Japanese Army Research Articles

The Analysis on the Matter of Diverting Use of the Extraordinary War Expenditure by Japanese Army and Navy during the Second Sino-Japanese War - Focused on the Study originated from the Imperial Diet -

The Analysis on the Matter of Diverting Use of the Extraordinary War Expenditure by Japanese Army and Navy during the Second Sino-Japanese War - Focused on the Study originated from the Imperial Diet -

관동군 밀정 염동진과 독립투사 김혁 - 낙양군관학교 동기생의 엇갈린 운명과 백의사의 기원

Lyom Dongjin was a founder of White Shirts Society, extreme-right terrorist organization. There were many assumption on his background during the Japanese colonial period. Lyom was a graduate of Korean special class, Louyang Military Academy and related with Korean independence movement at that time. But Lyom was captured by Tong Hua Kempeitai branch of Japanese Kwantung Army in March 1936 and became spy for the Japanese Kempeitai. He served as professional spy for Tong Hua Kempeitai over eight years and received total 2,418 yen from Kwantung Army Kempeitai till March 1944. He was a professional spy and his spy activity was overt one. After Korea liberation, Lyom assassinated Hyun Joonhyuk, moderate communist in Pyongyang and fled to Seoul. He hide his Japanese spy career and disguised as extreme-right anti-communist fighter.<BR>In Seoul, Lyom assassinated Kim Hyuk, an independence fighter as well as his alumnus of Louyang Military Academy who knew Lyom’s back ground and spy activities precisely. Kim Hyuk was apprehended for his independence movement activities and put into Japanese prison for three years. After liberation, Kim assassinated the notorious Japanese detective with the help of Special Squad of Korean Police. Kim Hyuk’s story as well as truth of his assassination fade away from forefront of history. Lyom involved in several important assassinations including Kim Ilsung (March 1, 1946), Lyuh Woonhyung (July 19, 1947), and Kim Koo (June 26, 1949) cases.

해방 직후 일본군의 귀환 수송과 부산항

해방 직후 일본군의 귀환 수송과 부산항

제1차 세계대전 시기 일본 육군 무관의 연합군 종군과 정보 수집

제1차 세계대전 시기 일본 육군 무관의 연합군 종군과 정보 수집

임진전쟁기 유성룡의 양서지역(兩西地域) 운용대책과 주요 조치(1593~1597)

After Japanese army had retreated toward Pusan · Dongrae in April 1593, the Joseon Court set about seeking alternative by which it could check the second Japanese invasion. Seonjo appointed Yu Seong-ryong as his prime minister to make him manage war situation. Thus Yu Seong-ryong prepared defense plan focused on fortifying strategic area and position. He aimed to organise the whole country to work as one body in this plan. The military preparedness of the Dual Wests, or Hwanghae and Pyeongan belonged to this plan. It had the meaning that the Joseon army had a rear base in the region of the Dual Wests. In Pyeongan Province, Yu constructed defense system to make center Pyongyang and be protected by the neighboring districts for example Sukcheon · Anju · Seongcheon. According to this plan he conscribed and trained army and this army was reorganised as Sokokun(束伍軍). As a result the army in Pyeongan Province reached about 12,000 soldiers. In Hwanghae he concentrated on obtaining salt and iron. By producing salt he tried to trade with rice, and convert the rice into army provisions. Regarding iron, it was to do with making guns and cannons. Among the areas in Hwanghae Province, he pointed out Pyungsan · Kangeum · Jeotan and suggested to repair the fortification each. Also in this province he trained Sokokun(束伍軍) to accomplish the 10,000 soldier army. The defense plan for the Dual Wests, or Hwanghae and Pyeongan, comparing with the Gyeonggi defense plan, was far from the blocking off the Japanese army step by step at the fortifications. It had the intention exploiting the Dual Wests, or Hwanghae and Pyeongan as rear base for army recruit, provisions, and weapons while defensing the capital, Hanseong through protecting Gyeonggi finally.

1920년 ‘琿春事件’과 일본군의 ‘間島出兵’

본고는 일제가 1920년 이른바 ‘間島出兵’을 실행하기 위해 마적을 사주 하여 ‘琿春事件’을 일으켰다는 통설의 관점을 재검토하고 새로운 시각으 로 혼춘사건과 ‘간도출병’의 역사적 경위를 밝히는 것을 시도한 연구이 다. 현재까지의 연구는 혼춘사건은 일제가 ‘간도출병’ 작전 실행의 명분 을 만들기 위해 친일 마적을 사주하여 일으킨 사건이라는, 이른바 ‘혼춘 사건 사주설’의 관점을 견지해왔다. 하지만 상기의 관점은 충분히 검증되 지 않았기 때문에 다시 검토해볼 여지가 충분하다. 이에 본고는 사료 비 판과 검증을 통하여 해당 관점을 비판하고, 혼춘사건과 일본군의 간도 침 공 결정 과정을 규명하여 혼춘사건과 일본군의 ‘간도출병’의 역사적 실체 에 대한 새로운 시각을 제공하고자 하였다. 1919년 3‧1운동 이래로 조선총독부 및 조선군은 간도에서 활동하는 무 장 항일단체들을 경계하고 있었다. 이에 조선군은 그들을 섬멸하기 위하 여 1919년에 ｢對不逞鮮人作戰ニ関スル訓令｣을 발표하였다. 그와 동시에 중국과 교섭하여 항일부대를 탄압할 계획을 추진하고 있었다. 1920년부터 일본은 당시 東三省巡閱使 張作霖을 비롯한 동북지방 중 국관헌들에 대한 교섭을 본격적으로 진행하여 그들에게 항일부대에 대 한 수사와 토벌을 강요하고 中日協同搜査를 요청하기 시작하였다. 한편 直隸軍閥과의 대결을 앞두고 있었던 장작림은 일본의 후원을 받기 위해 일본에 최대한 협조적인 모습을 보여 왔고, 결국 일본군의 간도 침입을 묵인해준다는 약속을 하였다. 장작림과의 타협에 힘입어 조선군은 ‘간도 출병’ 작전의 근간인 ｢間島地方不逞鮮人剿討計劃｣을 세우고 간도 침공을 위한 준비를 진행해나갔다. 하지만 ‘시베리아 출병’의 경제적, 정치적 부담을 떨치고 싶어 했던 일 본 정부와 외무성은 더 이상 외교적 문제가 일어나는 것을 원하지 않았기 때문에 일본군의 출동을 반대하고 있었다. 따라서 장작림과의 교섭으로 일본군 간도 침입에 대한 묵인이 이루어졌음에도 조선군은 간도 침공 작 전을 실행할 수 없었다. 이런 가운데 1920년 9월과 10월에 ‘1차 혼춘사건’과 ‘2차 혼춘사건’이 발발하였다. 본고는 당시의 중국의 상황을 비추어 봤을 때, 혼춘사건이 일제가 마적을 사주하여 일으킨 사건이 아니라 일반적인 마적 습격 사건 과 다름없었다는 관점을 제시하고 있다. 1920년 당시 중국에서는 군벌 간의 전쟁이 장기간 지속되고 있었다. 그로 인해 간도 지방은 경제적 파 탄과 정치적 혼란에 빠져있었고, 그것은 만주 지방의 안보의 공백을 가져 왔다. 혼춘사건은 이런 상황 속에서 일어난 무수한 마적 습격 사건 중 하 나였다. 마적 만순(萬順)과 전동(戰東)의 행동을 살펴보면 그들의 혼춘 습 격 목적은 약탈품과 인질을 획득하는 한편 도시를 파괴하고 일대에 재난 을 일으켜 자신의 위엄을 과시하려고 하였던 것으로 추정된다. 즉 그들이 보인 모습은 1920년대 초 중국 전역에서 나타난 ‘兵匪’의 모습과 다름없 었다. 한편 2차 혼춘사건으로 일본 영사분관이 焚燒되고 다수의 일본관헌과 민간인이 희생되었다는 사실과 거기에 조선인과 러시아인이 개입되었다 는 정보는 일본군에게 있어 간도 침공 작전의 필요성을 강조하기에 유리 한 정보였다. 조선군은 이 정보를 적극적으로 활용하여 혼춘사건을 ‘제2의 니콜라옙스크 사건‘으로 선전하여 일본 조야에 위기감을 부추겼고, 그 결과 일본 정부의 전격적인 출병 승인을 이끌어낼 수 있었다. 이로써 조 선군은 1919년부터 계획해왔던 간도 침공 계획을 추진해나갈 수 있었다. 한편 항일부대를 빨치산으로 규정한 일본군이 취한 행동은 ‘庚申慘變’ 이라는 비극으로 나타났다. 경신참변은 ‘간도출병’ 계획 단계에서부터 이 미 내정되어 있었던 것이었고, 혼춘사건은 그 계획을 실행하기 위한 명분 을 제공했을 뿐이었다. 일본군은 그들의 출병의 명분으로 거류민의 보호 를 앞세웠지만 실제로는 거류민 보호의 의무와 구출, 구제의 의무를 방기 하고 항일부대의 초토와 한인사회에 대한 공격에만 몰두하였다. 그들이 간도에서 벌인 행동은 연해주에서 자행된 ‘4월참변’의 만행을 간도에서 되풀이한 것과 다름없었다. ‘간도출병’과 경신참변은 조선총독부와 일본군이 당시 일본이 가지고 있던 위기의식과 중국의 정치적 혼돈을 이용하여 일으킨 참변이었다.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIAK’S WAR TOURISM

&#x0D; Background and Goals&#x0D; &#x0D; The Battle of Biak that took place in 1944 between the United States Army and the Japanese Army left the area of Biak in the Province of Papua with abundant remnants of war. Some years after the battle, the area became an international destination for war tourism with visitors especially originated from Japan. Tourists normally visited the battle zone for pilgrimage purposes and commemoration of the loved ones losing their lives in the battle. As time went by, Biak war tourism started to decline as pilgrimage trips to the area became rare. Special measurements should be made to help revitalize this historical zone. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Methods&#x0D; &#x0D; An exploratory study on Biak’s war tourism has been undertaken using a qualitative method which focused on ethnographic approach. The study adopted a perspective that tried to find out the underlying potentials of Biak’s war tourism which offered the historical battle fields in the war zone. In the study, some observations were made which includes mapping of battle fields, and bulks of war remnants—both secured and taken care of or left in situ. The researcher also made some in-depth interviews with the Japanese pilgrims to identify the motives of their visit, and with some local people which serve as curators, caretakers, or keepers of war remnant and descendants of local people who inherit the historical stories of what happened in the area.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution&#x0D; &#x0D; The result of the study suggested that the flow of Japanese pilgrim visits to Biak were unable to assure sustainable visit in terms of war tourism. That’s because the pilgrims were people who had close connection and was associated with the soldiers killed in the battle zone. They certainly had a deep intention of visiting the battle zone for sentimental reasons, and coupled with the wish to perform cultural ritual for respecting their beloved ancestor. As time passed, the descendants of the war casualties aged themselves and their younger generation does not have the same sentimental feeling with their elders towards the casualties of Biak War and therefore they had lower interest in making the pilgrimage to the battle zone and this led to a drastic decline of the battle zone visits. Meanwhile, potential tourists not associated with the war or the war zone do not come in a significantly big number. Yet, Biak still has the potentials to develop the tourism with a different approach and more aggressive marketing efforts which can grow potential travellers’ interest in tourism in general and Biak’s war tourism in particular. Both tangible (such as war remnants) and intangible (such as the rituals, festival, history) cultural heritages of the war zone can be smartly developed along with development of thanatourism and dark tourism naturally invented from the said historical war zone. Above all, owing to the special geographical location, Biak can be developed into a Pacific War Trail.

Nanjing Massacre in Chinese and Japanese history textbooks: transitivity and Appraisal

ABSTRACT This paper draws upon transitivity and Appraisal within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to study the traumatic discourse of Nanjing Massacre in Chinese Mainland’s and Japan’s history textbooks. Through corpus analysis, this research finds that the Chinese discourse mainly uses effective process, relational process, verbal process to construe Japan’s victimizering experience and China’s victimhood, and employs negative Affect, opposite values of Judgment, negative Appreciation, Expand, Raise and Sharpen to construct a critical voice for the Japanese army and a sympathic tone for the Chinese. By contrast, the Japanese discourse largely uses pseudo-effective and middle processes, mental and existential processes to cover up Japan’s victimizering experience, and employs negative Judgment, positive Appreciation, Contract and Raise to construct an almost uncritical voice for the Japanese army and the massacre. The difference in the representation and evaluation of Nanjing Massacre results from the politics of official memories in both countries. As China endeavors to strengthen its patriotic education by using Nanjing Massacre as an ideological weapon for national solidarity, Japan expedites its nationalist historiography move to recreate its normal national image by marginalizing the massacre.

The Imperial Japanese Army’s Tokumu Kikan – Special Service Organisations: Connections Between Wartime and Peacetime Intelligence Activities

ABSTRACT The Imperial Japanese Army’s (IJA) Tokumu Kikan, or Special Service Organisations were special warfare units that specialised in HUMINT collection and fifth column activities. These small well-trained military-civilian elite units were force multipliers for the IJA, operating in China, as well as across Southeast Asia in support of Japan’s southward advance. Under central figures such as former chief of IJA intelligence, Lieutenant General Arisue Seizō, many wartime Tokumu Kikan personnel undertook a suite of new intelligence activities in the post-war period – inside Japan and in neighbouring countries – as Japan sought to manage its defeat and occupation, and rebuild its intelligence capabilities.

Ethnic minorities in China under Japanese occupation: the Muslim campaign and education during the Second Sino-Japanese War

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is twofold. First, I explain the nature of the education and engagement of young Chinese minorities in north China under Japanese occupation during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Second, I examine what influence the occupation policy of Japanese puppet government had on forming Hui identity. During the Republic of China, the minority Hui were facing social inequality. Japan focused on the affairs of the Hui people and implemented a policy that gave them preferential treatment to advance the division and control of China. In 1938 the General Federation of Islam in China was founded under the Provincial Government of the Republic of China to advance the “Muslim campaign” of the Japanese Army. Its objectives were to support the regime, oppose communism, and the Young Muslim Association of China was established, training of young Muslims for military service. But young Hui trained in such association often rebelled against the Japanese occupation, and the Hui people who received modern education used education as a tool to fulfill their own goals instead. Therefore, the Hui established a dual identity of being Muslim and Chinese, and they chose to side with China rather than Japan. This study explores the complex process by which the minority Hui formed their double identity. This study is based primarily on literature review.

Rising Sun in the Eastern Horizon of Java: The Occupation of Japanese 16th Army in Banyuwangi, East Java 1942-1945

The Japanese Armed Forces did not take a long time to occupy the southern regions. Invading the southern regions was the Japanese’s ambition to build “The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”. Through Kalijati treaty, the Government of Dutch East Indies declared its unconditional surrender to the Japanese Armed Forces. Banyuwangi is an area located in the most eastern part of Java and considered as a strategic place as a defense fortress for all Java regions from the allied attacks from the south (Australia). The Japanese 16th Army implemented various policies as a part of the Greater East Asia War plan. The purpose of this study was to describe the policies made by the Japanese military government when occupying Banyuwangi, East Java. This study used a historical research method consisting of five steps: topic selection, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result of this study shows that Banyuwangi is a strategic area where the Japanese 16th Army directly or indirectly implemented various policies for mass mobilization in supporting the Greater East Asia War. Through its propaganda, the Japanese military said that the Banyuwangi people’s sacrifice was for a mutual victory in the war to build a new, safe, and prosperous Asia.

How an Imperial Military Laboratory Became a Museum for Peace.

Historic sites have multifaceted meanings. In the case of war-related sites, they serve as an important historical resource for present and future generations to learn about what happened there during the war. Despite their great value, it is not easy to preserve such sites properly and to make them function as historic sites-this is particularly true in the case of the preservation of sites concerning secret wartime projects. This article shows how a building from an old Japanese army laboratory overcame these difficulties to transform into a university museum: "the defunct Imperial Japanese Army Noborito Laboratory Museum for Education in Peace" on Ikuta Campus, Meiji University. This article treats the prehistory of the museum and considers the collaboration between local communities, historians, and the university in establishing the museum for peace.

The Japanese Army and its policy towards the League of Nations

The Japanese Army and its policy towards the League of Nations

Maestro of the Russian dental materials science (on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Professor Matvey Zakharovich Shteyngart)

Matvey Zaharovich (Zalmanovich) Steingart was born March 23, 1921 in the Belorussian border town of Velizh. After graduating from high school he entered a medical school. But the war prevented him from finishing it. M.Z. Steingart was drafted into the Red Army. His first baptism of fire was received during the defense of Moscow. In the battles for Moscow M.Z. Steingart was seriously wounded. After the hospital he fought in the airborne assault of the 3rd Ukrainian front, many times he parachuted down into the enemy rear. By the end of the war Matvey Zakharovitch had a rank of guards of the senior lieutenant of medical service. Orders of the Red Star, the Patriotic war of the first degree, a silver medal "For war merits", medals "For a capture of Vienna", "For clearing of Belgrade", "For a capture of Budapest", "For a victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic war of 1941-1945" gleamed on his breast. In May 1945, shortly after the Victory Day, Matvey Zakharovitch left for the Far East, where he participated in the battles with the Japanese Kwantung Army. This is evidenced by the medal "For Victory over Japan" awarded to him. Then he served in Mongolia. And only in 1947 the young man of the Order comes back to his homeland, becoming a student of the N.A. Schors Omsk Military Medical College, where Matvey Zakharov's tutor was Major Anatoly Rybakov, a future academician. In Omsk there was a civil medical college of the Ministry of Health, the head of which at that time was Evgeny Ivanovich Gavrilov, a future professor, honored worker of science of Russia. Back then, in Omsk, the strong male friendship of these extraordinary, intelligent and strong people began and lasted for many years.

The Story "Our Grandmothers" Could Not Tell: Representation of the Comfort Women and the Physical Manifestation of Memory

The Story "Our Grandmothers" Could Not Tell:Representation of the Comfort Women and the Physical Manifestation of Memory1 Heo Yoon Translated by Jamie Chang (bio) 1. Remembering the Japanese comfort women2 On August 14, 2018, the 1st Japanese Military Sexual Slavery Remembrance Day was observed. The date chosen in commemoration of Kim Hak-sun's press conference on August 14, 1991, this occasion marked the moment when the movement supporting Japanese military "comfort women," which refers to women who were sent to battlefields in the course of Japan's invasion of the Asia Pacific region and forced to live as sexual slaves in the Japanese military, became an official part of Korean history. The Moon Jae-in administration specified the Japanese military comfort women issues as one of the hundred tasks to be resolved within Moon's term, established the Research Institute on Japanese Military Sexual Slavery, and carried [End Page 311] out recovery and archiving of data, pledging to resolve the matter on the state level. However, for a long time, the comfort women issue had been a civilian social movement and an expression of transnational solidarity. This was not a problem resolved through diplomacy between Korea and Japan (the final agreement between Korea and Japan had occurred in 2015), but a movement with a history of citizens from Korea, Japan, and all over Asia have fought to build. The comfort woman is a historical phenomenon that has arisen from the intersection of colonialism, nationalism, and sexism and is currently the most active civil movement supported by the Korean people. Although Japan was defeated and the colony was liberated in 1945, the comfort women were not able to return to Korea until Kim Hak-sun's testimony in 1991. In negotiations between the United States and Japan, or in the diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan, the issue of comfort women in the Japanese military was never actively discussed. While the student soldiers who returned from the war testified to the horrors of the Japanese army and returned as "sons of the nation" and achieved a turning point in Korean literature, women drafted to the "chŏngsindae [Women's Labor Corps]" did not have proper re-emergence. A few novels during the liberation period briefly mentioned women in the "labor corps," but it was not enough to achieve visibility for these women. Yun Chŏng-ok, the founder of the Chŏngsindae Problem Countermeasures Council (hereinafter referred to as "Chŏngdaehyŏp," present-day "Korean Council for Justice and Remembrance for the Issues of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan"), had become aware of the Japanese imperial "virgin delivery" at the end of the colonial period through rumors circulating among adults, and she was a female college student trying to avoid it. She thought someone would track down the "women who were taken away" after the Korean War when society settled down, but when no one was talking about the [End Page 312] "women who disappeared" even after Yun returned to Korea from studying in the United States, she set out to find them.3 As Yun Chŏng-ok testifies, Korean society did not make the "comfort woman issue" public for a long time. An Independence Day special feature in 1960 mourned the deaths of women drafted to "Labor Corps" never to return, and comfort women were mentioned in the context of decrying Japan's war crimes, but no one wondered about the comfort women who returned and where they were now.4 The comfort women system, rather, became an everyday part of Korean society. After liberation, as camp towns were established around the U.S. and U.N. military bases, the image of comfort women in the 1950s shifted to U.S. military comfort women who were considered "voluntary" prostitutes. Called by many derogatory names such as "yanggongju [Western princess]," and "Yuen madam [United Nations' Madam]," these comfort women were depicted as gold-digging carriers of STDs who were sullying the good name of an innocent nation.5 Postcolonial South Korea exchanged the bodies of comfort women for the protection of the U.S. military under an American regime in East Asia. The U.S. military...

Imagining the Post-American World War: Geopolitics, Technology, and the Representation of Chinese and Chinese Americans in Singer and Cole's &lt;em&gt;Ghost Fleet&lt;/em&gt;

Field Trip 13 Imagining the Post-­ American World War: Geopolitics, Technology, and the Representation of Chinese and Chinese Americans in Singer and Cole’s Ghost Fleet Yuan Shu If Chinese invasion fiction as a literary genre has been grounded in what Edlie Wong calls “counterfactual histories” and has served as a part of the Yellow Peril discourse,1 which historically informed and reshaped U.S. immigration laws and policies concerning ethnic Chinese exclusively, then Peter Singer and August Cole’s (2015) speculative fiction on the Third World War between the United States and China, Ghost Fleet, defines a new moment in the genre evolvement. Not only has the novel been noted for the two authors’ background and connection to the military, the intelligence , and Hollywood, particularly their “thorough research in defense technology with ongoing geopolitical developments” (Bearden 2015) but it has also been praised for its inclusion of nonconventional combatants for military leadership, such as women and LGBTQ individuals.2 However, while celebrating the vision of the authors on future wars and military technology, which encompasses utilization of rail guns and incorporation of cyberspace and outer space into war as new battlegrounds, even the most favorable book reviews cannot help raising questions on “why the war started” in the first place (Freeman 2015). And its detractors simply dismiss the novel as “another fearmongering piece written by another advocate for a bigger defense budget” (Frizzell 2016, 160) because the archipelago of U.S. military bases in the Asia Pacific is not even mentioned in the text: “If it is a plea for the administration to sit up and take notice of China as a threat, it does not do a good enough job of explaining why all the elements of U.S. national power supposedly are completely defunct” (160). Indeed, why would the Chinese military emulate the Imperial Japanese Army of the 1930s and launch a similar sneak attack upon Pearl Harbor after its discovery of a gas field in the Mariana Trench? Why does the novel render into oblivion the so-­ called hub-­ and-­ spoke system of bilateral military alliances between the United States and its allies, which has been implemented and sustained for more than seventy years (Twining 2007, 79), and the forward-­ deployed capabilities of the U.S. military installations in a region reconfigured as the “Indo-­ Pacific”?3 In this contribution, I read Ghost Fleet against what media critic Fareed Zakaria calls the “post-­ American world,” by which he means the “rise of the rest” vis-­à-­vis the West, and explore how the authors appropriate the 14 Field Trip historical interregnum in terms of a military threat posed by the rest—­in this case, embodied and exemplified by China in its technological advancement and military investment. Specifically, I argue that the two authors, by imagining the “aggressive act” of China as the logical consequence of its forty-­ year phenomenal economic development and as the effect of its possibly modeling on nineteenth-­ century American expansionism epitomized by Alfred Mahan’s notion of sea power, conflate the Chinese military with the Japanese war machinery of the 1930s, the first rise of a non-­Western power in human history, which failed because of its military aggressiveness,4 to highlight a possible similar fate awaiting the Chinese in their challenge to the U.S.-­ centered global order. What enables a defensive United States to triumph over an offensive China in the fiction is more than American cutting-­ edge technology and strategic alliances in the Indo-­ Pacific but the fundamental American values of individualism, innovativeness, and democracy compounded by the notions of diversity and multiculturalism. If the novel concludes with maintenance of status quo antebellum to nobody’s satisfaction, it affirms what I call a paradigm shift in the representation of Chinese and Chinese Americans from “cheap labor” to “high-­ tech” spies. 6 The Post-­American World: The Rest and the West In his 2008 book ThePost-­AmericanWorld, Fareed Zakaria announces from the outset that his work is “not about the decline of America but rather about the rise of everyone else” (Zakaria 2008, 1) and then articulates the present moment in terms of “the third great power shift of the modern...

Japan vs the United States (1941—1945). People and Machines

The authors study the military potential of the Japanese Empire and its changes during the Pacific War in order to understand the role of the Pacific Theater of Operations in World War II. In this regard, the authors basing on the losses suffered by Japan on various fronts define the role of the USSR in the defeat of militaristic Japan. They argue that the contribution of the USSR to the victory of the Anti-Hitler coalition in Asia consists mainly in shackling significant forces of the Japanese army in Manchuria and Korea until the end of the summer of 1945, which did not allow the Japanese military to win to a large extent in the southwestern provinces of China, thereby ensuring direct communication with Burma. As for the defeat of the Japanese Air Force, which was the main striking force of Japanese militarism, there was a decisive contribution of the United States, whose Air Force also caused significant damage to Japanese industry by the summer of 1945 with strategic bombing. In this regard, the authors question the need for atomic bombing, which accelerated the surrender of Japan, but did not make it, as the authors prove, inevitable. The authors see the main reason for Japan&amp;apos;s defeat in the strategy of its High command, putting the economy in second place. The Japanese admirals exaggerated the capabilities of carrier-based aircraft too much, which became a fatal factor for Japan in the Pacific war. The authors also claim that the actions of the Allied troops in Burma played a significant role in the defeat of Japan.

John Rabe, the Nazi Leader, Who Became “the Living Buddha of Nanking”

During the World War II, John H.D Rabe, a Nazis German business man, saved hundreds thousands of Chinese under the gun of Japanese army during the Rape of Nanking. The article aim to answer the question: Why, John Rabe, stood as the opposite of Japan—German’s ally, risked his life to save those Chinese? Through reading and analyzing Rabe’s diaries, we may conclude that there are several explanations which related to his political position, life experience in China, love of Chinese culture, and personal ties for the question. War is a game of inhumanity, cruelty and indifference. Even in these dark times, there is a humanist who maintains his reverence for life and his cultural zeal, and who stands firm at the point of a gun, even at the cost of risking his life.

The Visit of the Vice-Chief of the Japanese Army’s General Staff Kawakami Sōroku to Priamur Military District (1897)

In 1897, the Vice-Chief of the Japanese Armys General Staff, Lieutenant General Kawakami Sōroku, visited the Russian Far East. Based on a large body of hitherto unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive, this article analyzes the composition of the Japanese delegation as well as that of the Russian administration that hosted the Japanese guests. Among the hosts were Vladimir A. Oranovskiy and Vladimir K. Samoilov, who would later became famous as military orientalists and as the founders of Russias military intelligence in the region. The highest official who met the Japanese mission was the Temporary Chief of Troops of Priamur Military District, Lieutenant-General Nikolay I. Grodekov, widely known at that time as a military man, administrator, and scholar. The article discusses in detail the preparation of the visit by the Russian regional government, including the planned itinerary, preparations for the diet of the guests as well as their accommodation and transport issues. Equally analyzed are the organizational difficulties that occurred during the visit. The main interests of the Japanese delegation were the current condition of the Russian forces in a region, the development of military transport and port infrastructure, the level of regional colonization, issues of military training and combat readiness, new artillery systems, small arms, and winter outfit. The Japanese General Staff was particular interested in the defense condition of Vladivostok Fortress, with one officer in the Japanese delegation being assigned to investigate this particular question. An interesting feature is the cooperation between the General Staff and semi-commercial Japanese organizations for the collection of data about the current state of the Russian Far East. The article also studies the conclusions drawn by the Russian military attach in Japan, which appear to be inaccurate and questionable. While this visit did not arouse much interest in the central administration of the Russian War Ministry, it was of utmost importance to Japan, which already at that time regarded the Russian Empire as a potential threat and enemy.

The Impact of Japanese Population in Kupang City Year 1942-1945 for Women

Background This research: is to reconstruct (1) the Impact of the Japanese Occupation in Kupang City for women in the social field of 1942-1945, (2) The Role of Women in the social field in Kupang City during the Japanese Occupation of 1942-1945. This research is located in all areas of Kupang. Data Analysis Techniques in this writing were collected through interviews, observations, literature studies, and document studies. The analysis technique used is historical analysis. The results showed (1) the impact of the Japanese occupation in Kupang in 1942-1945 for women in the social field. (2) Impact of Japanese occupation on Kupang City in 1942-1945 for women in the social field. This research method: uses qualitative descriptive research type. Determination of Informants is done by purposive sampling. The person who was made the informant was a person who experienced the events directly during the Japanese occupation in Kupang City in 1942-1945 or people who were considered to have known the events during the Japanese occupation in Kupang City in 1942-1945. Data collection techniques are carried out by interview, observation, literature study, and document study. Data analysis techniques using historical analysis techniques with heuristic steps, verification, interpretation, and historiography Research Results: Show that during the Japanese occupation the daily government was held by Menseibu, which was led by the Japanese navy, the people of Kupang City experienced poverty and hunger, this made Indonesian women especially in Kupang City obliged to work forcefully. The Japanese occupation period in Indonesia in 1942-1945 was a dark period for Indonesian women, especially women in Kupang City when their teenagers were forcibly taken away, their actions were very inhumane, Japan forcibly arrested girls and was taken to brothels. Many young women who experience sexual violence are no exception indigenous women. Indonesian women consider the Japanese occupation a sex predator Conclusion: During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia (1942-1945) was a dark period for Indonesian women. Their teenage years were snatched away by force, they were made Jugun Ianfu (Sex Slaves) of the Japanese royal army to meet the sexual needs of his soldiers. When the Japanese invaded and waged war on other countries, the Japanese army was mentally exhausted. This condition resulted in the Japanese army brutalizing sexual outlet by mass raping which resulted in an outbreak of venereal disease affecting the Japanese army. This certainly weakened the strength of the Japanese imperial army. This situation gave rise to the idea of ​​recruiting local women, and putting them into brothels and making them comfort women (JugunYanfu) to satisfy the Japanese army. During the Japanese occupation the daily administration was held by General Murakami. Keywords : Japanese Occupation, Impact, Women. DOI : 10.7176/HRL/52-02 Publication date : December 31st 2020