Jaipur City Research Articles

"Geography and Topography of the Jaipur City in the Eighteenth Century"

"Geography and Topography of the Jaipur City in the Eighteenth Century"

Assessment of the awareness about COVID-19 and the following-up of guidelines for biomedical wastes in Jaipur city.

In this COVID-19 era, isolating people and reviewing their contacts has proven to be insufficient to control the COVID-19 pandemic as there was a huge gap between exposure to the virus and isolation due to the late onset of symptoms. This led to the spread of infection and people faced the consequences not only of viral infection, but also of financial and occupational crises. People followed best management practices, however, new variants emerged that caused infection. With little information on new COVID-19 variants and their transmission, the disease spread rapidly in humans. Until now, the link between the spread of COVID-19 and the disposal of biomedical waste with household waste has not been established. Therefore, the only way to prevent infection is to make people aware. It is still necessary to open the doors for research to find the possible cause of the appearance of a new variant of COVID-19. To cope with the situation, the level of awareness among the public and their action towards the prevention of spread of infection caused by COVID-19 and its emerging variants must be known. Therefore, a survey was conducted in Jaipur from January to February 2022 to find out the status of awareness. Results of the survey revealed that both people are aware about the infection caused by COVID-19 and its variants. They are also aware about the precautions to be followed to protect themselves from acquiring COVID-19 infection. Most of the people are using masks but not gloves to prevent themselves from the infection. Merely, 71.6% of young, 100% of adults, 40% of old people sanitize their masks and gloves before disposal. Only 66.5% people are using separate bags for the collection of wastes. Despite of awareness about biomedical waste, 25% of young never sanitize, and 26.13% of young seldom sanitizes their waste before disposal. Such types of cases were not observed in adults and old age groups. Similarly, 2.3% of young did not sanitize PPE kit prior to disposal. Results of this study revealed that there is awareness about the different strains of corona virus and biomedical wastes. However, some people showed casual behaviour in the waste disposal practices. The strict implementation of rules to dispose biomedical waste will be useful for dealing with biomedical waste in this pandemic period.

Geography and Topography of the Jaipur City in the Eighteenth Century

Commenting on Sawai Jai Singh’s agreement Satish Chandra writes, “Hitherto, the Marathashad been claiming chauth and Sardeshmukhi, and urging its commutation into a lump annualsum or a Jagir. Now, the ceding of certain parganas was demanded in lieu of chauth. Thus, allpretence of chauth being a payment in return for protection or refraining from plunder wasdropped. The claim for chauth was revealed as merely an excuse for territorial aggrandizement.From now on the demand for the chauth and sardeshmukhi of Malwa goes increasingly into thebackground, and the complete surrender of the province is demanded. Thus, the agreement ofMarch 1733 marks a new stage in the Mughal-Maratha struggle in Malwa.

Impact of microfinance on enhanced wellbeing of self-help group women in post-COVID scenario

In the past few years, Microfinance has been usually contemplated as an effective strategy instrument in the fight against poverty. The SHG women situation in India has been particularly difficult during COVID-19. It had distressing consequences on SHG women life, their income making activities and livelihoods. Therefore, the question arises whether Microfinance credit leads to poverty reduction and improve their decision-making ability in the post COVID era. To address this question, the present study undertakes to identify the impact of Microfinance, Micro Credit and Savings on the Decision making ability of SHG women in the post COVID era. A number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) provide micro-finance programmes to women in need in order to gain access to credit and savings services. In the current research, the NGO named ‘Peetambra Foundation’ registered in 2008 in Pink City Jaipur, Rajasthan is instrumental in providing data related to SHG women registered with them. Total 306 SHG women were surveyed in the nearest village of Jaipur city. The findings revealed positive but insignificant impact of Microfinance on Financial improvement. In addition, Financial improvement has a both negative and significant impact on the Decision Making ability.

Sovereign dreams and bureaucratic strategies in princely Jaipur, c. 1750–1950

AbstractThis article focuses on Jaipur city, capital of the Kachhawa Rajput state of Jaipur in the Rajputana region of north-western India (present-day Rajasthan). It seeks to braid the narrative of modernity in Jaipur with the tripartite networks of capital, knowledge and infrastructure that were contemporaneous to different phases of the city's transformation. Through a genealogical analysis of Jaipur's modernity from the eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, the article will present three distinct periods of its urbanization.

Effect of association of temperature and pollutant levels on COVID-19 spread over Jaipur.

The association of temperature and air pollutants is a very prominent factor which significantly affects human health and may cause diseases such as respiratory illness, cardiovascular mortality in spreading of different pathogenic diseases. The pandemic due to covid-19 infection may be affected by temperature and concentration of pollutants. Jaipur is one of the most polluted cities in Rajasthan of India as per World Health Organization, 2016; also, Jaipur city has a hot semi-arid climate with extremely hot summers. This fact tempered us to examine the impact of the association of temperature and pollutants on corona-virus infection in humans over Jaipur. Analysis was conducted by correlating air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO) on seasonal variations because the temperature is one of the major factors in changing seasons. Association between the number of Covid cases and temperature in Jaipur was observed during December 2019 to December 2020. Seasonal analysis indicated that the intensity of Covid-19 infection varied according to increase or decrease in temperature.

Changing pattern of water supply system in Jaipur metropolitan (Rajasthan, India)

Jaipur is the capital and largest city of the Rajasthan state with a growing population of 4.008 million in 2021. Jaipur metropolitan is a fast-growing city that attracts the population to migrate from all over the state. Jaipur city is a well-known tourist center and the tourist footfall around the world is very high. The city is developing rapidly (in terms of industrial) and so the population is. This results in the lack of some of the basic necessities to cater to the demands of the population residing here. The major problem nowadays is water scarcity and the crisis that threatens drinking water sources. Due to scorching heat and semi-arid climatic conditions, the surface water sources of dams are drying up resulting in depleting water table. There is no perennial source of surface groundwater in the city. Initially, the Ramgarh dam was the source of drinking water for the city population. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, the major part of Ramgarh dam remained dried and till 2012 the river bed was completely dried. Jaipur city suffered in an acute situation in getting drinking water. Hence, a new source of water was investigated and constructed in 1990 i.e., Bisalpur dam located in Tonk district of Rajasthan over 120 km away from Jaipur, providing water to Tonk, Ajmer and Jaipur. The supply of water from Bisalpur Dam to Jaipur began in 2009. Due to the shortage of water supply from the Bisalpur dam, the government has planned and investigated a detailed feasibility report to link the Bisalpur dam to Chambal and Brahmini Rivers to make Bisalpur dam a sustainable water resource for utilizing excess water off the Brahmini River project. To combat such situation, it is very important for the government to find sustainable solutions. Besides this, public participation is also very significant to attain the solution.

Substance abuse – An emerging problem among school-going adolescents of Jaipur, Rajasthan

Background: Adolescents are a relatively healthy group, but their developmental stage makes them vulnerable to many risk‑taking behaviors. One such major issue is substance abuse. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to determine substance abuse behavior among school‑going adolescents of Jaipur city and factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross‑sectional study was conducted from July 2015 to February 2016. A total of 900 school‑going adolescents were enrolled from eight schools of Jaipur city and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire was administered. Results: Most of the participants (67.56%) were in the age group of 13–16 years. Twelve adolescents out of 900 (1.34 %) in the given sample were taking drugs. Out of these, 66.67% took drugs 1 or 2 times in their life so far, while 33% took it 3–9 times. Majority 91.66% of the drug users were from government school (9 times more risk), 9/12 (75%) of the drug users were males. A total of 10% (90/900) of the study population were consuming tobacco. All of these adolescents smoke and 87.78% (79/90) chew tobacco. Conclusion: Although proportion seems less, yet the age at which these young students have been exposed to and indulged in substance abuse is a matter of concern.

A Study on Consumers to Assess Their Knowledge Towards Virtual Fitting Room in Jaipur City

A Study on Consumers to Assess Their Knowledge Towards Virtual Fitting Room in Jaipur City

Critical Regionalism in Architecture with Respect to the Jaipur City

Abstract: Critical regionalism has emerged as an attack on the universal and homogeneous image of utopian modernity in architecture. Critical regionalist theory is used to address the literal imitation of folk style and the importance of a universal architectural environment. Critical regionalism is an architectural concept that aims to remedy sterile and abstract modernism by focusing on local needs, native wants, and potential using contextual influences. Critical regionalism provides resistance to the homogenizing pressures of global modernism as economic processes disrupt and supplant local construction traditions in India's metropolitan centers. This study examines important architectural importance in Jaipur from history to the present day that incorporates critical regionalism ideas into their designs. The many strategies used by regionalist architects to deal with local climate, topography, materials, and socialism complexes are discussed. By focusing on urban regionalist works, the paper aims to emphasis that important regionalism is more than a collection of aesthetic preferences; it is a conceptual framework capable of producing varied types of architecture despite identical external forces coming from similar site conditions. (bahga, 1 May 2019). This post attempts to understand the main theory of critical regionalism as an approach to post-independence Indian architectural practices. The city of Jaipur, Rajasthan takes advantage of these qualities for research. The current discussion of critical regionalism is a case study of two institutional buildings in Jaipur, 20 years apart, with a critical regionalism of from a theoretical approach to a practical approach in two very different approaches. Analysing the translation. Supported by research. These studies will help determine how to translate and approach critical regionalism in more recent Indian architecture.

A study on the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in Gandhinagar urban PHC, Jaipur

Background: Hypertension is considered as an important public health issue around the world. It is associated with the development of more serious medical conditions like myocardial infarction, cardiac failure, stroke, renal disease, etc. According to the WHO, high blood pressure affects 1280 million adults aged 30 to 79 years worldwide and almost two-thirds of them come from low-middle-income countries. Methods: An OPD-based, observational study was conducted among individuals aged 30 years or above at Gandhinagar UPHC of Jaipur city in the state of Rajasthan. Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension were analysed. The details regarding gender, age, family history of individuals and other behavioural characteristics like tobacco, smokeless tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, and anthropometric measurements were collected. The Chi-square test was applied to analyze if a statistically significant association exist between hypertension and the above-mentioned factors.Results: This study estimated hypertension prevalence as 23.2%. The prevalence of prehypertension was estimated to be 33.2% and the prevalence of individuals with no-hypertension was 43.6%. This study also reports that obesity, consumption of alcohol, smoking and positive HTN family history were significant determinants for hypertension.Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study show that the HTN and pre-HTN prevalence was significant in the study population. In the absence of lifestyle changes, individuals referred to as prehypertensive are at high risk of developing HTN. Early detection and timely intervention will reduce the effect of high BP thus decreasing the risk of developing CVDs, stroke, and renal impairment.

Investigation of Spatio–Temporal Changes in Land Use and Heat Stress Indices over Jaipur City Using Geospatial Techniques

Heat waves are expected to intensify around the globe in the future, with a potential increase in heat stress and heat-induced mortality in the absence of adaptation measures. India has high current exposure to heat waves, and with limited adaptive capacity, impacts of increased heat waves might be quite severe. This paper presents a comparative analysis of urban heat stress/heatwaves by combining temperature and vapour pressure through two heat stress indices, i.e., Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and humidex index. For the years 1970–2000 (historical) and 2041–2060 (future), these two indicators were estimated in Jaipur. Another goal of this research is to better understand Jaipur land use changes and urban growth. For the land use study, Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellite data from the years 1993, 2010, and 2015 were examined. During the research period, urban settlement increased and the majority of open land is converted to urban settlements. In the coming term, all months except three, namely July to September, have seen an increase in the WBGT index values; however, these months are classified as dangerous. Humidex’s historical value has been 21.4, but in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, it will rise to 25.5 and 27.3, respectively, and slip into the danger and extreme danger categories. The NDVI and SAVI indices are also used to assess the city’s condition during various periods of heat stress. The findings suggest that people’s discomfort levels will rise in the future, making it difficult for them to work outside and engage in their usual activities.

Land Surface Temperature Regulation Ecosystem Service: A Case Study of Jaipur, India, and the Urban Island of Jhalana Reserve Forest

Although Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) are on the rise globally, the distribution of LSTs varies depending on the land cover type. Urban Heat Island and Urban Cool Island effects act differently, especially in semi-arid regions. Therefore, we identify demi-decadal, seasonal, and zonal differences in LSTs in a semi-arid region in the city of Jaipur, where zones include rural and urban areas that encircle the Jhalana Reserve Forest (JRF). After deriving LSTs from remotely sensed thermal bands of Landsat satellites’ Multi-spectral datasets, we found that there is a significant difference in LST (p < 0.01) among the zones. In addition, LSTs were found to be significantly lower in JRF compared to Urban and Rural areas in all seasons and all study years, which indicates the urban cooling effect due to the presence of the forest. Nevertheless, summer LSTs have warmed with a mean difference of 4.8 °C between 2000 and 2020. Therefore, our study supports the promotion of Urban Forests, especially in semi-arid zones, for inculcating LST regulation ecosystem services to enrich and enhance the standard of living of the human population.

Assessment of Quality of Life for Oral Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy Treatment at a Government Tertiary Care Center

Objectives: Quality of life (QOL) is a valuable prognostic indicator of survival in cancer patients. It further aids the health-care professionals to cater to patient needs. This study aimed to estimate longitudinally the changes in the QOL of oral cancer patients in early and late stages and receiving chemotherapy treatment. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted with 400 oral cancer patients receiving chemotherapy treatment at a government tertiary care cancer hospital in Jaipur city. QOL for each patient was measured before treatment, after 6 months, and 1 year posttreatment using the instrument Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck version 4. Statistical analysis was conducted with IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 17.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). For all the analyses, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A statistically significant difference in the mean score for physical (P < 0.0001), social (P < 0.0001), and functional (P = 0.001) well-being was recorded for early- and late-stage cancer patients at baseline. Only emotional (0.03) and social (0.04) well-being showed a significant improvement for late-stage cancer patients in contrast to early-stage patients where all QOL subscores improved longitudinally. Conclusion: Early-stage disease is associated with better QOL. Chemotherapy treatment could improve only emotional and social well-being parameters in late-stage disease patients. QOL studies can be fruitful clinical endpoint and should be inculcated in the framework of various tertiary care centers.

Health and Poverty Linkages for Population just above the Poverty Line: A Study done in Slums of Jaipur, India

Introduction: Underdeveloped and developing countries are unable to provide essential healthcare to all of their inhabitants, and those who remain uninsured are at a huge risk of financial hardship. It’s never easy to divide limited resources. Method: This study attempts to examine that, If urban poors, a vulnerable section of the society is protected against catastrophic health expenditure. Is there any deepening of poverty among urban poor of the city of Jaipur due to catastrophic health expenditure? 426 households in Jaipur’s urban slums were surveyed. Results: The incidences of Catastrophic Health Expenditure were 8.1% among urban slum households. The mean positive overshoot was 33%. Poverty increased by 1% at National Poverty Line and by 2.6% at International Poverty Line estimates. The increase in the normalised mean positive poverty gap from 29.8% to 45.3% suggests that the existing poor are becoming more impoverished. There was a significant association between increasing health spending and household cuts in food and apparel spending, at p = 0.0001 and p = 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: The results show a huge disparity between poverty estimates based on national poverty standards (2.8%) and international poverty standards (37.1%) indicating the necessity for developing sensitive poverty criteria. It is also vital to make an evidence-based decision on whether to employ assurance, insurance, or a combination of the two healthcare delivery systems. The assurance approach might expand accessibility while also lowering healthcare expenditures for the entire community. Rather than creating two distinct insurance or assurance systems, the government should pool its resources and efforts into one.

Air quality assessment of Jaipur city Rajasthan after the COVID-19 lockdown

In the whole world, most of the air polluted cities were normalized during the COVID-19 lockdown but after the lockdown, the air pollution is continuously increasing day by day. In the present study, we assessed the air quality at the selected sites of Jaipur city after the COVID-19 lockdown from October 2020 to February 2021 to quantify the enhancement in air pollution. The obtained data was processed using air quality index (AQI), principal component analysis (PCA) and pearson correlation matric (PCM). The obtained data were also compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Values of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) were found beyond the limits of NAAQS (100 µg/m3, 60 µg/m3) while the values of gaseous pollutant such as SO2, NO2, and CO was found below the limits of NAAQS (80 µg/m3, 80 µg/m3, 4.0 mg/m3). Based on AQI, air quality of site 1 (114.80) and site 2 (110.48) was found severely polluted while air quality of site 3 (70.47) was found moderately polluted. Based on PCA, the highest loading factor was declared to PM10 and the lowest loading factor was SO2. The study concludes that by adopting the control measures of particulate matter and periodical transport lockdown, air pollution can be minimised.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41324-022-00456-3.

Diversity of Economically Useful Wild Plants of Jhalana Forest, Jaipur

The Biodiversity of an area influences every aspect of the lives of people who inhabit it. Their living space and their livelihood depend on the ecosystem. Even people living in urban areas are dependent on the ecological services provided by the wilderness in the protected areas. The indigenous communities have played a vital role in the development and management of the environment through their traditional knowledge and practice. They use abundant plant biodiversity as fodder, fuel, food, medicine etc. Jhalana forest, situated in the heart of the Jaipur city, spread across an area of 17 square kilometres. The Aravalli Mountain Range is located nearby and surrounds the area with thick forest, which is home to varied flora and fauna. The study is to document nearly 40 species of wild plants of economic uses. Analysis of taxonomic group of plants revealed that a total of 40 wild plants species belonging to 33 genera and 21 families were listed. Vegetation of the study area is mainly dominated by the Anogeissus latifolia, Anogeissus pendula and Boswellia serrata. Analysis of habits of plants documented show that trees share the largest proportion with 23species followed by shrub with 6 species, along with herb with 7species and Climber with 4 species Among the 40 species 26 are used as medicinal, 15 species are edible, 6 species used as fodder, 5 species used as fuel and 1 species is used as timber. Due to deforestation, colonization and industrialization there is an urgent need is felt to undertake ethnobotanical studies before extinction of the tribal life and Sustainable Utilization of wild plants.

Food Handling and Personal Hygiene Practices among Momo Vendors in Jaipur City, Rajasthan

Street food is ready to eat food, easily available, and offers a lot of varied choices, supporting different sections of society differently. Along with numerous benefits, street food poses a great threat to public health in which street food vendors are major culprits. Vendors are often less educated and do not follow proper hygiene and safety practices. The present study was conducted to assess the hygiene and food handling practices of 100 momo vendors from five street food vending hubs of Jaipur city and to create awareness regarding safe food handling practices. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from them. Almost all the vendors served food with bare hands and without wearing apron. Majority (65%) of vendors did not keep raw and cooked food separate and non-food items were stored along with food supplies. In 37% of vending sites, flies were seen harboring in the vicinity of the vending units. Presence of pests such as cockroaches, ants, and rats was observed around 18% vending outlets. Vendors often follow a low level of personal hygiene practices. There is a need to regulate these vendors with mandatory training and certification. Collective efforts of both vendors and official authorities are required to bring the changes.

Novel Approach to Define Road Widths in Residential Areas

Mobility is one of the most inherent characteristics of human living. But with increasing population and ever increasing need to commute, the proportion of vehicles plying on roads is repeatedly challenging the capacity of the roads to sustain efficient traffic flow. The paper discusses a novel approach to define road widths to sustain the traffic speeds, with an example of residential areas in Jaipur city of India. The study involves a survey based methodology to assess the existing condition of roads in case study area, highlighting the issues responsible for a reduced carrying capacity, namely extension of ramps outside the plot line reducing carriage widths, car-ownership beyond the parking provisions in the plot, etc. Based on this, some recommendations based on the minimum road widths supporting residential areas and policy based provisions are suggested which are expected to reduce the existing traffic woes.

Awareness and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) with its socio-demographic associates

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women worldwide. Early diagnosis of it has a very important role in its management. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a key to the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 females of Jaipur city. This study was conducted by a house-to-house survey through a systematic random sampling technique in the field practice area of the Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC) of SMS medical college, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. A predesigned semi-structured questionnaire containing predesigned questions regarding knowledge and practice of BSE was used to collect data. A Chi-square test was used to find out associations. Results: Only 18% of females were aware of BSE and 5.7% of the females were practicing BSE. Health professionals (31.03%) were the main source of knowledge. Only 50% of females who have heard the name of BSE, knew that it is performed by self. Awareness and practice of BSE both were found to be associated with religion, education, socioeconomic status, and occupation and there was no association with age and marital status. Females with higher education and socioeconomic status were more aware of BSE. The most common (94.69%) reason for not practicing BSE was the lack of awareness of steps followed by ‘find it unnecessary’. Conclusion: As knowledge and practice of BSE were observed very poor and considering the important role that can be played by BSE in the early diagnosis and management of breast cancer, there is an urgent need to implement and reinforce BSE in the existing cancer awareness and screening programs. IEC activities regarding BSE also motivated proper knowledge of BSE.