判長鬐縣事). Kim In-woo was appointed as Anmusa considering that he had experience to defeat Japanese invaders and to operate naval forces. Furthermore, he lived in Samcheok near Woosan Mooreung. Kim In-woo was sent to WoosanMooreung and such three times - 1416(the 16th year of Taejong), 1417(the 17th year of Taejong), 1425(the 7th year of Sejong). The purpose of the dispatches is different each other. The purpose of the first dispatch in 1416 is to cultivate a boss of Mooreungdo and bring him to the mainland. The necessity of pacifying Mooreung and such was actively suggested by Kim In-Woo. The first person in charge of pacifying Mooreung and such was Kim In-Woo. The first dispatch to Mooreung and such by Kim In-Woo as Anmusa was the first example to show concrete pacifying of Mooreungdo in Joseon. The purpose of the second and third dispatch in 1417 and 1425 was to bring residents to the mainland(居民刷出). In the first dispatch, Kim In-Woo brought three residents and surveyed number of houses and population of Mooreungdo. This was a background of ‘bringing residents to mainland(居民刷出)’ in Mooreungdo. Joseon government sent Kim In-woo as Anmusa to WoosanMooreung and such again(the second dispatch). He brought people to the mainland. But 28 women and men ran away to Mooreungdo. So 8 years later, Kim In-woo was sent as Anmusa in 1425 (the third dispatch) and they were brought to the mainland again. Kim In-woo was in charge of pacifying the island, carrying out policy of ‘bringing residents to mainland(居民 刷出)’ two times. The third dispatch aimed to ‘bringing residents to mainland (居民刷出)’ . However, it is thought that Kim In-woo played a role to arrest people who ran away to WoosanMooreungdo in Sejong period and stayed there to avoid various duties - they brought to the mainland in Taejong. Accordingly, his mission(復 命) record for the third dispatch, his last activity as Anmusa shows the term ‘seek and arrest(搜捕)’. Activity of Kim In-woo as Anmusa can be summarized thus - ‘pacifying(按撫) → bringing residents to mainlan(居民刷出) → seek and arrest(搜捕)’. This would be related to the policy to patrol periodically(搜討) for WoosanMooreung and such in Joseon after ‘An Yong-bok(安龍福) activity’ in Late Joseon.