Jakarta Metropolitan Research Articles

TOD indeks based on factor analysis for rail stations and their surrounding in Jakarta Metropolitan Region

In the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR), railroads have existed since 1872, when the city was still known as Batavia and was ruled by the Dutch. When JMR implemented Transit Oriented Development (TOD) at the start of the twenty-first century, train stations and the surrounding area started to be valued as premium real estate. This study created a TOD index to assess the stations' and their surroundings' conditions regarding TOD characteristics. A TOD index based on Factor Analysis (FA) was computed for each of the 122 railway stations and the areas surrounding them in JMR using twenty-six TOD variables, which were based on the eight components of TOD established by IDTP. The results of this study present the TOD index introduced is comparatively similar to the index calculated by other researchers. Furthermore, we may assess train stations and their environs and provide recommendations for how to make them better as TODs by classifying the stations according to the TOD index.

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION FACTORS AND EFFECTS: A COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, AND KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA METROPOLITAN

Cities in Southeast Asia continue to be destinations for population migration in recent years. Large migration destinations include the Klang Valley, Malaysia, and the Jakarta Metropolitan area, Indonesia. Here, we present an analysis of the factors and impacts of rural-urban migration in Klang Valley, Malaysia and Jakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from desk research and documents. The analysis was conducted descriptively by paying attention to the themes of geography, namely location, place, human and environmental interaction, movement, and region. This research is a qualitative research that implements phenomenology in geography. The results show that rural-urban migration is influenced by several factors, namely economic, social, and government policies related to the metropolitan area development plan. In summary, this study provides alternative information about the causes and impacts of rural-urban migration in metropolitan cities in Southeast Asia. Keywords: Factors, Effects, Rural-Urban Migration, Klang Valley, Jakarta Metropolitan Area

The anatomy of ride-hailing trips in the Jakarta metro: spatial patterns, trip-level characteristics, and interaction with other modes

This paper provides a baseline understanding on the anatomy of car-based ride-hailing (CBRH) and motorcycle-based ride-hailing (MBRH) trips in emerging economies, using the case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Leveraging innovative urban data collection technologies, as manifested in an app-based travel survey with high granularity, this study unravels the spatial patterns of ride-hailing trips, trip-level characteristics (purpose, distance, time of day, duration), and their interaction with other modes, particularly transit. Based on recorded ride-hailing trips and a suite of descriptive analyses, findings suggest that: 1) ride-hailing is primarily a central city phenomenon, with most trips occurring to and from dense and spatially mixed neighborhoods; 2) there are substantial differences in trip characteristics between CBRH and MBRH; and 3) a predominant share of ride-hailing trips are stand-alone trips, coupled with insights that nearly 40% of ride-hailing trips likely fill the gap where quality transit services are lacking.

Analyzing Land Suitability for Housing in Bekasi Regency: Managing Farmland Conversion During Urban Growth

Bekasi Regency is a buffer area for Jakarta and is part of the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR). Along with Karawang, this region is a major rice producer, but it is currently experiencing significant land conversion from agriculture to residential and industrial uses. Preventing this conversion is very challenging due to the high population growth in the area. To address this issue, this study aims to conduct a suitability analysis to identify areas that are unsuitable for agricultural land but still suitable for residential purposes. The factors considered in the suitability analysis include slope, distance to roads, distance to residential areas, distance to facilities and infrastructure, and distance to rivers and irrigation systems. The results of the study identify areas that are unsuitable for agriculture, allowing local governments to focus on these areas as potential sites for new residential developments. The location is situated in the southern part of Bekasi Regency, specifically in the Cikarang area and its surroundings.

Why Generation Z Still Buy Fast Fashion Although Environmental Awareness is High?

Although they are known as the generation that is aware of the negative impact of fast fashion to environment, Generation Z is also known as the avid consumer of fast fashion. This study found that although as expected the higher the environmental awareness, the more negative attitude toward continuing to purchase fast fashion among Gen Z, however the relationship is not significant. In other words, the existence of environmental awareness is nothing to do with the attitude toward continuing to purchase Fast Fashion. Generation Z keep buying fast fashion because their attitude is positively influenced by the availability of sustainable fashion, trend of fashion and negatively by the function of the fashion itself. The study is held in Jakarta Metropolitan. Using questionnaire distributed to Gen Z and data analysis use PLS SEM version 4, the study aims to understand the behaviour that can help reduce the fast fashion waste among Gen Z.

TOD-related features and station-level ridership: insights from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

AbstractThis paper contributes to the extensive literature on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by examining the association between TOD-related features and station-level ridership using the Commuter Rail Line system in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, as a case study. We empirically test this hypothesized association through a series of statistical analyses, drawing from the Direct Ridership Model (DRM) literature. We incorporate indicators of station-level built environment as TOD-related features, along with socio-demographics and transit service characteristics as controls, to predict station-level ridership. Owing to the spatial dependency nature of the data, our results primarily focus on spatial regressions, suggesting that employment density and land-use entropy are consistent TOD-related features influencing station-level ridership. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy insights based on the findings, considering governmental initiatives in developing TOD policies.

Suburban transport complexity in Indonesia

This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of suburban transportation transformation within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, with a specific focus on the evolution of the Commuter Line and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems. Utilizing spatial analysis, qualitative descriptions, and stakeholder insights, the paper unveils self-organizing dynamics. It critically examines the role of transportation infrastructure in shaping the broader landscape of urban development. Unlike a traditional approach, the paper seeks to unravel the self-organization processes embedded in transportation planning, unveiling adaptive strategies crafted to tackle the distinct challenges of suburban transportation. By using autonomy, flexibility, adaptability, and collaboration frameworks, the paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of suburban transportation dynamics, with implications for policymakers, planners, and researchers grappling with similar challenges in diverse metropolitan regions.

Commuting Behaviors of People with Disabilities and the Implications for Transport Planning and Policy: A Preliminary Study

This research aimed to obtain an initial understanding of the commuting behaviors of people with disabilities, which has not been widely discussed in the transportation planning literature in Indonesia. Facets studied included frequency of weekly commuting; trip duration to the workplace; trip chaining behavior; usage of public transportation; and utilization of private vehicles. Commuting trips were limited to the home-work-home context, and the research was conducted on adult disabled commuters (aged 17 to 60) in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek). A total of 51 commuters with motor and sensory (visual and auditory) disabilities participated in the survey. The results indicate that people with disabilities tend to spend more hours commuting; use public transportation, with the TransJakarta Bus Rapid Transit and paratransit in the form of online motorcycle taxis as the primary modes of transport; and engage in pre-planned trip chaining activities, primarily for visiting family, friends, and clients as well as doing grocery shopping and getting medical treatment. The research findings can serve as valuable resources for developing inclusive transportation policies and planning, such as improving and enhancing access to public transportation for people with disabilities, supporting inclusive training policy in the public transportation field, implementing TOD strategies, and advancing transportation technology to enhance convenience for people with disabilities.

Determining factors influencing flood preparedness among citizens in Jakarta: A protection motivation theory approach

The Jakarta Metropolitan Area is one of the cities heavily affected by floods in Asia. Effective disaster risk reduction strategies require deep understanding of what motivates its citizens towards preparedness and mitigation actions. This study aimed to discern these motivating factors among Jakarta's residents through the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) approach. Through an online survey, 304 participants provided insights into how the extended PMT factors shape their Protection Motivation (PM) towards flood preparedness. A total of nine (9) variables and 41 constructs were considered in this study. PMT factors were comprised of PM, Perceived Severity (PS), Perceived Vulnerability (PV), Response Efficacy (RE), and Perceived Self-Efficacy (SE) along with additional factors such as Media (M), Government Preventive Actions (GA), Flood Experience (FE), and Geographical Perspectives (GP). Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that SE had the most substantial impact on influencing PM (β = 0.522) followed by PV, PS, and RE. The results also showed the significance of M and GA to both SE and RE. Meanwhile, FE illustrates positive impact to both PV and PS. Interestingly, GP was found to be only significant to PV and not to PS. External factors M and GA demonstrated a significant indirect effect on PM through SE, whereas GP exhibited a significant indirect effect on PM through PV. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and disaster management practitioners, emphasizing the power of media and the need for comprehensive strategies that address both the psychological and practical aspects of flood disaster readiness in Jakarta and potentially other flood-prone regions.

The Influence of Factors on Students' Financial Management: SEM Approach

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing student financial management in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. The study included 206 Jakarta Metropolitan Area respondents who met the following criteria: active students at Jakarta Metropolitan Area universities aged 17 to 25 years. The study employed the SEM-PLS method as the primary analysis approach. The results indicated that several factors showed positive and negative correlations on student financial management in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Specifically, self-control and financial literacy, which are internal factors, influenced financial management, while allowances and good lifestyle, which are external factors, had no influence. These findings suggest that individuals tend to manage their finances effectively when equipped with a thorough understanding of financial principles and strong self-control. The results of this study offer significant practical implications for the Jakarta Metropolitan Area government in designing strategies to increase financial inclusion more effectively. This study emphasizes the importance of self-control and financial literacy as the main factors affecting financial management skills among college students, and lifestyle factors and the amount of pocket money have no significant effect. Furthermore, financial institutions can use these findings to develop better financial products to meet consumers' preferences for sound financial principles. By providing a better understanding of the factors influencing financial management, this research can contribute to more responsible, sustainable, and compliant financial management within society.

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

The Effect of Organizational Justice and Work Stress: The Quality of Work Life Through Career Development in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police

The Effect of Organizational Justice and Work Stress: The Quality of Work Life Through Career Development in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police

From agriculture to new town: land conversion towards new-build gentrification in the southwest of Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Located in the southwest of Jakarta, Pagedangan has been known as one of the hotspots for large-scale residential complexes or ‘new town’ in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. By using a diachronic approach, we aim to examine spatial transformations of rural Pagedangan at micro-scale from 1901 to 2022 which shows the trajectory of new-build gentrification in the study area. This study thoroughly examines how land conversion transforms the rural Pagedangan into gentrifying urban landscape using historical maps and multitemporal imageries. During the last decade, Pagedangan has experienced massive agricultural land conversion which increased land price in the area. It has become gentrified seen by the rise of new town’s urban economy. Meanwhile, pre-existing irregular settlements, or kampungs, have remained as an assemblage of enclaves in a new town, a realm that completely differs from their previous rural environment. Despite displacement has not yet been the main issue in Pagedangan, kampungs are still possibly at risk of disappearance. This study delivers a comprehensive empirical study on physical gentrification process to provide insights into urban studies discourse, especially in urban Asia. This study proposes kampung as an important spatial entity which government should consider in Indonesian land use planning and urban policy making.

THE TRANSITION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE OF THE JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA

Global population growth and improved transportation The Jakarta metropolitan area contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has implemented policies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, but the growth of electric vehicles in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area still faces challenges. The study aims to investigate the psychological and social factors influencing people's intention to switch to electric vehicles and their contribution to the region's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The quantitative approach was taken using an online survey method on 200 Jakarta metropolitan communities with a purposive sampling withdrawal technique. This study chose the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis technique. The analysis showed that electric vehicle knowledge and environmental concern significantly positively affected subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioural control. These three psychological drivers found their role in the intention to switch to electric vehicles and SDGs Contribution. Recommendations focused on strengthening fiscal transportation policies, supporting infrastructure and sustainable transportation planning at metropolitan Jakarta and national scales.

Metropolitan spatial structure based on commuting pattern: a comparison between Jakarta and Surabaya metropolitans

ABSTRACT Different urban structures can present different problems. Therefore, it is important to organize the spatial structure of the city to ensure the movement and welfare of city residents. Metropolitan Jakarta and Surabaya are the two largest metropolitan areas in Indonesia and play a very important role as centres of national social and economic activities. This study aims to identify urban spatial structures based on commuter movement patterns in both metropolitan areas. This is done by calculating the spatial interaction and visualization of the Desire Line Map. The results of the analysis show that Jakarta and Surabaya Metropolitan Areas still tend to be monocentric because the attraction of their movements is still dominated by their respective cores.

Microplastic profile in the sediment of Jakarta Bay estuary, Indonesia: Characterization based on size fraction and the potential risk to the ecosystem

Jakarta Metropolitan is known as the most populated and busiest city in Indonesia and among the top urban areas in the world with a common problem of solid and liquid waste. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of microplastic (MP) pollution in sediment from the downstream rivers and coastal water of Jakarta Bay and estimate the potential risk to the ecosystem. Two composite sediment samples (river and coastal) were collected from the Jakarta Bay estuary. Distribution of sediment size showed that the medium size (100–500 µm) was the most dominant in river and coastal samples. Our finding demonstrated the highest MP concentration reported from the estuary ecosystem, i.e., 1184–1337 particles/100 g of river sediment and 804–1055 particles/100 g of coastal sediment. Classification based on size category revealed that the medium size (100–500 µm) was the most dominant MP in river sediment, while the smaller one (50–100 µm) was the most dominant MP in the coastal sediment. The present study indicates that terrestrial origin contributes to the MP pollution of Jakarta Bay. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most dominant polymers in the river and coastal sediments. The risk assessment of MP pollution in Jakarta Bay estuary potentially exhibits a very high risk to the ecosystem, primarily related to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyurethane (PU) polymers and the MP sizes.

Pandemic at the Gates: The Improvement of Social Capital and Collective Efficacy in Neighbourhoods of the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area

This study seeks to interpret the presence of social capital and collective efficacy among residents of neighbourhoods in the Greater Metropolitan Jakarta Area (GJMA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative study was undertaken by surveying 922 GJMA residents on the basis of their perception of the improvement of five components of social capital. During this period, neighbourhood residents improved their social capital and practised collective efficacy in several concrete forms to meet their common goals and procure the required goods. Although this study finds the shared values and norms, social network size, mutual aid and trust, civic engagement and participation in activities improved during the pandemic, the level of monthly income and marital and tenurial status implicated the quality of social ties and capital.

Determinants for Acceptance and Use of Sharīʿah Banking Digital Services in Indonesia: Applying UTAUT 3, Trust, and Sharīʿah Compliance

Digital banking is one of the services of sharīʿah banking, so the quality of these services needs to be considered. This study investigates the determinants of intention and use of sharīʿah banking digital services by Indonesian Muslims, using the modified unified theory of technology acceptance and use (UTAUT) 3 model with sharīʿah compliance and trust variables. The model was empirically tested in the Jakarta Metropolitan area using 129 responses from a field survey. The collected data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that habit, personal innovativeness, and trust significantly influence the intention to use sharīʿah banking digital services. Performance expectations, personal innovativeness, and sharīʿah compliance significantly affect the actual use of sharīʿah banking digital services. The results of this study also prove the role of sharīʿah compliance in moderating the effect of business expectations on the intention to use sharīʿah banking digital services. The practical implications of the results of this study can be used to encourage the development of sharīʿah banking digital services and decision-making in formulating strategies to increase the acceptance and use of sharīʿah banking digital services. This research also contributes to the development of literature as an initial effort to investigate the factors that influence the acceptance and use of sharīʿah banking digital services using the modified UTAUT 3 model with sharīʿah compliance and trust variables.

Spatial Interactions between Planned Settlements and Small Businesses: Evidence from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Rapid urban growth is reshaping cities and promoting economic development in low and middle-income countries throughout Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of Micro-, Small-, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSME) emerging as a crucial factor. This study explores the complex relationship between MSMEs and planned settlements within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia. Utilizing official government data and extensive GIS sources analyzed using a Spatial Lag Model, the research assessed the spatial interactions between MSMEs and sixteen variables, revealing the statistical significance of eight of these variables. Notably, the study identified a negative correlation between the prevalence of planned settlements and the number of MSMEs, indicating that areas with a higher proportion of planned settlement land use tend to have fewer MSMEs. Emphasizing the importance of land use and built environment policies, the findings underscore MSMEs’ preference for locations with a greater share of commercial land uses. Moreover, the research highlights the localized nature of MSMEs, suggesting a tendency to cluster in specific areas. As Indonesia and other Global South countries experience rapid urbanization and potential increases in planned settlements, the study underscores the need for policymakers to develop strategies that foster a synergistic relationship between planned settlement development and MSME growth to support sustainable urban development.

Gender Wage Gap and Commuting Time: An Empirical Analysis in The Jakarta Metropolitan Area

Gender Wage Gap and Commuting Time: An Empirical Analysis in The Jakarta Metropolitan Area