Janus Green Research Articles

Adsorption behavior of Janus Green B dye on Algerian diatomite

The aim of this work is to study the adsorption of a cationic dye (Janus Green B) on a non-expensive natural material. The diatomite was recovered by the Sig deposit (west of Algeria) and then was modified by simple acid treatment. The structural, textural and morphological properties of obtained materials were analyzed by different physico-chemical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), Argon sorption at 87 K, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis TGA, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and pH of zero charge PZC. The results showed that the adsorption of the Janus Green B (JGB) dye is very fast and the equilibrium was reached after 90 min. The kinetic data were modeled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order equations. The equilibrium isotherm data were verified using the Langmuir, Freundlich and the Sips models. The results showed that the adsorption of JGB dye on raw diatomite and its modified counterpart followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained by raw diatomite, in which maximum adsorbed capacity Qm of 39.89 mg g−1 was recorded.

Fatty Acid Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants Based on Renewable Resources as a Leveler for Copper Electroplating

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Limin Wang from East China University of Science and Technology (China). The cover picture shows a new leveler for copper electroplating from fatty acid quaternary ammonium surfactant, which is based on renewable resources. Electrochemical evaluation shows that, at the same concentration, the new leveler has excellent inhibition of electrodeposition, whereas the commercial leveler Janus Green B only weakly inhibits the electrodeposition process. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201900116.

Front Cover: Fatty Acid Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants Based on Renewable Resources as a Leveler for Copper Electroplating (ChemElectroChem 13/2019)

The Front Cover shows a new leveler for copper electroplating from fatty acid quaternary ammonium surfactant, which is based on renewable resources. Electrochemical evaluation shows that at the same concentration, the new leveler presents excellent inhibition of electrodeposition, whereas the commercial leveler Janus Green B only weakly inhibits the electrodeposition process. More information can be found in the Article by J. Lv et al. on page 3254 in Issue 13, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900116).

Evidence for novel tubular-bundle structures entangled in the fascia of the inner abdominal wall of a rat

After incubation with Janus Green B in the peritoneal cavities of rats, lymph-vessel-like structures (LSs) were noticed under a stereomicroscope to run parallel to each other with rectangular branches on the inner abdominal wall; rarely were these LSs seen to connect with peritoneal LSs. These LSs were identified by using fluorescence microscopy (FM) at a magnification of 1,000X and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to be lymph-vessel-like bundle structures (LBSs). Serial cross-sections of these LBSs were microscopically examined by using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Mattson trichrome staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Lyve 1 and CD 31. The histology data from these LBSs revealed such novel characteristics as parallel clusters of live cells wrapped by collagen fibers of the fascia and an IHC different from those of lymphatic and blood vessels, being the novel bundle structures (NBSs). Under FM and CLSM with optical sections, some of the NBSs were observed to be able to swell like tiny balloons, implying that the bundle structures were hollow. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy images of two different cross-sections of an NBS showed it to be composed of four parallel tubules involving three kinds of sinuses with neither axons nor Schwann cells in the outermost wall, thus being a novel tubular-bundle structure (NTBS). The results of this research make evident with high repeatability (10/11) that beyond the orthodoxy of a single-tube system of blood and lymph vessels, a system of NTBSs is widely entangled in the fascia of the inner abdominal wall of a rat. Thus, the author suggests that NTBS-related functions and the entire NTBS network should be explored.

Swelling behaviors of novel magnetic semi-IPN hydrogels and their application for Janus Green B removal

Novel magnetic hydrogels based on acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/poly(ethylene glycol) were prepared by free radical solution polymerization using ammonium persulfate/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine as redox initiating pair in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate as a cross-linker. In this study, the water uptake and dye sorption performances of a series of novel magnetic hydrogel sorbents were investigated. For the preparation of magnetic polymeric hydrogels and semi-IPNs, they were loaded with iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) ions. Dynamic swelling tests were applied at 25 °C gravimetrically. According to obtained data, swelling kinetics parameters and diffusion mechanisms were calculated. The magnetic hydrogels synthesized in this study showed high water absorbency. Some water uptake and diffusion parameters were calculated, and they were discussed for the hydrogels prepared under various formulations. Structural characterization of polymers was completed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images were taken for the determination of surface porosity of hydrogels and semi-IPNs. For adsorption studies, Janus Green B was chosen as model molecule. It was determined that semi-IPNs and hydrogels adsorbed Janus Green B from aqueous solutions at high levels. Consequently, the hydrogels developed in this study could serve for potential applications in wastewater treatment for water and dye uptake.

Effects of 2-mercaptopyridine and Janus Green B as levelers on electrical resistance of electrodeposited copper thin film for interconnects

With further decrease of the minimum features of interconnects, the Cu resistivity increases due to spatial confinement becomes an issue once again. However, compared with the superfilling ability, little attention has been paid to the resistivity increase originated from the additives of electroplating. In this work, the influence on the sheet resistance of Cu films electroplated with two levelers, 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MP) and Janus Green B (JGB), was studied in terms of impurity, morphology, grain size and crystalline structure. It was observed that the sheet resistance of the film deposited with 2-MP was higher than that with JGB both before and after self-annealing. During self-annealing, slight decrease of resistance was observed in the film deposited with 2-MP while great decrease occurred in the case of JGB. Although the type of impurity and texture of the two films were similar, differences were found in the morphology, grain size and amount of impurity (especially sulfur atoms). Therefore, the high resistance with 2-MP was attributed to the rough surface and fine grains in association with the plentiful sulfur atoms of 2-MP trapped in the Cu films.

Oil palm frond for the adsorption of Janus Green dye

Abstract Nowadays, one of the major environmental issues is the discharge of industrial effluent containing dye residue which threaten human and environment. Seeking for an environmental friendly and low cost adsorbent which can remove dye effectively remain a challenge. In current study, oil palm frond was explored as adsorbent for removal of Janus Green B dye. The effect of initial dye solution concentration (50-250 mg/L), oil palm frond loading (1-7 g/L) and pH (2-8) on the Janus Green B dye adsorption capacity of the oil palm frond were investigated. The oil palm frond was characterized using different analytical techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results showed that oil palm frond was able to remove Janus Green B dye with adsorption capacity as high as ∼67 mg/g at initial dye solution concentration of 150 mg/L, oil palm frond loading of 1 g/L and pH of 8.

Photocatalytic dye degradation and biological activities of the Fe2O3/Cu2O nanocomposite.

The present study reports the synthesis of the Fe2O3/Cu2O nanocomposite via a facile hydrothermal route. The products were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The composition, morphology and structural features of the nanoparticles were found to be size-dependent due to the temperature response in the particular time log during hydrothermal synthesis. HR-TEM confirmed the formation of hexagonal rod-shaped bare Cu2O, rhombohedral-shaped Fe2O3 and composite assembly. Rhodamine-B (RB) and Janus green (JG) were chosen as model dyes for the degradation studies. Photocatalytic degradation of the dyes was deliberated by altering the catalyst and dye concentrations. The results showed that the Rhodamine-B (RB) and Janus green (JG) dyes were degraded within a short time span. The synthesized materials were found to be highly stable in the visible light-driven degradation of the dyes; showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Staph. aureus and B. subtilis; and exhibited less toxicity against the Musmusculus skin melanoma cells (B16-F10). The fusion of these advantages paves the way for further applications in energy conversion, biological applications as well as in environmental remediation.

Communication—Triphenylmethane-Based Leveler for Microvia Filling in Copper Super-Conformal Electroplating

Levelers exhibiting high microvia-filling power and wide operating-concentration ranges are required for the development of additives in copper super-conformal electroplating. In this study, a novel structure based on triphenylmethane (TPM-1) was synthesized and investigated as a leveler for microvia-filling electroplating. The galvanostatic measurements and cyclic voltammetry stripping experiments show that TPM-1 is a stronger inhibitor than Janus Green B for copper ion reduction and is essential in creating convection-dependent adsorption behavior. Copper electroplating experiments were conducted, and TPM-1 showed superior microvia-filling performance at a relatively wide concentration range.

Simple, reliable, and time-efficient colorimetric method for the assessment of mitochondrial function and toxicity.

Mitochondria are organelles involved in the production of cellular energy, regulation of Ca2+ and redox signaling, and are critical for normal functioning of eukaryotic cells. The dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders and different types of cancers. To better understand the role of mitochondria in healthy and disease states, the development of efficient and reliable tools for the assessment of mitochondrial function is particularly important. Janus green B (JG-B) is a supravital lipophilic cationic dye which, in its oxidized form, has a green-blue color. As JG-B is taken up and reduced by metabolically active mitochondria, the dye has been used for assessing the purity, integrity and metabolic activity of mitochondria with microscopy-based methods. Here we present a simple, time- and cost-efficient JG-B-based colorimetric assay for assessing mitochondrial function, activity and toxicity. The method is based upon reduction of JG-B by mitochondrial dehydrogenases to diethylsafranine, which is pink colored and has a maximum absorption at 550 nm. In this proof of principle study, using in vitro mitochondrial preparations isolated from rat brain, we provide evidence that monitoring JG-B conversion to diethylsafranine can be used as a reliable and robust indicator of mitochondrial activity and toxicity. Because of its simplicity and efficiency in terms of costs and time, this assay has a wide potential in analytical as well as therapeutic areas of biomedical research.

Optimization of Additive and Current Conditions for Void-Free Filled Through-Silicon Via

Studies of through-silicon vias (TSVs) have become important owing to the increasing demand for 3D packaging. To obtain high-performance devices, it is important to fill the holes inside TSVs without voids. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol), bis-(3-sodiumsulfopropyl disulfide), and Janus Green B are used as a suppressor, accelerator, and leveler, respectively, to achieve void-free filling of a TSV. The optimum conditions for the additives were studied, and electrochemical analysis was performed to confirm their effects. Different current conditions, such as pulse, pulse-reverse, and periodic pulse-reverse, were also employed to enhance the filling properties of copper (Cu) for a TSV with a hole diameter of 60 µm and depth/hole aspect ratios of 2, 2.5, and 3. The behavior of Cu filling was observed through a cross-sectional analysis of the TSV after Cu plating under various conditions.

Effect of Reverse Pulse on Additives Adsorption and Copper Filling for Through Silicon Via

In order to develop the suitable Cu electrolyte for TSV filling using period pulse reverse (PPR) electroplating, the operating mechanism of reverse pulse on the adsorption of additives within TSV was systematically investigated. Whether the promotion or reduction of the adsorption of polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis (sodiumsulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) and Janus Green B (JGB) by reverse pulse was determined by the charge of the formed complex of this additive with Cu+ and Cl−. The charge of formed complex was dependent on the Cl− concentration. The reverse pulse had no significant effect on the adsorption of single JGB. In comparison, the composite JGB-PEG inhibitor could be repelled by reverse pulse at the microvia bottom. For the composite PEG-SPS or PEG-JGB-SPS, since the preferentially adsorbed Cu+-Cl−-PEG dense layer could effectively block the transportation of Cl−, few sites of Cl− were left for the SPS adsorption and then mainly formed positively charged SPS-Cu+, which accounted for the detachment of SPS by anodic pulse current at microvia entrance in the presence of PEG. Based on the change of the additives coverage surface by reverse pulse, the microvia filling performances in PPR plating compared to those in DC plating could be well explained.

Polyaniline-derived porous carbons: Remarkable adsorbent for removal of various hazardous organics from both aqueous and non-aqueous media.

Polyaniline (pANI) was pyrolyzed under a nitrogen atmosphere to get porous pANI-derived carbons (PDCs). To increase the porosity of the carbons further, the PDCs were activated at 600-800 °C in the presence of KOH. The obtained PDCs were firstly applied in liquid-phase adsorptions in order to remove hazardous organics from both water and fuel effectively via adsorption. PDC-700, activated at 700 °C, showed record high adsorption capacities from water for the removal of hazardous organics such as diethyl phthalate and Janus Green B, as representative organics for industrial chemicals (endocrine disturbing agent) and organic dyes, respectively. Moreover, PDC-700 had record high adsorption capacity for the removal of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene from a model fuel. The plausible mechanisms were also suggested to explain the remarkable adsorptions both from water and fuel. The adsorbents could be regenerated in a facile way and reused in adsorption up to several cycles. Therefore, the PDCs could be suggested as a new class of adsorbents for the purification of both water contaminated with organics and fuel having a high concentration of thiophenics.

Computational analysis and experimental evidence of two typical levelers for acid copper electroplating

In this work, the leveling effect of two typical levelers for copper electroplating, Janus Green B (JGB) and polymerizates of imidazole and epichlorohydrin (IMEP) are both analyzed through computational calculations and electrochemical experiments. Frontier Molecule Orbital (FMO) and the electrostatic potential (ESP) of JGB, IMEP and accelerated complex MPS-Cu(I) are calculated and visualized by Density Functional Theory (DFT) method to predict the preferable reaction sites for electrophilic or nucleophilic attack and the corresponding interactions. The adsorption processes of JGB and IMEP with MPS-Cu(I) on copper surface are examined through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. According to the results of calculations, we conclude that IMEP is the better candidate for electroplating at high current density in comparison with JGB. The results from electrochemical tests validate that MPS has both synergistic and antagonistic effect with IMEP and has an antagonistic effect with JGB. Electroplating tests confirms that the system with IMEP exhibits a better leveling effect at higher current density. In addition, relatively higher ESP value is preferred for a leveler in a large current density electroplating.

A comparison of typical additives for copper electroplating based on theoretical computation

Electronic parameters of four additives for copper electroplating including accelerators, mercaptopropane sulfonic acid (MPS) and bis-(acid-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS), inhibitor polyethylene glycol (PEG)and leveler Janus Green B (JGB). They were computed by using DFT/B3LYP method based on the 6-311G + (d, p) basis set. The quantum chemical parameters, which were most relevant to the interaction between the additives and copper surface, were calculated in the gas and aqueous phases for comparison. The condensed Fukui function analysis, molecular electrostatic potential plots and the average local ionization energy plots were applied to predict the most active site(s) of those molecules. Molecular dynamic simulations were also employed to examine the adsorption energies and the adsorption configurations of these additives on Cu (1 1 1) surface under the water environment at 298 K and 323 K conditions. As a result, compared with the other additives in copper electroplating, the unsaturated functional group is an essential factor to levelers. Hence, we predict a novel additive structure according to our calculation results.

Direct observation of the diffusion behavior of an electrodeposition additive in through-silicon via using in situ surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

In this work, the behavior of an additive designed to aid electrodeposition in through-silicon via (TSV) structures is monitored directly using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A horizontal via structure with a transparent ceiling (corresponding to the side wall of the TSV) was prepared, which allowed the probe laser to reach the bottom of the structure (corresponding to the opposite side of the TSV wall). Au nanoparticles of size ~5 nm deposited on the bottom of the structure produced a SERS effect and enhanced the Raman signals of chemical species migrating nearby. The diffusion behavior of the additive inside the via structure could be monitored with high sensitivity by detecting these enhanced signals. As a case study, this direct measurement method was successfully used to follow the diffusion of a small amount of Janus Green B, a common additive for Cu electrodeposition. The diffusion coefficient of the additive determined by these measurements turned out to be different to that estimated electrochemically on flat electrodes. One of the advantages of our direct measurement setup is the ability to exclude the undesirable environmental changes that often occur in electrochemical measurements.

An Anionic Uranium-Based Metal–Organic Framework with Ultralarge Nanocages for Selective Dye Adsorption

We herein present a rarely seen (3,4)-connected non-interpenetrated anionic uranium-organic framework with tbo topology (FJI–H-U1), which is constructed from two kinds of ultralarge nanocages. More importantly, FJI–H-U1 can selectively adsorb positively charged organic dyes Ethyl Violet, Janus Green B, and Rhodamine B over the anionic organic dye Methyl Orange due to the nature of its anionic framework.

Usage of Janus green B for the improvement of the filling effect during replication process of nanoimprint nickel stamp

This work proposes a simple replication process of nanoimprint nickel stamp with the usage of Janus Green B (JGB) for the improvement of the filling effect to eliminate the voids forming in high aspect ratio nanotrenches during nanoelectroforming process. As JGB molecules tend to adsorb at the edge of the nanotrench with high electron density, the metal deposition rate is reduced at the edge of the nanotrench. Therefore, the voids are not formed due to the elimination of the sealing phenomenon during electrodeposition process. On the basis of the proposed process, a nickel nanoimprint stamp with six nanograting areas of 1.3 mm × 1.3 mm size, 200 nm pitch, 80 nm linewidth and 200 nm depth was replicated successfully. The experiment results demonstrate that the filling effect is gradually improved with the addition of JGB in the replication process of the nickel stamp.

Inhalation of Hydrogen of Different Concentrations Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Protecting Spinal Cord Neurons from Apoptosis, Oxidative Injury and Mitochondrial Structure Damages

Background/Aims: Hydrogen selectively neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ameliorates various ROS-induced injuries. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious injury to the central nervous system, and secondary SCI is closely related to excessive ROS generation. We hypothesized that hydrogen inhalation ameliorates SCI, and the mechanism of action may be related to the protective effects of hydrogen against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial damage. Methods: Mechanically injured spinal cord neurons were incubated with different concentrations of hydrogen in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the protective effects of hydrogen. ROS and related proteins were detected with dihydroethidium fluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blotting. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting were used to detect neuronal apoptosis. ATP concentrations, Janus Green B staining, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) status were assessed to investigate mitochondrial damage. RNA sequencing was performed to screen potential target genes of hydrogen application. Hydrogen was administered to mice after spinal cord contusion injury was established for 42 days. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and footprint analyses were used to assess locomotor functions, and immunofluorescence staining of the injured spinal cord segments was performed to detect oxidative stress status. Results: Spinal cord neurons were preserved by hydrogen administration after mechanical injury in a dose-dependent manner. ROS generation, oxidative stress injury-related markers, and the number of apoptotic neurons were significantly reduced after hydrogen treatment. The ATP production and mPTP function in injured neurons were preserved by hydrogen incubation. The expression levels of Cox8b, Cox6a2, Cox7a1, Hspb7, and Atp2a1 were inhibited by hydrogen treatment. BMS scores and the footprint assessment of mice with SCI were improved by hydrogen inhalation. Conclusions: Hydrogen inhalation (75%) ameliorated SCI in vivo and attenuated neuronal mechanical injuries in vitro, and its protective effect on spinal cord neurons was exerted in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying mechanisms included reducing ROS generation and oxidative stress, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and restoring mitochondrial construction and function. Cox8b, Cox6a2, Cox7a1, Hspb7, and Atp2a1 were identified as potential target genes of hydrogen treatment.

Electrodeposition of Copper for Three-Dimensional Metamaterial Fabrication.

Metamaterials typically consist of metallic and dielectric repeating structures. Electrodeposition of copper is the preferred approach to fabricating the metallic part of the metamaterials of interest in this study. The highly variant topography requires chemical additives, like chloride ions, 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (MPSA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to enhance bottom-up superfilling while maintaining terrace flatness. This study focuses on both experimental and computational investigations of the degradation potential of the additives and their adsorption mechanism in a highly acidic copper electrolyte in order to optimally parametrize the copper electrodeposition process. Results show Cl-MPSA-PEG-PVP additives perform well, but substitution of PVP with Janus Green B provides better terrace leveling. Additionally, NMR data show a quick and complete conversion of MPSA to bis(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) in the acidic copper bath. Finally, FEM simulations further show that the accelerator species may initially accumulate and be transported vertically until overplating, whereby they are transported laterally.