Jackson Personality Inventory Research Articles

Creative level and creative style

The present paper blends theories and insights from the study of organizational decision making and problem solving into the more general topic of creativity. Psychologists have long used self‐report personality scales to measure creativity. Such scales, however, tend to yield contradictory and inconsistent findings. Kirton has proposed that a distinction needs to be made between level of creative ability and style of creative action. Failure to distinguish these two aspects of creativity may underlie the contradictions and inconsistencies associated with many creativity measures which confound level with style. Data from 96 college students were used to evaluate correlations between the Kirton Adaption—Innovation Inventory, a measure of creative style, and four other scales: What Kind of Person Are You, Something About Myself, and the Jackson Personality Inventory Innovation and Risk Taking subscales. As expected, most of the intercorrelations were positive and moderate in size indicating that the three creativity scales mix level with style to different degrees where they should provide measures of a clear, precise concept.

A Study of the Relationship between a Personal Philosophy of Human Nature (Good or Evil) and Self-Esteem

The present study was undertaken to estimate the relationship between a personal philosophy of human nature (whether man is essentially good or evil) and an individual's self-esteem, as measured by the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory. For 19 male and 21 female undergraduate students, correlations of age and sex with self-esteem were calculated. The multivariate analysis of variance indicated a nonsignificant relation between scores on philosophy of human nature of students and their scores on the two measures of self-esteem. Correlations of age and sex with self-esteem were also nonsignificant. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory scores and those on the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory were significantly correlated at .59.

Martial Arts Training: A Novel “Cure” for Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile delinquents, identified by their scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) received training under one of three different protocols for 1 hour three times weekly for a period of 6 months. Group I students received training in the traditional Korean Martial Art of Tae Kwon Do, Group II students received training in a “modern” version of the martial art which did not emphasize the psychological/philosophical aspects of the sport as the Korean version did, and group III students served as a control group for contact with the instructor and physical activity. Group I students showed decreased aggressiveness, lowered anxiety, increased selfesteem, increased social adroitness, and an increase in value orthodoxy, as indicated by before-and-after scores on the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI), in addition to normal MMPI scores at the completion of the study. Group II students showed an even greater tendency toward delinquency on the MMPI than they did at the beginning of the study, a large increase in aggressiveness, and generally opposite effects of Group I on the JPL Group Ill students showed no notable differences on any of the personality measures. These data suggest that training in the traditional martial art of Tae Kwon Do is effective in reducing juvenile delinquent tendencies.

Are anorexic tendencies prevalent in the habitual runner?

To investigate whether runners displayed any of the abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa, we conducted a cross sectional study of 31 high mileage, 18 low mileage runners and 18 non-running controls. Subjects completed a personal data questionnaire, the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAT), underwent a body image test and a blood sample was obtained for measurement of reproductive, thyroid and adrenal hormones. High mileage runners scored significantly higher infrequency scores on the JPI than sedentary controls but there was no evidence of psychopathology. The high mileage runners also significantly overestimated waist width and there were small but statistically significant differences in EAT scores between controls and the runner groups. Ten of 49 runners had EAT scores beyond two standard deviations above the mean of non-running controls. Serum total, free and non-specifically bound testosterone and prolactin levels were significantly lower in high mileage runners than controls. LH, FSH, cortisol and thyroid hormones were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in any hormone between low mileage runners and controls. displayed no clear abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia The results suggested that running may have a chronic effect on serum testosterone and prolactin levels in high mileage but not low mileage runners. Although there was no significant evidence of anorexia nervosa on testing the runners with EAT, the overestimation of waist size provided some evidence of a distortion of body image in the high mileage runners. Runners displayed no clear abnormalities characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa.

An empirical assessment of the migraine personality type.

The notion of a specific, measurable migraine personality type was empirically tested through the administration of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) on 125 (103 female and 22 male) migraine subjects drawn from a biofeedback treatment/research project. A significant different (p less than 0.01) was identified between this group and the test norms on a simultaneous comparison of all 15 JPI variables (Hotelling T2 test). This difference was isolated along five variables (lower scores on the measures of Complexity, Risk Taking, and Social Participation and higher scores on the Responsibility and Value Orthodoxy scales). A post hoc profile analysis comparison of the female and male subjects revealed only a trend toward significance on one test, thereby supporting the assumption of no sex differences. While these findings are in line with some of the migraine personality literature support for many characteristics was not found (i.e. for the trait of anxiety).

Multidimensional scaling of rorschach inkblots: Relationships with structured self-report

This study attempted a replication of previous multidimensional scaling (MDS) results concerning the most salient perceptual features of the Rorschach inkblots. A second purpose was the investigation of the relationships between individual S's relative reliance on these salient features, and personality characteristics as assessed by the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI). The two-dimension solution obtained in previous research, involving inkblot color and twomess of form, was closely replicated. Only very low correlations between Ss' use of these dimensions, and personality characteristics as measured by the JPI, were obtained. The MDS-Rorschach approach may prove useful in delimiting peculiarities of attention and perception in clinical states. The usefulness of the approach in furthering study of personality constructs assessed through traditional Rorschach administration is currently in question.

Multitrait-Multimethod Validation of Personality Traits Possessed by Industrial Personnel in Research and Development

Personality inventories are frequently used in applied research settings. Typically, these inventories are not validated in the situation, in which they are used. The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity of twenty-two personality trait scales taken from Jackson's Personality Research Form and Personality Inventory for the measurement of personality characteristics of research and development (R & D) specialists in industry. Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod technique was used to determine whether or not ratings by supervisors of the personality of their subordinates agree with the subordinates' personality scale scores of the same traits.

Intercorrelations among white space responses on Rorschach, ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem.

The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of relationship between the white space responses (S) on the Rorschach and ego strength, as determined by Barron's Ego Strength Scale. Correlations between the white space response (S) and conformity, as measured by the conformity scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, and S and self-esteem, as measured by the self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, were also investigated. For 44 female and 12 male undergraduates the correlation between white space responses and ego strength was non-significant, as were correlations between white space responses and ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem. Intercorrelations among ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem were significant. Also, white space responses (S) and the total number of responses (R) were significantly correlated.

Correlation of the Scores on Barron's Ego Strength Scale with the Scores on the Conformity Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory

The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of relationship between the scores on Barron's Ego Strength Scale and those on the Conformity scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory. The total N of 45 consisted of 33 females and 12 males. The mean age for the entire sample was 23.13. The obtained coefficient of -.63 was significant beyond the .01 level.

Relationship of the Scores on the Tolerance Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory to those on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale

The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the degree of relationship between the scores on the Tolerance Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory and those on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale. The sample was comprised of 39 undergraduate students, of whom 32 were females and 7 were males, from an Adolescent Psychology class at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. It was hypothesized that a significant but inverse relationship existed between tolerance and dogmatism. A correlation coefficient of -.575, which was significant beyond the .01 level, was found between the two measures.

Personality Correlates of the Report of Mystical Experience

The search for stable personality correlates of mystical experience has been hampered by the use of pathologically oriented personality inventories or those confounded by heavy loadings on mystical experiences. The present research with college students ( n = 118) utilizing the Jackson Personality Inventory, a normatively oriented, psychometrically sound inventory, indicated stable personality correlates for scores on Hood's Mysticism Scale. These were conceptually consistent with previous research on mysticism.

A multimethod analysis of selected self-esteem measures

This study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of selected measures of global self-esteem and social self-esteem, using the multitrait-multimethod design. Orderliness was included as the third trait for appraising the discriminant validity of the self-esteem measures. Each trait was measured by three different methods: true-false self-report inventory, multipoint self-report inventory, and simple self-ratings. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (short form) were the selected measures of global self-esteem. The revised Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale and the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory were included as measures of social self-esteem, while orderliness measures included the Order scales from the Personality Research Form and Comrey Personality Scales. Results from the multitrait-multimethod matrix and the multimethod factor analysis of data based on 93 males and 103 females provided strong evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the various trait measures.

Reliability of the Jackson Personality Inventory

Internal consistency reliability estimates were obtained for two samples of college students for the Jackson Personality Inventory using Bender's coefficient theta. In the California sample ( n = 82), values ranged from .84 to .95, with a median of .93. The Pennsylvania sample ( n = 307) yielded a range of .75 to .93, with a median of .90.

The treatment of migraine without drugs

The notion of a specific, measurable migraine personality type was empirically tested through the administration of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) on 125 (103 female and 22 male) migraine subjects drawn from a biofeedback treatment/research project. A significant different (p < 0.01) was identified between this group and the test norms on a simultaneous comparison of all 15 JPI variables (Hotelling T2 test). This difference was isolated along five variables (lower scores on the measures of Complexity, Risk Taking, and social Participation and higher scores on the Responsibility and Value Orthodoxy scales). A post hoc profile analysis comparison of the female and male subjects revealed only a trend toward significance on one test, thereby supporting the assumption of no sex differences. While these findings are in line with some of the migraine personality literaturw, support for many characteristics was not found (i.e. for the trait of anxiety).

Intratest and sex differences on a portable rod-and-frame test.

Portable Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) scores and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) scale scores were obtained for 41 male and 41 female college students. Two partial RFT scores were computed: the summed deviations of RFT Trials 1 to 8 and RFT Trials 9 to 16. The results suggest that RFT performance of men and women is a function of different determinants and that, at least for men, performance on Trials 1 to 8 is a function of different determinants than performance on Trials 9 to 16. To explain a major portion of the variance of RFT performance an arousal interpretation appears useful for men and an interpretation in terms of energy level for women.