Japanese Dictionary Research Articles

The Semantics of Japanese Postpositions and Indonesian Prepositions: A Contrastive Analysis

Abstract. Adpositions are an important aspect in Japanese language learning aspect which must mastered since the beginner level. However, despite its importance, many learners struggle to fully comprehend the meaning and semantics of each adposition. This study seeks to contrast of each semantic of the Japanese postpositions 'ni' and 'de' and Indonesian preposition 'di' stated in Japanese dictionary and Indonesian textbook, and suggestions for Japanese language learners from Indonesian for reducing errors in the use of Japanese postpositions 'ni' and 'de' based on I-JAS Corpus data. The descriptive method was utilized, with contrastive analysis serving as the chosen data analysis technique. The implementation procedures were as follows: (1) collecting data from books and dictionaries; (2) analysing the data so that similarities and differences between adpositions in Japanese and Indonesian can be contrasted in terms of semantics; (3) collecting data on errors in the use of Japanese postpositions from Indonesian students in I-JAS corpus data; and (4) analysing the corpus data, namely explaining the reasons and types of errors and proposing suggestions so that Indonesian learners can reduce these errors in their Japanese language learning. The findings revealed that there are 23 semantics of Japanese postposition ‘ni’ and ‘de’ and Indonesian preposition ‘di’, where the Japanese postposition ‘ni’ has 11 semantics, the Japanese postposition ‘de’ has 12 semantics, and the Indonesian preposition ‘di’ has 3 semantics which are the same as the Japanese postpositions ‘ni’ and ‘de’ and becomes the 3 points of the similarities and differences between the postpositions 'ni' and 'de' in Japanese and the preposition 'di' in Indonesian, and there are three types of errors of using Japanese postpositions 'ni' and 'de' based on I-JAS Corpus data; (a) The errors of using Japanese postposition 'ni', (b) The errors of using Japanese postposition 'de', (c) The errors of using Japanese particle or postposition which should be 'ni' or 'de'. The outcomes of this study hold potential as valuable reference material for translators and Japanese instructors involved in teaching Japanese particles or postpositions. By utilizing this resource, the distinctions among these postpositions can be explained more clearly also it offers comprehension for both translators and Japanese language learners in Indonesia.Keywords: Semantic, Contrastive, Corpus, Japanese Postpositions, Indonesian Prepositions

Towards Sustainable Practices of Diversity and Inclusion of SOGIESC in Japanese Language Education & Japanese Studies

ABSTRACT Research into Japanese language education and the intersections of gender and sexuality has demonstrated the importance of critiquing heteronormative biases in teaching materials and resources. We propose that collaborative approaches which decentre regimental heteronormative understandings of the Japanese language and which facilitate inclusivity and affirmation of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) are crucial to sustainable practices in Japanese language education at all levels. Adopting a critical reflexive stance, we first trace the community advocacy which has resulted in changes to representations of sexual identities in Japanese dictionaries. We next critically examine Japanese language education materials which are used across a diversity of locales before offering some practical ways in which small changes can be made to ensure greater inclusion and affirmation of SOGIESC in local learning environments. Further, we discuss the importance of developing metalinguistic awareness in relation to gendered speech styles and language ideologies. We argue that collaboration and co-construction are fundamental to sustainable practices which learn from histories of advocacy and research, are responsive to shifts in Japanese society and culture, and adaptable to a diversity of learning environments.

Classification and Naming of Japanese Chinese Character Variants from a Hanzi-Centered Perspective Based on Japanese Ancient Chinese Dictionary Wamyō Ruiju Shō

Classification and Naming of Japanese Chinese Character Variants from a Hanzi-Centered Perspective Based on Japanese Ancient Chinese Dictionary Wamyō Ruiju Shō

Representation of Emotion in Conceptual Metaphor With Food Lexicon in Japanese Language

Human communication has linguistic variations. One of which is at the semantic level. Humans may produce meanings to express emotions. Besides denotative, connotative meaning is often present formed through metaphor. Metaphors are human creativity result based on cognitive processes adapted from sensory receptive results and meaning comparisons determined by surrounding objects. Food, one of the most familiar objects, can be a symbol of expression of an emotion. However, if a metaphor is not equipped with knowledge of meaning, then its delivery will not succeed. Therefore, this study is aimed to answer the problems of what Japanese metaphors related to food are found and how conceptual metaphors with food lexicon are formed. The primary data sources were the Weblio corpus and songs in Japanese. Secondary data sources were literatures supporting this study, namely the book 180 Common Native Japanese Figures of Speech in Regular Conversation from Sei (2018) and the Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten Japanese dictionary. The data were collected through listening and documentation methods with note-taking technique. This study applied the metaphor identification theory of Knowles and Moon (2006) and the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The data collected were determined by vehicle, topic/tenor, and grounds to be further analyzed. Data analysis was conducted by descriptive-qualitative method. The results show that conceptual metaphors with the food lexicon in Japanese express the emotions of love, sadness, and fear. The representation of emotions in food is useful for providing easy understanding with everyday objects

The Reception of the Modern Historiographic Footnote in Twentieth Century China

Abstract In the first half of the twentieth century, it took a long time for modern historiographic footnotes to be accepted as a standard practice of Chinese historiography in professionalization. Although the word “footnote” as a foreign loanword entered Japanese and Chinese dictionaries as early as the first decade of the twentieth century, in the 1920s and 1930s, most historical journals did not adopt footnotes as a typical style requirement. In 1928, when Academia Sinica started publishing its flagship history journal, Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, footnote style was not required. However, some linguists and archaeologists published their papers in this journal with modern footnotes. Gradually, this practice was also accepted by historians. Though many scholars published their works with footnotes in the West, once they returned to Japan, the vertically printed publications pushed them back to the Japanese tradition of no footnotes. However, since the 1930s, footnotes have been accepted more widely. In the 1950s, with the publication of state-sponsored history journals, the modern academic style with footnotes was gradually established. Marxist historians played a vital role in accepting and implementing footnotes by citing classical Marxist works in a standard format to guarantee quotation accuracy.

Japanese Language Learning Media in Indonesia at the High School/SMK/equivalent Level Curriculum K13 and Merdeka

The Japanese colonization of Indonesia, which lasted for three and a half years, had a profound impact on Indonesian history. With a time span not much longer than the Dutch colonization, the Japanese colonization had a major effect on Indonesia. It affected all aspects, including language. The interest in the Japanese language, and its inclusion in the Indonesian curriculum, cannot be separated from the history between Indonesia and Japan and the good bilateral relations between the two. The Japanese language as education is seen as a whole system that includes curriculum, materials, facilities, teacher-learners, teaching methodology, teaching media, and evaluation. This study aims to find out the Japanese language learning media in Indonesia at the Senior High School level and the equivalent to see how learning media can be done in learning a foreign language, namely Japanese. Data is collected using literature study techniques with descriptive-qualitative methods that describe data systematically and in detail to explore social phenomena or the real situation of Japanese language learning K13 Curriculum and Merdeka Curriculum at the SMA / SMK / equivalent level in the use of learning media. The results of the study state that mobile applications and device-based Japanese online dictionaries can be used for Japanese language learning at the SMA / SMK / equivalent level as basic or beginner level learners.

The portrait of an imperfect person in contemporary Japanese and the means of conveying it in Russian: a study of the collocations with the word 残念 <i>zannen</i>

This article focuses on the word 残念 zannen and its transformed meaning in contemporary Japanese. Initially having the semantics of regret and used in reaction to an undesired outcome, 残念 zannen has come to be used in describing human flaws. The paper analyses the definitions of 残念 zannen in Japanese dictionaries and highlights the key semantic components that are not revealed in its Russian equivalents “вызывающий сожаление” (“regrettable”) and “досадный” (“disappointing”). The paper identifies the features that determine the dividing line between 残念 zannen and a closely related notion ダメ dame with regard to the description of a person. 残念 zannen is subsequently studied in the Japanese Internet discourse. The paper analyzes its semantics in collocations with the words 人 hito (person), 美人 bijin (beauty) and イケメン ikemen (handsome man), reveals the features linked to 残念 zannen, and provides their possible translations into Russian. The semantic components identified in the Japanese dictionary definitions and in discourse analysis are then used to translate the word 残念 zannen in contexts. Where possible, the translation of the word combination 残念 zannen-na hito into Russian should reflect the semantics of disappointment, imperfection, and the possibility for improvement, whereas the translated collocations 残念な美人 zannen-na bijin and 残念なイケメン zannen-na ikemen should convey the semantics of the conflict between the good looks and a flawed personality. The literal interpretation of 残念 zannen is inappropriate from both stylistic and semantic points of view, which can be compensated by translation transformations, such as concretization and loss-of-meaning compensation. The article is intended for Japanologists, cultural linguists, and translators, as well as Japanese language instructors and students.

Composing Word Embeddings for Compound Words Using Linguistic Knowledge

In recent years, the use of distributed representations has been a fundamental technology for natural language processing. However, Japanese has multiple compound words, and often we must compare the meanings of a word and a compound word. Moreover, word boundaries in Japanese are unspecific because Japanese does not have delimiters between words, e.g., “ぶどう狩り” (grape picking) is one word according to one dictionary, whereas “ぶどう” and “狩り” are different words according to another dictionary. This study describes an attempt to compose word embeddings of a compound word from its constituent words in Japanese. We used “short unit” and “long unit,” both of which are the units of terms in UniDic—a Japanese dictionary compiled by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics—for constituent and compound words, respectively. Furthermore, we composed a word embedding of a compound word from the word embeddings of two constituent words using a neural network. The training data for the word embedding of compound words was created using a corpus generated by concatenating the corpora divided by constituent and compound words. We propose using linguistic knowledge for compositing word embedding to demonstrate how it improves the composition performance. We compared cosine similarity between composed and correct word embeddings of compound words to assess models with and without linguistic knowledge. Furthermore, we evaluated our methods by the ranking of synonyms using a thesaurus. We compared several frameworks and algorithms that use three types of linguistic knowledge—semantic patterns, parts of speech patterns, and compositionality score—and then investigated which linguistic knowledge improves the composition performance. The experiments demonstrated that the multitask models with the classification task of the parts of speech patterns and the estimation task of compositionality scores achieved high performances.

Exploring the Structure of Texts, and Conveying to Others: The Case of Japanese Earlier Dictionaries

Exploring the Structure of Texts, and Conveying to Others: The Case of Japanese Earlier Dictionaries

네트워크 분석 기법에 의한 일본어 감정 어휘 공기관계 시각화 - 2자 한자 명사 어휘를 중심으로 -

This paper introduces one methodology of Japanese research based on data and aims to explore the co-occurrence relationship of Japanese emotion vocabulary using “network analysis”. The subject of the analysis is “100 books of Shincho Bunko”. Specifically, it collates texts of 65 Japanese novels in “100 of Shincho Bunko”, which completed the morphological comprehensive analysis, to “Japanese sentiment expression dictionary (JIWC-Dictionary)” which was used as a criterion for categorizing emotions. Targeting two-character kanji noun vocabulary, it then uses the network analysis method and visualizes the co-occurrence relationship of the various vocabulary that belong to the emotion categories of “sadness”, “anxiety”, “anger”, “disgust”, “trust”, “surprise”, and “excited”. The two-character kanji noun vocabulary to be analyzed was 33,207 out of 134,370 total tokens, of which 211 were output as “TRUE” from the seven emotion categories. “Anxiety” shows the highest number with 45, followed by “trust” 36, “disgust” 30, “sadness” 26, “surprise” and “excited” each 25, and 24 from “anger”. With these results, we observed the aspect of the vocabulary by emotion category, and at the same time, listed the co-occurrence relationship for the “earthquake” of “anxiety”, which contained the most vocabulary in the emotion category.

Constructing Japanese Bullying Expression Dictionary for Automated Cyberbullying Detection on Twitter

Cyberbullying has become a serious problem with the spread of personal computers, smartphones and SNS. In this paper, for automated cyberbullying detection on Twitter, we construct a Japanese bullying expression dictionary, which registers bullying words and their degrees related to bullying. The words registered in the dictionary are those that appear in the collected bullying-related tweets, and the bullying degrees attached to the words are calculated using Semantic Orientation Using Pointwise Mutual Information (SO-PMI). We also construct models to automatically classify bullying and non-bullying tweets by extracting multiple features including those drawn from the bullying expression dictionary and combining them with multiple machine learning algorithms. We evaluate the classification performance of bullying and non-bullying tweets using the constructed models. The experimental results show that the bullying expression dictionary can contribute to cyberbullying detection in most of the machine learning algorithms and that the best model can achieve an [Formula: see text]-measure value exceeding 0.9. We further investigate whether the periods of constructing bullying expression dictionaries affect the classification performance. The experimental results indicate that in contrast to the period of dictionary construction, the number of registered words has more immediate impact on classification performance.

A New Japanese-German Dictionary

A New Japanese-German Dictionary Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit Mediation between cultures and societies is based on knowledge of the respective languages. Nothing, in other words, is more fundamental than the ability to communicate linguistically with one's counterpart, and dictionaries are arguably the most important practical tools in opening up the other language. These are the opening words of a foreword that I wrote in 1999 for a bibliography of bilingual Japanese and German dictionaries and glossaries.1 Aiming to provide a systematic overview of Japanese-German and German-Japanese lexicography from 1792 to 1998, the bibliography lists 1,011 titles, 85 percent of which the compilers examined directly. It was the preliminary step to a much more ambitious project: the compilation of an encyclopedic and up-to-date Japanese-German dictionary, a project animated by the same conviction expressed in the words quoted above. The first volume of this dictionary, Großes japanisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (Comprehensive Japanese-German Dictionary; abbreviated as GJDW), appeared in 2009.2 The publication in 2022 of the third and final volume is an occasion to revisit the project's rationale and its larger implications. How does it fit within the history of Western-language lexicography on Japan? What inspired it and how was it implemented? What are the dictionary's distinctive features? What is the significance of a work such as this in the twenty-first-century context, including the rapid growth of digitalization and AI and the other consequences of globalization? The following reflections offer an insider's perspective on these questions. [End Page 295] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Pfizmaier, Wörterbuch der japanischen Sprache, p. 3. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10522260?page=24,25. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Excerpt from Lehmann, Woerterbuch der japanischen und deutschen Sprache, reproduced in Stalph and Suppanschitsch, Wörterbücher und Glossare, p. 10. Courtesy of Iudicium. [End Page 296] Western-Language Lexicography on Japan Foreign-language dictionaries serve two different audiences: they explain the vocabulary and idioms of the source language for users of the target language, and they provide guidance for users of the source language who wish to express themselves in the target language. The earliest Japanese–foreign-language dictionaries familiar to us were compiled primarily from the standpoint of explaining the source language. The most notable instance is probably the famous Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam compiled and published by the Jesuits in Nagasaki in 1603, a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary prized by scholars for the insights it offers into the Japanese language of the time.3 The first Japanese-German dictionary, August Pfizmaier's (1808–1887) Wörterbuch der japanischen Sprache (Dictionary of the Japanese Language), published in Vienna in 1851, is another early example of a European dictionary aimed at elucidating Japanese; see figure 1.4 Envisioned as a work of immense scope, it presented the Japanese terms on one leaf in lithographic form as kanji with kana glosses; on the facing typeset leaf, it gave alphabetic transliterations with German and brief English definitions. The first volume—in the event, the only one to appear—covered the letter "i," the first letter of the Japanese iroha syllabary, in 1,046 entries over eighty "pages" (each consisting of two facing leaves). Although an impressive demonstration of the skill of the Austrian imperial court printers, the Hofdruckerei, a world leader in printing technology at the time, Pfizmaier's work, which he compiled without direct experience of Japan, remains essentially an oddity in terms of content. In the words of Jürgen Stalph and Harald Suppanschitsch, it is "a useless but enduring monument of solitary Japanological erudition."5 The opening of Japan to wider foreign access not long after the publication of Pfizmaier's dictionary saw renewed efforts on the part of Westerners resident in Japan to gain and provide insight into the Japanese language. A leader in this area was James Curtis Hepburn (1815–1911), whose A Japanese and English Dictionary (Waei gorin shūsei 和英語林集成) was first published in 1867. The third revised and expanded edition, published in 1886, contains over 35,000 entries.6 The successive editions of Hepburn...

Do sentiment indices always improve the prediction accuracy of exchange rates?

AbstractThis study aims to improve the prediction accuracy of the exchange rate model by changing how indices that capture market sentiment are constructed. We construct the sentiment indices (SIs) for the Japanese and American markets using the Google search volume index (SVI) for financial terms listed in the Japanese dictionary. For these SVIs, we select keywords based on the correlation between weekly changes in the yen–dollar rate and the SVI. We use 30, 20, and 10 keywords that are replaced at three different frequencies: 3 months, 6 weeks, and weekly. The training period is from January 2013 to June 2015, and the forecast period is from July 2015 to December 2017. We perform a rolling regression, which keeps the length of the reference period constant at 2 and a half years, based on the interest rate parity and autoregressive models for the predictions. We compare the prediction accuracy using the mean squared prediction error, Clark and West's tests of equal predictive accuracy, and the direction of change test. When the SIs are updated every 3 months and 6 weeks, neither the interest rate parity model nor the autoregressive model shows improved prediction accuracy, even if the SI is added. However, when the SIs are updated weekly, prediction accuracy improves in both the interest rate parity and the autoregressive models as the number of words used to construct the SI increases. We conclude that frequently updated SIs can improve the short‐term prediction accuracy, while SIs updated less frequently may not.

Constructing Japanese MeSH term dictionaries related to the COVID-19 literature.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a flood of research papers and the information has been updated with considerable frequency. For society to derive benefits from this research, it is necessary to promote sharing up-to-date knowledge from these papers. However, because most research papers are written in English, it is difficult for people who are not familiar with English medical terms to obtain knowledge from them. To facilitate sharing knowledge from COVID-19 papers written in English for Japanese speakers, we tried to construct a dictionary with an open license by assigning Japanese terms to MeSH unique identifiers (UIDs) annotated to words in the texts of COVID-19 papers. Using this dictionary, 98.99% of all occurrences of MeSH terms in COVID-19 papers were covered. We also created a curated version of the dictionary and uploaded it to PubDictionary for wider use in the PubAnnotation system.

『NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典』의 優位語～許容語의 様相(Ⅱ) - 5種의 일본어사전, 新版本과의 비교를 중심으로 -

As a result of the survey, first of all, it can be pointed out that the pattern of changes in these [predominant words􋹲permitted words] was very large during the period of less than 20 years between the new edition (1998) and and the new dictionary (2016). This seems to be the result of faithfully reflecting the changes in language during the period, along with the factor of increasing quantity, that about 6,000 headwords were added to the new dictionary. In addition, it was observed that it showed a slightly different phase difference from the general Japanese dictionary in comparison with the five dictionaries. This is because the dictionary is based on ‘pronunciation suitable for broadcasting use’ based on a survey of NHK announcers and a vast database. Therefore, although NHK is advocating a common language, it is a special vocabulary called ‘broadcasting vocabulary’. It is judged that the environment led to the results of such investigation. In particular, in the case of Rendaku, this difference is remarkable, which can be attributed to the linguistic characteristics of the Kanto region that prefer nasal sounds, as well as the soft pronunciation of sound sounds, which NHK announcers prefer.

The Origin of Yupian and Its Influence on the Naming of Japanese and Korean Dictionaries

The Origin of Yupian and Its Influence on the Naming of Japanese and Korean Dictionaries

Construction of a database for the correct and incorrect use of considerate expressions, for the formation of a Japanese considerate expression dictionary

Professor Masaki Yamaoka, based at the Department of Humanities, Faculty of Letters, Soka University in Japan is leading a highly collaborative and multidisciplinary team that features researchers from academic institutions around the world, with a view to clarifying the actual situation of considerate expressions. It is hoped that this will make real contributions to anthropological fields that provide a more complete picture of what it means to be human.<br/> Some considerate expressions are common to all languages, while others are unique to a specific language. One that is common to many languages is the use of 'maybe' and 'may' which have the effect of making what is said less forceful or certain. By being less emphatic, it is thought that a consideration for the other person's feelings is sometimes part of the language process. It is a usage called 'hedge' in linguistics. For example, in English, 'it might be better to' is a kind of hedge. We can use this phrase as a considerate expression like that 'it might be better to leave here' instead of 'Leave here.'<br/> It is worth bearing in mind that, until now, research into considerate expressions has almost exclusively been conducted with researchers rather than the general public. Laboratory conditions can have the effect of providing an incomplete picture, so Yamaoka wants to make the research more reliable by collecting data on the actual usage of considerate expressions by members of the general public. A large-scale corpus of written and spoken language has already been developed in Japanese, Professor Yamaoka in the process of collecting as many examples of considerate expressions as possible and storing them in the database. The Japanese considerate expression dictionary can be composed by selecting information which is beneficial to Japanese learners from the database. In addition, Professor Yamaoka would also like to publish this database among researchers for the convenience of those who are engaged in research on considerate expressions in the future.

MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN KAMUS TIGA BAHASA NEGARA BERBASIS ANDROID

The purpose of this study is to create a dictionary application in three languages that can help users to make it easier to search for English, Korean and Indonesian vocabulary. Dictionary of 3 State Languages is a learning media that can provide convenience for students and the general public. The phenomenon that occurs is that students in the class have problems with foreign languages to complete the tasks given by the teacher in fulfilling the learning contributions needed in the learning process in foreign language subjects. This application is designed using UML, Eclipse and SQLite database. The design of this application is very useful for students, teachers, and even the general public. The method used in designing this application is the Waterfall System Development Life Cycle method. The stages carried out consist of data collection, analysis of problems and requirements, and testing. Data collected from Indonesian dictionaries, Japanese dictionaries, English dictionaries and preparatory software is required to build an application. The next step is to build an application with Eclipse and the last process is to complete the application and implement it to an android device which provides vocabulary translation services into three languages at once.. Keywords: Android, Foreign Language, Dictionary, Application

An Overview of the Viewpoints for Derscriptive Analysis of Japanese Language Dictionary

An Overview of the Viewpoints for Derscriptive Analysis of Japanese Language Dictionary

Studi Metafora Konseptual pada Idiom Bahasa Jepang yang mengandung Bagian Tubuh dan Bermakna Emosi

Kanyouku is used to express human emotions. This study discusses the mapping of the meaning of Japanese idiom related to emotions in human cognition by using Knowles and Moon’s metaphor theory and conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson. The study utilizes 28 idioms that related to human basic emotions such as anger, happiness, sadness, fear, love, shame, pride, and surprise. These basic emotions are obtained from Goo Jiten online Japanese dictionary. The results show that human cognition viewing emotion concept as an entity and representing emotions into human body. In Japanese people’s cognition, anger represented as belly, chest, and head; fear represented as tongue, heart, and foot; happiness represented as cheek, chest, and heart; sadness represented as shoulder, chest, and heart; love represented as eye and heart; pride represented as chest; shame represented as face and cheek; and surprise represented as eye, tongue, and heart. Human cognition represented emotion concept as human body to measure the level of emotion. This study mapped the emotion concepts as a concrete entity: the entity as fluid in a container or entity as parts of body. Keywords: Cognitive Linguistic, Conceptual Metaphor, Image Scheme, Idiom, Emotion