Jackson Personality Inventory Research Articles

OPERATIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR PEDIATRIC TIBIAL SPINE FRACTURES: ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SURGEON EXPERIENCE AND RISK-AVERSION AND PATIENT AGE, SEX, INJURY TYPE, AND ATHLETIC LEVEL USING A MIXED EFFECTS MODEL

Background: Tibial spine fractures most commonly occur in children aged 8 to 14 years and are occasionally seen in adults. Although the annual incidence is 3 per 100,000 children, they account for 2-5% of pediatric knee injuries with effusions and are associated with substantial complications including ACL deficiency and arthrofibrosis. The rise in competitive youth sports has brought increased public attention to this injury. Meyers and McKeever Type II fractures are displaced anteriorly with an intact posterior hinge. This specific subtype of pediatric tibial spine fractures has controversy in the literature whether they should be treated non-operatively or operatively. The purpose of this study was to identify assess for variability amongst pediatric orthopaedic surgeons when treating pediatric type II tibial spine fractures. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was conducted to determine the patient and injury attributes that influence the management of type II pediatric tibial spine fractures by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. A convenience sample of 14 pediatric orthopaedic surgeons reviewed 40 case vignettes (Figure 1) that included radiographs displaying fractures with varying degrees of displacement (range: 2.5 – 6.0 mm) and a brief description on the patient’s sex, age (8-17), mechanism of injury (fall, collision, hypertension, twist), and predominant sport (swimming, football, basketball, nonathlete). Surgeons were asked whether they would treat the fracture operatively or non-operatively. Physes were blinded. A mixed effects model was used to determine the patient attributes most likely to influence the surgeon’s decision for operative treatment of a tibial spine fracture. In addition, the association between surgeon propensity for operative treatment based on surgeon training, years in practice, and risk-taking behavior based on the Jackson Personality Inventory subscale was assessed. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine probability of surgical treatment based on the degree of fracture displacement. Results: Surgeon demographics are summarized in Table 1. Overall, the 14 respondents selected operative treatment in 75% of the presented cases. The degree of fracture displacement was the only patient attribute that was significantly associated with treatment choice (p<0.001). Surgeons were 29% more likely to treat the fracture operatively with each additional millimeter of displacement. The probability of opting for surgical treatment exceeded 50% when the fracture had 3.5 or more millimeters of displacement. Significant variation in surgeon’s propensity for operative treatment of this fracture was observed (p=0.01). Nine of the 14 surgeons demonstrated a significant propensity for operative treatment of this injury. Surgeon training, years in practice, and risk-taking scores were not associated with the respondent’s preference for surgical treatment. Conclusions / Significance: There is substantial variation among pediatric orthopaedic surgeons when treating type II tibial spine fractures. The decision to operate is significantly based on the degree of fracture displacement. However, there is no standardization regarding how to treat type II tibial spine fractures and therefore better treatment algorithms are needed to optimize patient outcomes. Learning about the current treatment preferences among surgeons given different patient factors can highlight current variation in practice patterns and direct efforts toward promoting the most optimal treatment strategies. [Table: see text]

Risk Tolerance, Legitimacy, and Perspective: Navigating Biases in Social Enterprise Evaluations

AbstractSocial enterprises viewed as viable from societal perspectives are often regarded differently from traditional business perspectives. To examine this difference, we undertook two empirical studies of risk tolerance and legitimacy perceptions among observers of social enterprise and for-profit ventures. In Study 1, participants (n= 115) drawn randomly from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing marketplace for human intelligence tasks, examined two hypothetical cases and completed the risk tolerance scale of theJackson Personality Inventory. Results show that social enterprises were seen as having lower industry legitimacy, especially by individuals with lower risk tolerance. Here, industry legitimacy mediated the effect of venture purpose on cognitive legitimacy. In Study 2, practicing entrepreneurs (n= 23) narratively interpreted Study 1 results from social enterprise and traditional business perspectives. Both studies demonstrate that social enterprise legitimacy evaluations vary based on risk tolerance and the type of legitimacy in question. Overall findings show that explicit observations of risk tolerance effects, and multidimensional conceptualizations of legitimacy, are important to accurate evaluations of social enterprises.

Physicians' Risk Tolerance and Head Computed Tomography Use for Pediatric Patients With Minor Head Injury.

Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the association between physician risk tolerance and head computed tomography (CT) use in patients with minor head injury (MHI) in the emergency department (ED). We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients (<17 years old) with MHI in the ED and then administered 2 questionnaires (a risk-taking subscale [RTS] of the Jackson Personality Inventory and a malpractice fear scale [MFS]) to attending physicians who had evaluated these patients and made decisions regarding head CT use. The primary outcome was head CT use during ED evaluation; the secondary outcome was ED length of stay and final diagnosis of intracranial injury (ICI). Of 523 patients with MHI, 233 (44.6%) underwent brain CT, and 16 (3.1%) received a final diagnosis of ICI. Among the 16 emergency physicians (EPs), the median scores of the MFS and RTS were 22 (interquartile range, 17-26) and 23 (interquartile range, 19-25), respectively. Emergency physicians who were most risk averse tended to order more head CT scans compared with the more risk-tolerant EPs (56.96% vs 37.37%; odds ratio, 8.463; confidence interval, 2.783-25.736). The ED length of stay (P = 0.442 and P = 0.889) and final diagnosis (P = 0.155 and P = 0.835) of ICI were not significantly associated with the RTS and MFS scores. Individual EP risk tolerance, as measured by RTS, was predictive of CT use in pediatric patients with MHI.

The Distinguishing Personality Traits of Intelligent Fresh Graduates. A Comparison Study of High and Low GMA Individuals

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between mental ability and personality traits and to decide whether there are differences in some personality traits between individuals who were classified as having high verses low general mental ability (GMA). 209 individual who achieved high score (percentile 84 or higher) on a general mental ability test were compared with 136 individuals who achieve low score (percentile 16 or less) on the same test. 15 personality characteristics were measured in both groups using the Jackson Personality Inventory. The results indicate that there are significant differences between high and low GMA individuals on the personality traits. Fresh graduates with high GMA have higher levels on the following traits: innovation, traditional values, responsibility, complexity, tolerance, breadth of interest, organization, energy level, social confidence, and risk taking. On the other side, low GMA have higher levels on traits of anxiety and cooperation. Furthermore, gender seems to have impact on personality traits. While the dominant traits of intelligent females are innovation and responsibility, the dominant traits of males are risk taking and innovation. The current results may help in better employee selection and career counseling for fresh university graduates. Some theoretical and empirical implications of the results are further discussed.

Hearing, Deaf and Cochlear Implanted Adolescent Males' Social Confidence (C.I. Males are not Confident in the Presence of Deaf Males)

We examined differences between Deaf, Cochlear Implanted (CI) and hearing male adolescents in terms of their social confidence levels. 54 Deaf, CI user and hearing male adolescents completed a version of the Deaf Acculturation Scale (DAS) that was specifically designed for adolescents by Maxwell-McCaw and the Jackson Personality Inventory. There was a significant main effect of hearing and deaf environment and hearing environment and general social confidence, but no significant interaction between environment and preferred mode of communication or its effect on social confidence scores. There was no association between age and social confidence scores or a significant correlation between parental hearing status, suggesting that the hearing status of participants' families had no effect on their levels of social confidence. However, CI male users demonstrated lower social confidence out of the three group conditions, particularly when in the company of Deaf individuals.

Does risk-taking mediate the relationship between testosterone and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task?

We hypothesized that men with high testosterone (T) would perform more poorly than men with low T on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task widely used in the laboratory and clinic to assess decision-making, and that an effect of T on risk-taking propensity would mediate the effect. Sixty-one healthy adult males completed the IGT. Current T was measured in saliva and T levels during early development were estimated using the 2D:4D digit ratio. Men with high T levels chose fewer cards from the advantageous decks on the IGT. Financial risk-taking, measured by the Jackson Personality Inventory, was negatively correlated with the number of good card selections. Mediation analysis showed that risk-taking was a significant mediator of the association between IGT and 2D:4D ratio (but not current T levels). An organizational effect of androgens during early development may affect adult IGT performance indirectly through an influence on willingness to take risks.

تطوير المعايير المرجعية لاختبار جاكسون للشخصية في نسخته الثانية المعدلة ( JPI-R )على عينة من الجامعيين و الموظفين و القادة الإداريين = Developing Referential Norms for Jackson Personality Inventory Revised ( JPI-R ) Using a Sample of University Graduates , Employees and Managers

This study aims at developing referential norms for Jackson personality inventory- second version. The sample consisted of 1464 individuals from university graduates, employees, and managers. Means, standard deviations, and T scores were extracted for the total sample and the sub sections of the sample. The results indicated that there are means differences between sub samples. Males in comparison to females; having higher means on the following dimensions: innovation, organization, social confidence, energy level, social astuteness, and risk taking, while females scored higher on the following dimensions: complexity, breadth of interest, cooperation, empathy, traditional values, responsibility and sociability. The results also indicated that there are differences between mangers and employees according to personality dimensions. The managers were higher on complexity, while employees and fresh graduates scored higher on the rest of the dimensions. The results of this study provide differential norms for Jackson personality test, and provide some indications of the ability of the test dimensions to discriminate between people. These indications provide evidence for the validity and the reliability of the test as well as the ability of the test to be used for employees’ selection, vocational guidance and psychological counseling.

Personality

We conduct a clinical study of the investment behavior of 115 subjects. Using Norman's Big 5, Preference for Innovation and Risk-Taking Propensity (from Jackson's Personality Inventory), and Bem's sex-role inventory, we confirm the argument presented in Durand, Newby, and Sanghani [2008] that personality is related to investment choices and outcomes. We extend Durand et al. by demonstrating that investors’ reliance on two heuristics used to model market movements—the availability heuristic and the disposition effect—are associated with their personality traits.

Acculturation of Personality: A Three-Culture Study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European Americans.

The present study tests the hypothesis that involvement with a new culture instigates changes in personality of immigrants that result in (a) better fit with the norms of the culture of destination and (b) reduced fit with the norms of the culture of origin. Participants were 40 Japanese first-generation immigrants to the United States, 57 Japanese monoculturals, and 60 U.S. monoculturals. All participants completed the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) as a measure of the Big Five; immigrants completed the Japanese American Acculturation Scale. Immigrants' fits with the cultures of destination and origin were calculated by correlating Japanese American mothers' patterns of ratings on the Big Five with the average patterns of ratings of European Americans and Japanese on the same personality dimensions. Japanese Americans became more "American" and less "Japanese" in their personality as they reported higher participation in the U.S. culture. The results support the view that personality can be subject to cultural influence.

Empathy and personality traits as predictors of adjustment in Indian youth

Background:Although adjustment has been studied in relation with a host of variables, the relevance of empathy and its importance in the process of adjustment has received little attention. It is a well-known fact that personality plays a very important role in our interactions and dealings and also that empathy facilitates this process.Settings and Design:This study evaluated whether these two things combined together affect or predict adjustment. A random sample of 52 young male adults volunteered for this study.Materials and Methods:These 52 male participants filled up questionnaires related to personality (The Jackson Personality Inventory), empathy. The Empathy Quotient) and adjustment (Bell adjustment inventory).Analysis and Results:The data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. Personality traits like interpersonal affect, conformity facilitated the process of adjustment, whereas traits like anxiety worked in the opposite direction. Empathy also emerged as a significant contributor to the social adjustment.Conclusions:Results showed that both empathy and personality traits accounted for unique variance in adjustment. Results are discussed in terms of empathy, personality traits and their role in adjustment.

Clinician Personality and the Evaluation of Higher-Risk Patient Symptoms

: Acute myocardial infarction, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer are among the most commonly misdiagnosed conditions in primary care, and there is little information regarding physician decision making in this area. : We measured clinician risk tolerance and stress from uncertainty among 193 primary care clinicians and determined their association with management of patients presenting with chest pain (n = 700), breast lumps (n = 630), or rectal bleeding (n = 470). We used the 6-item Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) and the 13-item Stress from Uncertainty Scale (SUS). Extended evaluation was defined as performance of electrocardiogram, cardiac stress testing, or emergency department triage for patients with chest pain; mammography, ultrasound, or surgical referral for patients with breast lumps; and colonoscopy or gastroenterology referral for patients with rectal bleeding. We fit multivariable logistic regression models to determine the association between survey scores and performance of extended evaluation. : The response rate was 79% for the JPI survey and 73% for the SUS survey. The mean JPI score was 8.9 (SD, 4.5) and the mean SUS score was 32.6 (SD, 10.4). Extended evaluation occurred for 60% of patients with chest pain, 93% of patients with breast lumps, and 63% of patients with rectal bleeding. Scores in JPI and SUS were not associated with rates of extended evaluation. : Primary care clinician risk tolerance and stress from uncertainty were not associated with evaluation decisions. Future research is needed to improve the consistency of evaluations to improve ambulatory patient safety.

Risk-taking attitudes and their association with process and outcomes of cardiac care: a cohort study

BackgroundPrior research reveals that processes and outcomes of cardiac care differ across sociodemographic strata. One potential contributing factor to such differences is the personality traits of individuals within these strata. We examined the association between risk-taking attitudes and cardiac patients' clinical and demographic characteristics, the likelihood of undergoing invasive cardiac procedures and survival.MethodsWe studied a large inception cohort of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between July 1998 and December 2001. Detailed clinical and demographic data were collected at time of cardiac catheterization and through a mailed survey one year post-catheterization. The survey included three general risk attitude items from the Jackson Personality Inventory. Patients' (n = 6294) attitudes toward risk were categorized as risk-prone versus non-risk-prone and were assessed for associations with baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, treatment received (i.e., medical therapy, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)), and survival (to December 2005).Results2827 patients (45%) were categorized as risk-prone. Having risk-prone attitudes was associated with younger age (p < .001), male sex (p < .001), current smoking (p < .001) and higher household income (p < .001). Risk-prone patients were more likely to have CABG surgery in unadjusted (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95% CI 1.08–1.36) and adjusted (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.02–1.36) models, but were no more likely to have PCI or any revascularization. Having risk-prone attitudes was associated with better survival in an unadjusted survival analysis (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.93), but not in a risk-adjusted analysis (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.77–1.10).ConclusionThese exploratory findings suggest that patient attitudes toward risk taking may contribute to some of the documented differences in use of invasive cardiac procedures. An awareness of these associations could help healthcare providers as they counsel patients regarding cardiac care decisions.

Maternal personality and parenting cognitions in cross-cultural perspective

A total of 467 mothers of firstborn 20-month-old children from 7 countries (103 Argentine, 61 Belgian, 39 Israeli, 78 Italian, 57 Japanese, 69 Korean, and 60 US American) completed the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI), measures of parenting cognitions (self-perceptions and knowledge), and a social desirability scale. Our first analysis showed that the Five-Factor structure of personality (Openness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) could be extracted from the JPI scales when cross-cultural data from mothers in the 7 countries were analyzed; it was also replicable and generalizable in mothers from so-called individualist and collectivist cultures. Our second analysis showed that the five personality factors relate differently to diverse parenting cognitions in those individualist versus collectivist cultures. Maternal personality has significance in studies of normative parenting, child development, and family process across cultural contexts.

Medical student attitudes to risk taking and self-perceived influence on medical practice

Little has been published on medical student risk-taking attitudes and behaviours and whether students think these attributes will affect how they treat patients. Our aims were to assess for an association between risk-taking attitudes and behaviours, such as problematic substance use, self-reported risky behaviours, and self-reported accidents, and to test for an association between risk-taking attitudes and student perceptions of the influence of these attitudes on future clinical practice. Three consecutive classes of Year 2 medical students (n=315) completed a self-administered, 29-item questionnaire. Risk-taking attitudes were evaluated using a 6-question, risk-taking scale adapted from the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI). A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between risk-taking attitudes (JPI) and problematic substance use (r=0.34; P<0.01), self-reported risky behaviours (r=0.47; P<0.01), and self-reported accidents (r=0.33; P<0.01). Students who did not think their attitudes toward risk would affect their clinical decision making scored significantly higher on our measure of risk-taking attitudes (t306=-4.60; P<0.01). Students who did not think that their drinking, drug taking or sexual behaviour would affect how they counselled patients on these matters scored significantly higher on our measure of problematic substance use (t307=-2.51; P=0.01). Although risk-taking attitudes have been associated with significant differences in clinical decision making among doctors, in our sample students with high risk-taking attitudes and behaviours were significantly less likely than their colleagues to think their attitudes would affect their clinical practice. Implications for medical education are discussed.

A spherical conceptualization of personality traits

This research utilizes the geometric structure of the two‐dimensional Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), and adds the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) dimension of conscientiousness to create a three‐dimensional spherical model of personality; the interpersonal sphere (IPS). A sample of 250 participants was initially used to select items that conformed to the geometric locations of 26 different characteristics on the IPS. A separate sample of 251 participants confirmed the geometric structure of these characteristic measures using randomization tests. To demonstrate an application of this three‐dimensional model, the IPS was employed as a geometric taxonomy to map various personality constructs. The combined sample of 501 participants was used to cartographically locate 164 scales from the NEO Personality Inventory, (NEO‐PI‐R), the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI‐R) onto the IPS. The spherical conception of traits provided by the three‐dimensional IPS is discussed as both an extension of the FFM and the two‐dimensional IPC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The Relationship Between Leaders’ Personality and Their Reactions to and Use of Multisource Feedback

This study examined the extent to which personality predicts leaders’ reactions to multisource feedback and use of the feedback for development. Leaders ( N = 116) in an elite unit of the U.S. military completed the Jackson Personality Inventory 6 months prior to multisource performance measurement. Self-report and psychologists’ ratings of reactions to feedback were collected immediately after feedback was provided ( n = 95). Self-report ratings ( n = 49) of development were collected 6 months later. Breadth of interest was positively related to viewing the feedback as valuable. Leaders high in emotional stability were more likely to be rated by a psychologist as motivated to use the feedback. Leaders high in responsibility felt obligated to use the feedback results. Six months later, leaders high in sociability were more likely to have sought additional feedback, and leaders high in responsibility were more likely to have engaged in developmental behaviors.

Development of a Decision Board to Elicit Patient Preferences for Palliation of Dysphagia due to Unresectable Esophageal Cancer

PURPOSE: Patients with malignant dysphagia due to unresectable esophageal cancer are faced with the complex task of choosing between palliative options with very different risks and benefits. We developed and tested a decision board (DB) to aid patients in choosing between a self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG). METHODS: Elements to include in the DB were determined by 1) assessment of the efficacy and risks of the procedures by literature review and medical record review of patients receiving SEMS (n=102); and 2) assessment of individual experiences, concerns and expectations by interviewing patients with esophageal cancer and dysphagia, and healthcare professionals with expertise treating this population. Using these input, a 24 × 36 inch DB with columns of statements describing in lay terms the techniques, benefits and risks of SEMS and PEG was created, reviewed, and revised for content and clarity. The testing phase included forty healthy individuals with no history of dysphagia or cancer who reviewed the DB with 1 of 2 interviewers. Strength of treatment preference was measured globally with a 7-point Likert scale, and specifically on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: The test group was 60% female, 62% African American, and 33% white (mean age 54). 42% had high school education or less. Using a 7-point Likert scale, 88% agreed strongly or very strongly that the DB was clear and presented adequate information to make a decision. 87% answered at least 80% correct responses on a knowledge exam of the risks and benefits of PEG and SEMS. Content validity was deemed adequate by expert review. Construct validity was deemed adequate by slope-analysis of change in treatment preference marked on a VAS when the probabilities of risk and benefit were varied. Criterion validity was tested by comparing treatment preferences on the VAS to a validated risk-behavior scale, the risk subtest of the Jackson Personality Inventory (Spearman coefficient=0.56, p=0.01). Internal consistency (test-retest at two weeks) for 20 subjects was excellent (Cronbach Alpha = 0.96). Inter-observer reliability for two different interviewers in the other 20 subjects was excellent (Cronbach Alpha = 0.85). There were no significant differences by race, age, sex, education or family history of cancer. CONCLUSION: The decision board appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing patient preference of SEMS or PEG.

Dissertation Titles and Synopses

Dissertation Titles and Synopses

Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness

Entrepreneurship research has identified a number of personal characteristics believed to be instrumental in motivating entrepreneurial behavior. Two frequently cited personal traits associated with entrepreneurial potential are internal locus of control and innovativeness. Internal locus of control has been one of the most studied psychological traits in entrepreneurship research, while innovative activity is explicit in Schumpeter's description of the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial traits have been studied extensively in the United States. However, cross-cultural studies and studies in non-U.S. contexts are rare and in most cases limited to comparisons between one or two countries or cultures. Thus the question is raised: do entrepreneurial traits vary systematically across cultures and if so, why? Culture, as the underlying system of values peculiar to a specific group or society, shapes the development of certain personality traits and motivates individuals in a society to engage in behaviors that may not be evident in other societies. Hofstede's (1980) extensive culture study, leading to the development of four culture dimensions, provide a clear articulation of differences between countries in values, beliefs, and work roles. Although Hofstede did not specify the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial activity per se, his culture dimensions are useful in identifying key aspects of culture related to the potential for entrepreneurial behavior. In this paper we offer several hypotheses about the relationship between two of Hofstede's culture dimensions and psychological traits associated with entrepreneurial potential. We expect that an internal locus of control orientation is more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures. Likewise, we expect that an innovative orientation is more prevalent in low uncertainty avoidance cultures than in high uncertainty avoidance cultures. However, since neither internal locus of control nor innovativeness alone is sufficient to explain entrepreneurial motivation, we also hypothesize that individuals with both an internal locus of control and innovative orientation should appear more frequently in highly individualistic and low uncertainty cultures. These hypotheses were tested on a sample of over 1,800 responses to a survey of third- and fourth-year students at universities in nine countries. Eighteen items in the survey instrument were used to construct scales for innovativeness and locus of control. Items for the innovativeness scale were adapted from the Jackson Personality Inventory while items used for the locus of control scale were adapted from Rotter's I-E scale. The results of this exploratory study support the proposition that some cultures are more conducive for entrepreneurship than others. In individualistic cultures we found an increased likelihood of an internal locus of control orientation. There was also support for the hypothesis that an entrepreneurial orientation, defined as internal locus of control combined with innovativeness, is more likely in individualistic, low uncertainty avoidance cultures than in collectivistic, high uncertainty avoidance cultures. Culture, it appears, may condition potential for entrepreneurship, generating differences across national and regional boundaries. One tentative conclusion is that a “supportive” national culture will, ceteris paribus, increase the entrepreneurial potential of a country. This suggests that in addition to support from political, social, and business leaders, there needs to be a supportive culture to cultivate the mind and character of the potential entrepreneur. To be motivated to act, potential entrepreneurs must perceive themselves as capable and psychologically equipped to face the challenges of a global, competitive marketplace. Business education can play an important role in this regard by providing not only the technical tools (i.e. accounting, marketing, finance, etc.), but by also helping to reorient individuals toward self reliance, independent action, creativity, and flexible thinking. This study examines only two entrepreneurial traits (innovativeness and internal locus of control) and only one of the many contextual factors (culture) which may explain differences among countries in the rate of new venture formation. Future research should expand this investigation to include other traits associated with entrepreneurial behavior as well as the effect of other contextual factors such as education system, political economy, and stage of economic development.

A model to predict employee compliance with employee coporate's safety regulations factoring risk perception

Industrial accidents are a critical problem affecting U.S. industry today. They account for 3.2 million disabling injuries and 9,000 deaths annually, costing upwards of $110 billion a year according to the National Safety Council's latest data. Reducing the incidence of industrial accidents is one of the primary concerns of safety engineers. To reduce accidents, workers are trained in safe procedures and provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) where necessary. However, training and PPE are only effective when workers comply with the trained procedures and use the PPE. Companies use various reward systems and negative reinforcement to encourage workers to comply. Several factors may affect compliance behavior. When workers perceive that management has a strong commitment to safety, they may be more influenced by safety policies. On the other hand, if the company's incentive system for productivity overshadows the safety program, they may sacrifice safety compliance to achieve greater production. Risk perception is also likely to influence compliance. If a worker does not perceive a hazard as being either likely or serious, they are less likely to comply with safe behavior at the expense of productivity. Some factors may affect risk perception. Workers who have personally experienced the consequences of an industrial accident should be more likely to perceive a task as risky and comply with safe behaviors. On the other hand, long work service without an accident is likely to have the opposite affect. This paper outlines the empirical development and validation of a model to predict safety compliance. Compliance with company PPE regulations were observed at a manufacturing facilityfor several months. Jobs included various types of manufacturing processes, assembly tasks, shipping, and receiving. Data for each observation included details on the age and experience of the worker, the worker's perceptions of job difficulty and management's commitment to safety. Workers filled out surveys from the Jackson Personality Inventory Revised (JPI-R) to measure personal characteristics of the workers such as risk-taking and anxiety.