January 25th Research Articles

Molecular identification of Nemacheilus sp. from Bangka Island, Indonesia Based on the Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (COI) Gene

Abstract Nemacheilus is a genus of stone loaches native to Asia. There are 13 species of the genus Nemacheilus that can be found in western Indonesia, from 44 species that exist in Asia. During our expedition to Bangka Island, which took place between the 20th and the 25th of January 2023, we discovered 15 live specimens of Nemacheilus sp. These specimens were collected using a fish trap in the Bencah River, Bangka Island, Indonesia. We identified Nemacheilus sp based molecular analysis by using the DNA Barcoding method based on the Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. DNA barcoding is a solution to provide accurate, fast, and automatable identification of species and species discovery. Based aon the COI gene, Nemacheilus sp. Nemacheilus from Bangka Island is genetically closest to Nemacheilus pfeifferae, which is found in Sumatra. Sumatra and Bangka Island have a history of river connection before the maximum glacial phase II. However, based on the similarity of DNA base pairs, these two species are only 90% similar. This indicates that the genetic difference between these two species is 10%, which is far below the threshold for what is considered to be an identical species, which is under 3%. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Nemacheilus that was found on the island of Bangka is not the species known as Nemacheilus pfeifferae, but rather another species. Since the data for this other species are not yet available in Genbank, we are referring to it as Nemacheilus sp. Bangka for the time being.

25th Jan Revolution in the Articles of New York Times: A Study in Critical Discourse Analysis

Journalists have covered the 25th January Egyptian revolution analyzing and expressing opinions. The thesis is concerned with the inconsistency of their stances and positions. More specifically, it investigates shifts in the political stances of American journalists during and post the January 25th Egyptian Revolution. The thesis adopts Fairclough’s (1992, 2010) three-dimension framework of discourse, together with, Fairclough & Fairclough’s (2012) argumentation model to investigate the corpus of the current work. The corpus incorporates ten articles, seven editorials and three op-ed articles, that are published in the American newspaper New York Times on the Egyptian revolution from January 25th, 2011 to March 31st, 2011. Analysis is conducted on three levels; textual, discursive and social. Results indicate that writers are bias, taking sides and changing them according to the changes of the events. Thus, the articles witness a gradual change of stance from the pro-Mubarak and anti-revolution stances to the anti-Mubarak and pro-revolution stances.

The OVAREX study: Establishment of ex vivo ovarian cancer models to validate innovative therapies and to identify predictive biomarkers

BackgroundOvarian cancer is the first cause of death from gynecological malignancies mainly due to development of chemoresistance. Despite the emergence of PARP inhibitors, which have revolutionized the therapeutic management of some of these ovarian cancers, the 5-year overall survival rate remains around 45%. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies, to identify predictive biomarkers and to predict the response to treatments. In this context, functional assays based on patient-derived tumor models could constitute helpful and relevant tools for identifying efficient therapies or to guide clinical decision making.MethodThe OVAREX study is a single-center non-interventional study which aims at investigating the feasibility of establishing in vivo and ex vivo models and testing ex vivo models to predict clinical response of ovarian cancer patients. Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDX) will be established from tumor fragments engrafted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. Explants will be generated by slicing tumor tissues and Ascites-Derived Spheroids (ADS) will be isolated following filtration of ascites. Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTO) will be established after dissociation of tumor tissues or ADS, cell embedding into extracellular matrix and culture in specific medium. Molecular and histological characterizations will be performed to compare tumor of origin and paired models. Response of ex vivo tumor-derived models to conventional chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors will be assessed and compared to results of companion diagnostic test and/or to the patient’s response to evaluate their predictive value.DiscussionThis clinical study aims at generating PDX and ex vivo models (PDTO, ADS, and explants) from tumors or ascites of ovarian cancer patients who will undergo surgical procedure or paracentesis. We aim at demonstrating the predictive value of ex vivo models for their potential use in routine clinical practice as part of precision medicine, as well as establishing a collection of relevant ovarian cancer models that will be useful for the evaluation of future innovative therapies.Trial registrationThe clinical trial has been validated by local research ethic committee on January 25th 2019 and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03831230 on January 28th 2019, last amendment v4 accepted on July 18, 2023.

Space-based GNSS radio signals to investigate ionospheric plasma changes preceding the 2016 Al Hoceima-Morocco earthquake, Mw=6.4

This paper examines abrupt variations in ionospheric electron density preceding the Al Hoceima earthquake (January 25th, 2016, Mw = 6.4, Northern Morocco). The observed anomalous behavior in the F2-ionospheric region, at about 350 km altitude, raises the possibility of a connection with impending seismic activity of moderate-to-great magnitude, supporting the hypothesis that Total Electron Content (TEC) variations could serve as potential earthquake precursors. For this purpose, we have exploited one of the main ionospheric keys, TEC, through a network of over one hundred dual-frequency Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS/GNSS) receivers. Through calculation algorithms based on spherical harmonic analysis of GPS/GNSS Observation-Navigation data, we were able to produce local ionospheric maps to restore the GPS-TEC signal and investigate potential ionospheric disturbances associated with this shallow-focus and strong earthquake. Since the ionospheric TEC is a function of the variability and dynamics of the Earth’s ionosphere, mainly time-space and solar-geomagnetic activities, we had to consider each of these disturbing factors separately. In fact, the seismic zone of Al Hoceima (Morocco, North Africa), at about 35°N latitude, belongs to the region of low geographical latitudes. In such regions the variations of the ionospheric layer are slight. Moreover, during the earthquake preparation period, space weather conditions exhibited a calm state characterized by low solar activity and the absence of geomagnetic storms. The adequate effects of these physical conditions allow us, through wavelet transform, to emerge solely signatures of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances. Based on the seismo-ionospheric combination model, we have highlighted some ionospheric electron density irregularities that decreased abnormally, near the epicenter several days prior to the 2016 Al Hoceima main event. From these findings, we can state that such research provides a promising approach for predicting earthquakes through large fluctuations in the ionized shell of the Earth’s atmosphere, thereby offering the prospect of a life-saving seismic alarm.

Political Empowerment of Egyptian Women (2005-2022)

Women’s rights advocates in Egypt are credited with leading the fight for equal rights for women. They played a vital role in the uprising of women’s rights in parliament and judiciary, and the women of Egypt soared through the Arab Spring revolution after 25th and 30th of January. Women in Arab countries have been marginalized and discriminated, leading to the Arab Spring Revolution of 2010 and 2011, which brought about positive changes for women in their traditional, political and decision-making lives. This study demonstrated every aspect and its outcomes of the revolution started by the women of Arab for their rights. The research is focused on discussing an important topic, namely the role of women in the State’s public policy-making process and ensuring they represent one of society’s most effective forces.

Symptomatic Elegies: Ideology and Melancholy in Dennis Lee and Eli Mandel

The CanLit boom of the 1960s and 1970s involved the canonization of a cultural identity preoccupied with a perceived loss of political sovereignty to the United States and, more generally, to the dynamics of capitalist modernity. This article proposes that this emerging identity promoted an ideology that made the loss of sovereignty appear inevitable and concealed the possibility of political resistance. The article takes as case studies Dennis Lee’s Civil Elegies and Eli Mandel’s “On the 25th Anniversary of the Liberation of Auschwitz Memorial Services, Toronto, January 25th, 1970 YMHA Bloor and Spadina.” Bringing together diverse fields of Canadian Studies (literature, history, and philosophy) and drawing from contemporary political and historical theory, this article explores how these poems, despite their differences in form and subject matter, partake in the same melancholic fantasy of powerlessness – a fantasy akin to the one that would come to hold sway over the global zeitgeist in the late twentieth century and beyond.

Protecting cultural heritage by protecting conservators’ title

« Art. L. 117-2. - The implementation of conservation-restoration measures and actions, as well as the performance of project management, consulting, and expertise missions in the Þeld of conservation-restoration, fall within the competencies of professionals, known as conservators-restorers, qualiÞed in the Þelds of preventive conservation, curative conservation, and restoration. 
 “Only persons holding a Master’s degree, issued by an approved training institution under conditions laid down by regulation, certifying speciÞc cultural, scientiÞc and technical training in conservation-restoration may use the title of “conservator-restorer” in their professional practice."
 These two paragraphs, constituting the article L. 117-2 of the bill [1] tabled by MP Raphaël Gérard1 on the 25th of January 2022, give substance to the long-standing demand by the profession, in France and in other European Union countries, that a name has to be given to conservator-restorers. It speciÞes that only natural persons with a Master’s degree in conservation-restoration of tangible cultural heritage could use this protected title.
 The explanatory memorandum of this bill summarises the indisputable reasons why cultural heritage must be taken care of by professionals recognised as having the necessary qualiÞcations, recalling the content of the report “Our Creative Diversity”, published in 1996 by the World Commission on Culture and Development, under the aegis of UNESCO, which states that “cultural property is a resource that constitutes a fragile, non-replaceable asset, the risk of loss of which necessitates the implementation of measures commensurate with the stakes involved in safeguarding it for society as a whole”.
 The creation of a protected title for conservator-restorers, therefore, represents a major step in the reinforcement of policies for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage since, at present, anyone can call themselves a conservator-restorer, without necessarily having the qualiÞcations or skills. The protection of this title also brings expectations of a social nature since it will undeniably favour the structuring of a profession, 76% of which is currently practiced by self-employed people in France, and which is, after all, a recent profession in the history of cultural heritage conservation.

The Political Path of Copts in Egypt after 2011

The Coptic Church monopolized the religious and political representation of the Copts since the establishment of the Egyptian state. It withdrew from direct involvement in the political sphere during the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, characterized by a close relationship between the Church and the political regime, especially in times of perceived common threats. Consequently, the Church often supported the regime to safeguard against potential risks that might arise if the regime were to fall. In this context, Mubarak's regime used Islamist elements to intimidate the Copts, while justifying its actions by claiming that the secular political system had become sectarian. Consequently, Mubarak's regime closed its doors to Coptic representation within his party.
 The January 25th, 2011 revolution provided an opportunity for the Copts to act more freely in the political climate. However, this newfound democracy had its challenges, as it witnessed the mobilization and substantial participation of Islamist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, utilizing their organizational capacity. Through this religious polarization, the Islamists succeeded in winning elections, leading to the presidential victory of Mohamed Morsi.
 The Muslim Brotherhood failed to alleviate the Copts' concerns about religious freedom and their marginalization in state institutions. Moreover, some Brotherhood leaders and their allies adopted a sectarian rhetoric against the Copts, which had negative consequences on the overall political direction of the Brotherhood. This ultimately led to their downfall, paving the way for a new era of governance in Egypt.

Horizontal Alveolar Ridge Augmentation with Xenogenic Block Grafts Compared with Autogenous Bone Block Grafts for Implant-retained Rehabilitation: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to test the 0-hypothesis of no difference in implant treatment outcome after horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation with xenogenic block compared with autogenous bone block. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases in combination with a hand-search of relevant journals until 25th of January 2022. Comparative and non-comparative studies evaluating horizontal alveolar ridge augmentations with xenogenic blocks were included. Quality and risk of bias were evaluated by Cochrane Collaboration's revised tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in implant survival rate after more than 6 months of functional implant loading (P = 0.71), no difference in alveolar ridge width (P = 0.07) or gain of alveolar ridge width at re-entry (P = 0.13). Non-comparative studies revealed moderate to high short-term implant survival rate and gain in alveolar ridge width, however, complications including dehiscences, graft exposure and graft failure were observed in several studies. No significant difference could be identified in short-term implant treatment outcome following horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation using xenogenic block compared with autogenous bone block with the limited data available. A high incidence of healing complications and implant failures necessitates further investigation, as well as long-term results on implant survival rate.

Comparisons Of Mrna Vaccine from Different Manufactures

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causes severe respiratory illness. The condition was initially discovered in December 2019 and spread all over to the world, causing 6724248 deaths by January 25th 2023 worldwide. Through the course of three years from 2019 to 2022, the virus has developed multiple variants from Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicrons. In response to a virus with such a rapidly mutating virus, the development of mRNA vaccines has been prioritized. The easiness of producing mRNA vaccine allowing less time can be spent on the development phase of a vaccine. Thus, mRNA vaccines can also be updated frequently to keep up the mutations in the virus. Three mRNA vaccines are described in this article (two of them are currently available and one is still developing) in terms of target protein, effectiveness, adverse effects and price and compare them to give recommendations for different cohorts.

AML-213 Unusual Presentation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML-M2): A Case Report

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rarely presented with thrombocytosis and marked thrombocytosis with a platelet count over 1.0×1012/L is an extremely rare phenomenon. A case of de novo AML with unusual presentation by extreme thrombocytosis. A case report. Hematology Unit at the Oncology Center Mansoura University, Egypt. A 37-year-old male patient with a history of sleeve gastrectomy in 2020, presented with oral mucositis, recurrent abscess, fever, and bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. Initial complete blood count (CBC) showed a Hb level of 6 g/dL, a platelet count of 1.685×109/L, and a white blood cell (WBC) count of 19×109/L. Diagnosis of de novo AML (FAB-M2 AML) was confirmed by bone marrow aspiration, biopsy, and immunophenotyping. Cytogenetic study showed negative t(8;21)/inv 16/ t(9;22). A molecular study showed positive FLT-3 mutation and negative BCP/ABL1, JAK2, V617F, and CALR exon 9 mutations excluding blast transformation on top of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The patient received induction chemotherapy including a course of 7-day-cytarabine along with 3-day-anthracycline on September 20th, 2021 but the patient was refractory as BMA showed blast cells 75%. The patient started salvage HAM (high-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone) + Sorafenib on November 6th, 2021. Again, he could not achieve a response and received FLAG (high-dose cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors) + Sorafenib on December 18th, 2021, after recovery from COVID-19 infection. To shed light on fact that myeloid neoplasms as MPN, MDS, and de novo AML can share overlapping features. On January 25th, 2022, the last CBC showed a Hb level of 8.4 g/dL, a platelet Count of 395×109/L, and a WBC Count of 2.41×109/L with a differential Neutrophil count of 0.24×109/L. The patient lost follow-up since then. Only a few AML cases have been reported with thrombocytosis. Detailed molecular studies are mandatory to confirm the diagnosis of de novo AML patients with unusual presentation. Careful follow-up of those cases could help in establishing management guidelines for better outcomes as those patients usually have a poor prognosis.

YouTube Videoları Devital Beyazlatma Hakkında Güvenilir Bilgi Kaynakları mıdır?

Objectives: Nowadays, YouTube is widely used to find information on any subject. The aim of this study was to research the quality and content of the most relevant YouTube™ videos about devital bleaching. Materials and Methods: “Internal bleaching” was determined as the searching term after consulting with “Google Trends” application, and the search on YouTube was conducted on 25th of January 2022 without using any filters. Videos have been evaluated and scored for usefulness and Global Quality Score (GQS). For statistical analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson test and Pearson Chi-Square were performed.Results: 100 videos were evaluated, 35% of which met the inclusion‐exclusion criteria. Most of the video uploaders were dental professionals (56.9%). Videos had a generally moderate usefulness score (mean±SD: 3,37 ± 2,09). According to the ownership, there was no difference between the median overall usefulness scores (p=0.611). There is a statistically significant positive correlation between video length and overall usefulness score (p<0.001). Similarly, there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of likes and the overall usefulness score (p=0.002). The median viewing rate value of 'moderate' videos was significantly lower than 'poor' and 'good' videos (p=0.048).Conclusions: Devital bleaching-related information on YouTube™ could not be considered entirely dependable. Patients should be selective to obtain information from reliable sources.

Political Jokes in the January 25th Revolution: An Anthropological Analytic Study.

Political Jokes in the January 25th Revolution: An Anthropological Analytic Study.

Preoperative durvalumab (D) with or without tremelimumab (T) for resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): Updated results with high dimensional profiling of circulating immune cells.

6072 Background: Although PD-1 blockade has improved survival in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic HNSCC, safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy with PD-L1 inhibitor with or without CTLA-4 inhibitor has not been investigated. Here, we report the updated results of the safety and efficacy of a preoperative D with or without T (D+/-T) in patients with resectable HNSCC, accompanied with high dimensional profiling of circulating immune cells. Methods: Patients with locally advanced but resectable HNSCC were eligible. Enrolled patients were randomized into D or D+T, stratified by primary site and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection status. A single dose of preoperative D (1500mg) or D+T (1500mg+75mg) was administered, with surgery planned 2 to 8 weeks later for curative resection. Postoperative (chemo) radiation was prescribed based on standard guidelines, followed by maintenance with D every 4 weeks for 1 year. Dynamic changes in circulating immune cells were tracked with mass cytometry. The primary objective was to determine the local recurrence rate. Secondary endpoints included pathologic response, safety, survival outcome, and exploration of immune dynamics. Results: As of January 25th 2022 for the interim analysis, a total of 45 patients were completely enrolled and received surgical resection (D: 21 patients, D+T: 24 patients). Oropharyngeal cancer was most common (n = 23; 51.1%) and HPV-mediated cancer was observed in 20 patients (44.4%). Neoadjuvant D+/-T had acceptable safety profiles and was not associated with delays in surgery or unexpected adverse events. Tumor shrinkage was observed in 31 patients (68.9%), with 15.6% of average tumor shrinkage (range; 100.0% to -80.0%). Major pathologic response (no more than 10% of viable tumor cells) was achieved in 3 patients (6.7%), including 2 cases with pathologic complete response (4.4%). During median follow-up duration of 407 days after surgery, local recurrence and systemic recurrence were documented in 9 patients (20.0%) and 7 patients (15.6%), respectively. Median disease-free survival and overall survival was 910 days and not reached, respectively. High dimensional immune profiling with mass cytometry revealed that D+T disproportionally increased the frequency of regulatory T cells accompanied with the upregulation of their functional markers, which was absent in patients treated with D monotherapy. Conclusions: These updated data suggested that preoperative D+/-T was safe and feasible and had the potential to provide clinical benefits for patients with resectable HNSCC. Distinct immunologic changes in circulating immune cells were induced by each treatment regimen, warranting further investigation. The trial is ongoing and the updated outcomes with immune correlates will be presented in this ASCO. Clinical trial information: NCT03737968.

The mechanics of iron tailings from laboratory tests on reconstituted samples collected in post-mortem Dam I in Brumadinho

Dam B1 was approximately 85 m high and 700 m long along the crown when it suddenly failed in 25th of January, after 41 years of operations and deposition of tailings at the Paraopeba mining complex (Côrrego de Feijão), in Minas Gerais, Brazil. More than 250 people died and vast economic, social and environmental damages resulted from the collapse. Given the need to geotechnically characterise the tailings within the dam for a credible computational model of the failure, an extensive sampling and laboratory testing campaign took place. The geotechnical laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal) was invited by CIMNE, under a contract with VALE, with MPF agreement, to conduct this program. This paper will present a description of the sampling campaigns in the remaining post-mortem dam/reservoir tailings were the failure instability mechanics developed and the experimental program undertaken to test the tailings in advanced laboratory tests. The results that embrace evaluations of the physical, hydraulic and mechanical properties, deduced from integral samples selectively collected and prepared as described, which allowed to define the geotechnical parameters necessary for the referred analyses are here resumed.

Palimpsests of civicness: Spontaneity and the Egyptian Uprising/Cairo 2011

ABSTRACT More than a decade after the 25th of January 2011 uprising in Egypt most of the research that examined the multifaceted dimension of the uprising focused on the political dynamics of change, addressing issues of contentious politics, constitutional change, local governance, political participation and representation, civil–military relations and counter-revolution. This paper examines the forgotten role of the people who formed the multitude that led to the occupation of Tahrir Square on the 28th of January 2011, and the role of citizens who formed popular committees in their neighbourhood till the 11th of February when Mubarak was ousted. The analysis highlights the significance of spontaneity in the rise of civicness during the 15 days of occupation when the absence of effective sovereignty in spite of the presence of tanks on the streets led to the emergence of forms of collective action that can highlight the complexity of the uprising dynamics. Notions of conviviality and political friendship are introduced to draw a more complex picture of these days, building on previous ethnographic research and political analysis.

Tebentafusp in first-line melanoma trials: An outperforming outlier

Uveal melanoma is distinct from other melanomas. In the advanced and metastatic stages, little to no improvement have been seen over time. Tebentafusp is a novel mechanism of action bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T-cell engager fusion protein (“-fusp”). Tebentafusp was granted full approval on January 25th 2022 in the setting of HLA-A*02:01-positive adult patients with unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. The approval was based on the overall survival advantage of tebentafusp over physician's choice therapy, in previously untreated uveal melanoma patients, based on the IMCgp100-202 trial. While we welcome positive results for this unmet need, three issues are raised by the trial. First, the control arm was restricted, precluding important options. Second, post-progression treatment was provided to a smaller fraction of patients than in real-life, which raises the question of whether overall survival was negatively impacted by limited care after the trial ended. Finally, the discrepancy between overall survival and progression-free survival benefit is an outlier in the context of previous melanoma trials. While it is clear that tebentafusp has an important role to play in this tumor type, the exact line is not yet well known. Confirmatory trials are needed for this compound.

Predicted Global Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Variant of Concern via Air Travel

PurposeTo predict the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Variant of Concern (VoC) from England via air travel and compare against observed importation.Methods & MaterialsRisk models were used to estimate a country's likelihood of importing at least one traveller infected with the Alpha VoC from England by January 19, 2021.First, the prior 60-day incidence of Alpha VoC associated with each English airport was estimated using cumulative Alpha VoC cases reported by Public Health England between September 20, 2020 – January 4, 2021 proportionately allocated to each airport. Each airport's catchment population was derived from a probabilistic Huff model. Next, the prevalence of the Alpha VoC for each airport was derived from the estimated incidence to represent the probability that at least one departing traveller was infected with the Alpha VoC for each English airport. The prevalence and forecasted flight volumes were used to estimate the likelihood of each destination airport receiving at least one infected traveller from England. Forecasted flight volumes were based on historical passenger volumes data from the International Air Transport Association and prospective flight schedules from CIRIUM. All airport-level likelihoods were aggregated to the country-level.Each country's predicted likelihood was compared against observed cases of Alpha VoC by January 25, 2021, collected by cov-lineages.org and a manual search of online sources.ResultsAmong 211 countries, the median likelihood was 1.6% (interquartile range: 17.5%) and the mean was 13.9% (SD: 23.5%). In total, 28.9% (n=55) of countries had observed importation of the Alpha VoC by January 25th. Fifteen of 16 countries with a predicted likelihood of importation greater than 50% had reported at least one case (kappa = 0.88), while 31 of 39 countries with a predicted likelihood lower than 1% did not detect a case (kappa = 0.92).ConclusionRisk models based on air travel to inform public health preparedness accurately identified most potential destinations at highest risk of importing the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha VoC.

Analysis of Cost Associated with Treatment of Road Traffic Injuries among Victims at the Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi City Kenya

Previous studies have pointed out that road traffic injuries (RTIs) as a leading cause to fatalities of over one million victims globally per year which bears negative impact on health, economy and development of the society as a whole. Furthermore, young men and women at their most economic age group have been identified as the most vulnerable group to road traffic injuries (RTIs) resulting to mortality and very severe morbidity due disability. However, there is little or no published evidence on healthcare resource allocations and utilization after RTIs, especially in developing countries that include those in Africa. Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyze the total hospital cost related to RTI (Road traffic injury) victims admitted for a period of 3 months. The study demonstrated effects of direct and indirect medical cost , productivity loss and hospital length of stay on total cost of road traffic injuries of RTI victims at KNH. Methods: This was a cross sectional study design done at the Kenyatta Hospital Nairobi, surgical wards and Accident & Emergency. A sample (n=124) consisted of new victims admitted to the Hospital due to RTI from January 25th 2019 to 24th April 2019., this was two thirds of the sample size at 74% respondent rate who gave consent and all ethical approvals granted. The data collection of direct and indirect medical cost was by data extraction tool, testing of the tools was done at the surgical ward. Productivity loss of the victims was calculated by use of Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAIQ). SPSS version 22 was applied and descriptive statistics to show frequencies and Percentages for categorical variables (victim’s unique individualized characteristics). Multi Linear Regression Model Test was used test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Results: The study results indicated that direct cost factors (laboratory cost, A&E Charges and Diagnostic Cost) (X1: β1 =.199, P<. 047), (X3: β3 =.469, P< .037), and (X4: β4 =.029, P< .048) had a significant influence on the overall cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH, there was no significant relationship between Bed Charges (X2: β2 =.117, P>.689) and the cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH. The findings of the study also indicated that Y= 7.949+.001X1+0. 458X2+0. .239 X3+ 0. .305X4+e where a .199 change in direct cost, .117 changes in indirect cost, .469 change in total productivity cost and .029 changes in duration of stay in hospital influenced a unit change on the cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH. Most distribution of injuries was lower limbs at 51.6% Conclusion & Recommendation: The study concludes that Road traffic accident is an economic burden to individual, family and country at large. The study recommends, need for an awareness on importance of National Hospital insurance fund (NHIF) as a universal health coverage fund for people at an affordable cost, there is need to reduce the indirect cost of treatment associated indirect cost of treatment, support to from one person or two further increasing productivity time associated with the injury. Further motion study on cost analysis will give a detailed insight on these area of study.

NDUFB6 Polymorphism Is Associated With Physical Activity-Mediated Metabolic Changes in Type 2 Diabetes.

The rs540467 SNP in the NDUFB6 gene, encoding a mitochondrial complex I subunit, has been shown to modulate adaptations to exercise training. Interaction effects with diabetes mellitus remain unclear. We assessed associations of habitual physical activity (PA) levels with metabolic variables and examined a possible modifying effect of the rs540467 SNP. Volunteers with type 2 (n=242), type 1 diabetes (n=250) or normal glucose tolerance (control; n=139) were studied at diagnosis and subgroups with type 1 (n=96) and type 2 diabetes (n=95) after 5 years. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, oxygen uptake at the ventilator threshold (VO2AT) by spiroergometry and PA by questionnaires. Translational studies investigated insulin signaling and mitochondrial function in Ndufb6 siRNA-treated C2C12 myotubes, with electronic pulse stimulation (EPS) to simulate exercising. PA levels were 10 and 6%, VO2AT was 31% and 8% lower in type 2 and type 1 diabetes compared to control. Within 5 years, 36% of people with type 2 diabetes did not improve their insulin sensitivity despite increasing PA levels. The NDUFB6 rs540467 SNP modifies PA-mediated changes in insulin sensitivity, body composition and liver fat estimates in type 2 diabetes. Silencing Ndufb6 in myotubes reduced mitochondrial respiration and prevented rescue from palmitate-induced insulin resistance after EPS. A substantial proportion of humans with type 2 diabetes fails to respond to rising PA with increasing insulin sensitivity. This may at least partly relate to a polymorphism of the NDUFB6 gene, which may contribute to modulating mitochondrial function.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01055093. The trial was retrospectively registered on 25th of January 2010.