Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li is one of the original species of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB), namely “Chuanbeimu”. It is difficult to identify the cultivated provenance of the FCB based on morphology, because of complexity of its original species. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient molecular method to discriminate these species. In the present study, nine plastid genomes from cultivated F. taipaiensis and its related species were newly obtained using Next-generation sequencing, in addition to ITS sequences from Sanger sequencing. Then, DNA super, universal, and specific barcodes were compared in identifying these cultivation provenances using P-distance, Tree-building, and Online-blast methods. For the Tree-building, all individuals of F. taipaiensis could be successfully identified and DNA super barcode showed the highest success rate (91.67%) and reliability. Moreover, the super barcode could discriminate 88.88% of the individuals of these species except that of F. sichuanica using the Online-blast method in the NCBI database; however, only two individuals of F. taipaiensis were successfully identified using ITS sequences. This study further demonstrated that DNA super barcode based on plastid genome possesses a perfect ability of species discrimination on cultivation provenance of FCB.