ITO-coated Glass Substrates Research Articles

Construction of Schottky barrier diode with a novel one-dimensional Cu(II)-based coordination polymer

Utilization of different kinds of materials in the fabrication of electronic device is considered as one of their most prominent employments. For modern civilization development of efficient electronic devices is extremely helpful not only due to their technological aspect but also for their laboratory to land applications. Keeping in mind of the above issues, a copper(II)-based zigzag one dimensional coordination polymer [Cu(4-dpds)(4-cba)2]n (where 4-dpds represents 1,2-di(pyridine-4-yl)disulfane and 4-cba represents 4-chloro benzoate anion) has been synthesized and well-characterized through X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, absorption spectral analysis and infra-red spectral analysis. Structural characterization through single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the zigzag wave like architecture has been generated due to the presence of S-S linked ligands 4-dpds and strong hydrogen bonding interactions play pivotal role in the development of the supramolecular aggregate. Interestingly, the optical band-gap (2.15 eV) obtained from absorption spectra and the electrical conductivity at room temperature (measured as 9.73 × 10−4 S cm-1) revealed the semiconducting nature of the coordination polymer. The theoretical calculation projected HOMO-LUMO energy gap (2.11 eV) and the Fermi level (near to valence band) estimated from DOS also justified the p-type behavior of the derived material. The device fabricated by sandwiching the coordination polymer in between ITO coated glass substrate and metallic aluminum, was observed to exhibit non-linear rectifying nature in current-voltage characteristic plot. Therefore it is obvious that these kinds of easily synthesizable lower dimensional coordination polymers can be considered as potential candidates in application of Schottky like devices and also helpful for technological advancement as well as for the up-gradation of future research in the corresponding field.

Recycling and reusing ITO substrates from perovskite solar cells: A sustainable perspective

In the present work we have carried out two benign routes to recycle ITO coated glass substrates of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using diluted potassium hydroxide (KOH) or citric acid solutions. After removal of the different layers of the cells structural, optical and electrical properties of ITO recycled substrates were characterized and compared with virgin ones. Sheet resistance and roughness measurements indicate that diluted KOH treatment is the preferred method as it leads to no detectable damage to the ITO coating. We also evaluate the factor of merit of ITO substrate taking into account transmittance and conductivity results obtaining similar values for KOH ITO recovered and original substrates. A new PSC device (with a wide bandgap perovskite absorber) using this recycled ITO was manufactured with identical power conversion efficiencies to the ones achieved with pristine substrates, in this case approx. 18 %.

The significance of bilayer window (CdS:O/CdS) on the performance of CdTe thin film solar cells

Ultrathin and compact CdS:O/CdS bilayer window in CdTe solar cells has higher potential for enhanced p-type doping, reduced Te diffusion, and improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to traditional single-layer CdS or CdS:O windows. In this effort, we used a two-gun RF sputtering equipment to deposit compact CdS:O (∼50 nm)/CdS(∼50 nm) bilayers onto the borosilicate and ITO-coated glass substrates at low temperature (≤250 °C). Intriguingly CdS:O/CdS bilayers retain its hexagonal {0002} preferential orientation but with around 10.58 % optical bandgap (Eg) increment compared to CdS (Eg ≈ 2.32 eV) of equal thickness (∼100 nm). Close-spaced sublimation (CSS) technique was used to deposit the CdTe thin film onto the CdS and CdS:O/CdS layers at 650 °C. The effect of CdS and CdS:O/CdS layers on the microstructural and morphological features of CdCl2-treated CdTe films were critically analyzed in revealing a promising {0001}/{111}-like partial-epitaxy presumably due to the preferential cubic CdTe growth along the <111> orientation. The CdTe films grown over a CdS:O/CdS layer exhibited smaller average crystallite and grain sizes than those grown over a single CdS layer. An essential finding was the formation of an optimal intermix layer of CdSxTe1-x, particularly evident in the CdTe films grown on the CdS:O/CdS bilayer. To comprehensively explore the effect of CdS:O/CdS window layers on PCE, complete CdTe solar cells were fabricated using three different window layers: CdS, CdS:O, and CdS:O/CdS, which are all considered as rudimentary as no layer optimization was performed. Notably, CdTe solar cell that incorporates the CdS:O/CdS bilayer window exhibited the most promising performance among all the tested rudimentary cells and corroborated the numerically simulated findings conducted by the SCAPS-1D simulator.

Ammonia vapour detection at room temperature via carbon quantum dots based facile system

With widespread industrial use of ammonia and its potential hazards to both human health and the environment, ensuring reliable detection has become paramount. In the present work, we report a study on a novel and highly sensitive gas sensing material, composed of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for the detection of ammonia vapor at room temperature. The CQDs were synthesized at 200 °C using a hydrothermal single-step process. To investigate the morphology and chemical composition, CQDs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, photoluminescence, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. A thin-film of CQDs was then deposited on an ITO-coated glass substrate for the detection and quantification of ammonia vapor (NH3) by monitoring the response under ambient conditions. By corresponding change in conductance, the change in resistance of the film is investigated. The enhanced properties of sensing of the ammonia samples may be due to the combined effect of localized electronic surface states of CQDs and chemical sensitization caused by the catalytic properties of an active functional group on the CQDs surface. Notably, this sensor exhibits higher sensitivity, excellent response time, and greater stability to ammonia vapours compared to previous reports.

Optical and electric characteristics of CuO nanoparticle-doped ZnO thin films using thermionic vacuum arc deposition system

In this study, the thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method was employed to fabricate thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) doped with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). The primary objective was to investigate the influence of the substrate on the characteristics of the CuONPs-doped ZnO thin films. CuONPs were synthesized using both the solution plasma process and the high-voltage liquid plasma generation method, resulting in particle sizes ranging from 20 to 40 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the CuONPs. The prepared CuONPs in powder form were blended with ZnO powder and utilized as an anode material for TVA discharge and coating. The structural, optical, elemental, and topological properties of the resulting thin films were systematically examined. The findings revealed that the deposited thin films exhibited a polycrystalline structure, with transparent and electrically conductive layers. Similar reflection values were observed for films deposited on both glass and indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. Nanostructures on the film surfaces were elucidated through field emission scanning electron microscopy images. The atomic ratios of Cu/Zn were determined as 1/3 and 1/10 for films deposited on uncoated and ITO-coated glass substrates, respectively. The mean grain size of the nanoparticles on the film surface measured approximately 17 nm for films deposited on uncoated glass substrates and 35 nm for those deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates. The film resistance was measured at 20 kΩ, indicating its suitability as a semiconductor. Analysis of the XRD pattern identified peaks corresponding to CuONPs and ZnO in the deposited films, affirming their polycrystalline nature. In conclusion, the deposited thin films exhibit favorable characteristics for semiconductor applications, and the coating method employed proves to be effective in producing high-quality thin films.

CuO-Cu2O nanostructures as a sensitive sensing platform for electrochemical sensing of dopamine, serotonin, acetaminophen, and caffeine substances

In this study, CuO-Cu2O was synthesized by coupling methods as co-precipitation, and wet chemical reduction. The simple single-pot electrochemical technique was used to deposition of CuO-Cu2O on ITO coated glass substrates to applying in electrochemical sensing four substances as dopamine, serotonin, acetaminophen, and caffeine. The prepared CuO-Cu2O was characterized by various identification techniques including XRD, FTIR, EDS, DLS, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD curves depicts monoclinic and cubic phases of CuO and Cu2O, respectively. The electrochemical tests depicted that the CuO-Cu2O electrode possessed a powerful synergistic impact and displayed a commendable electrocatalytic oxidation capacity for the four desired substances. The prepared CuO-Cu2O electrode shows the best detection of dopamine and acetaminophen in compared to serotonin, and caffeine, with a limit of detection 0.10 µM, 0.06 µM, 0.12 µM, and 0.09 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited satisfactory reproducibility, and selectivity. The retrieval showed a satisfactory outcome, as it was employed to evaluate the substances present in real samples. This demonstrates the sensor's practicality application.

Chemically processed CdTe thin films for potential applications in solar cells – Effect of Cu doping

Thin films of cadmium telluride (CdTe) have attained the attention of researchers due to the potential application in solar cells. However, cost-effective fabrication of solar cells based on thin films along with remarkable efficiency and control over optical properties is still a challenging task. This study presents an analysis of the structural, optical and electrical properties of undoped and Cu-doped CdTe thin films fabricated on ITO coated glass substrates using an electrodeposition process with a focus on practical applications. Electrolytes of cadmium (Cd), tellurium (Te) and copper (Cu) are prepared with a low molarity of 0.1 M. Thin films are deposited by keeping current density in the range of 0.12–0.3 mA/cm2. Copper doping is varied (2-10 wt%) for the optimized sample. X-ray diffraction crystallography indicates that both undoped CdTe and Cu-doped CdTe films crystallize into a dominant hexagonal lattice. Direct energy band gap is observed for both undoped and doped conditions. The study revealed a drop in the optical band gap energy to ∼1.46 eV with the increase in doping (Cu) concentration from 2 to 10 wt%. Increase in mobility and conductivity is observed with the increase in current density of the deposited undoped CdTe thin films. Whereas, Cu doping of 6 wt% produced thin films with acceptable mobility and conductivity for the doped samples. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy unveiled a multitude of emission peaks encompassing the visible spectrum, arising from the combination of electrons and holes through both direct and indirect recombination processes. Findings of this study suggest that chemically produced CdTe thin films would be suitable for use as low-cost applications pertaining to solar cells.

Transparent TiO2 nanotubes supporting silver sulfide for photoelectrochemical water splitting.

Differences between photoelectrochemical and electrochemical activity were thoroughly investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction mediated by Ag2S deposited on two types of ordered titania substrates. Titanium dioxide nanotubes were fabricated by anodization of magnetron sputtered Ti films on ITO-coated glass substrates or directly from Ti foil. Further, Ag2S deposition on the nanotubes was carried out using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction, known as SILAR, with 5, 25, and 45 cycles performed. Two types of nanotubes, one on transparent the other on non-transparent substrates were compared regarding their geometry, structure, optical, and electrochemical properties. It was demonstrated that the composite of Ag2S grown on transparent nanotubes exhibits higher catalytic activity compared to Ag2S grown on the nanotubes formed on Ti foil. The results showed that transparent nanotubes after modification with Ag2S by 25 SILAR cycles exhibit ca. 3 times higher photocurrent under visible light illumination than non-transparent ones treated with the same number of cycles. Furthermore, transparent nanotubes after 45 SILAR cycles of Ag2S exhibit enhanced activity towards oxygen evolution reaction with 9.3 mA cm-2 at 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/0.1 M KCl which is six times higher than titania alone on Ti foil.

Sol-gel combustion synthesis of porous Mg2SnO4@SnO2 nanocomposites: A study on the structural parameters, optical properties, and electrochemical activity

In this work, a magnesium stannate-tin oxide nanocomposite (Mg2SnO4@SnO2) was prepared using the sol-gel combustion method. The physical properties of the products have been characterized by different analysis techniques. The XRD results revealed the combined structure of the cubic inverse spinel phase of Mg2SnO4 and the tetragonal phase of SnO2 with a mean crystalline size of 5.1 nm. The average grain sizes of SnO2 and Mg2SnO4@SnO2 from FESEM images were about 51.98 nm and 58.18 nm, and TEM images revealed that the size of nanoparticles were about 30–200 nm and 20−50 nm, respectively. The band gap energy of Mg2SnO4@SnO2 NPs was estimated to be about 3.9 eV. Results from FESEM and BET revealed the sample's sponge-like meso/macroporous morphology. PL spectra have revealed a blue emission. The optical constants of Mg2SnO4@SnO2 deposited on the glass substrate were determined using UV–Vis transmittance data and theoretical approaches. The electrochemical performances of the porous Mg2SnO4@SnO2 deposited on ITO-coated glass substrate and metal foam (Ni and Cu) substrates as particulate composites by doctor blade technique were compared by GCD, CV, and EIS analysis. The best performance is belonged to the Mg2SnO4@SnO2/Cu foam electrode with a specific capacitance of 675 Fg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1. Mg2SnO4@SnO2/Ni foam has a higher capacitance retention rate, which showed stability of 86.27 % over 5000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 10 Ag-1.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-Ni Thin Films at Different pH Baths: A Comparative Study Using XRD, XPS and Corrosion Analysis

Cu-Ni films are electrodeposited at a cathodic current of 10 mA via galvanostatic mode on ITO-coated glass substrates. It found by X-ray diffraction that the films crystalized into fcc structure with the highest intensity corresponding to (111) plane at a two-theta value of 43°. The presence of binding energy peaks at 856.57 eV, 861 eV, 933 eV, and 952 eV observed in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of nickel oxide/hydroxide and copper oxide/hydroxide, respectively. Tafel polarization studies conducted in 3.5 wt. % sodium chloride solution shows the shifts in Ecorr towards the positive side and decrease of Icorr with the passage of exposure time is attributed to the formation of protective oxides/hydroxides layers of Cu and Ni elements in the films.

Efficient laboratory perovskite solar cell recycling with a one-step chemical treatment and recovery of ITO-coated glass substrates

The proliferation of organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has garnered considerable attention due to their potential for low-cost, large-scale photovoltaic panel production. However, the inclusion of lead in PSCs poses significant sustainability challenges, necessitating effective end-of-life treatment strategies to mitigate environmental pollution and comply with electronic waste disposal regulations. In this study, we present a novel recycling system for decomposing and reclaiming the constituent materials of a typical PSC. Utilizing a one-step solution process extraction approach, we successfully preserved the chemical composition of each layer, enabling their potential reuse. This recycling method not only addresses the separation of the toxic lead component but also emphasizes the recovery of other valuable PSC layers. Notably, the commonly used hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells is Spiro-OMeTAD, which was successfully extracted with chlorobenzene, with its purity subsequently confirmed. Moreover, the removal of individual layers facilitated the retrieval of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass, a critical substrate in PSC fabrication. Comparative analysis of the physical and electrical properties of recycled and reference ITO substrates revealed minimal discrepancies, indicating the feasibility of reusing recycled substrates without compromising device performance. The proposed recycling technique offers a practical approach to mitigate pollution risks, minimize waste generation during the recycling process of perovskite-based solar cells, and reduce end-of-life recycling costs.

Chemical synthesis of Bi[formula omitted]Sb[formula omitted]S3 (x = 0 to 2) thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting

We report the synthesis of BixSb2−xS3 (x = 0 - 2) thin films on ITO-coated glass substrates via Bi-doping of Sb2S3 using chemical bath deposition (CBD). The structural, microstructural, elemental, optical, and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the synthesized films were investigated. Elemental analysis confirmed the inclusion of Bi and a reduction in the Sb content in the BixSb2−xS3 films with an increase in the Bi-dopant concentration. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the transformation of pristine Sb2S3 into Bi0.76Sb1.24S3 and Bi2S3 when the Bi-doping concentration in the films was increased from x = 0 to 2. The films crystallized in an orthorhombic structure. The lattice parameters varied, and the crystallite size decreased from 42.6 to 19.6 nm as x increased from 0 to 2 for the BixSb2−xS3 films. Optical absorption studies revealed a reduction in the bandgap of BixSb2−xS3 from 1.68 to 1.55 eV with an increase in x from 0 to 2. PEC measurements revealed significant photoresponses of the BixSb2−xS3 photoanodes synthesized with x = 0, 1.0, and 2.0. The Bi0.76Sb1.24S3 photoanode synthesized with x = 1.0 exhibited a stable photocurrent of 1 mA/cm2 over a period of 630 s under light illumination owing to its low charge-transfer resistance and good charge-carrier separation. Thus, we demonstrated the synthesis of BixSb2−xS3 photoanodes using a simple and inexpensive CBD method for PEC water-splitting applications.

Electrochromic properties of NiO films prepared by atomic layer deposition

Nickel oxide (NiO) films were prepared on ITO-coated glass substrates by atomic layer deposition at different temperatures. NiO films exhibit good anodic electrochromic properties because of their polycrystalline structures. The optical modulation observed at 550 nm was around 44%, changing color from transparent to black. The largest coloration efficiency at 550 nm was calculated to be 31.7 cm2/C.

Air-brush spray coated Ti3C2-MXene-graphene nanohybrid thin film based electrochemical biosensor for cancer biomarker detection

Cancer is a significant health hazard worldwide and poses a greater threat to the quality of human life. Quantifying cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity has demonstrated considerable potential for compelling, quick, cost-effective, and minimally invasive early-stage cancer detection. In line with this, efforts have been made towards developing an f-graphene@Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid thin-film-based electrochemical biosensing platform for efficient carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The air-brush spray coating technique has been utilized for depositing the uniform thin films of amine functionalized graphene (f-graphene) and Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid on ITO-coated glass substrate. The chemical bonding and morphological studies of the deposited nanohybrid thin films are characterized by advanced analytical tools, including XRD, XPS, and FESEM. The EDC-NHS chemistry is employed to immobilize the deposited thin films with monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies, followed by blocking the non-specific binding sites with BSA. The electrochemical response and optimization of biosensing parameters have been conducted using CV and DPV techniques. The optimized BSA/anti-CEA/f-graphene@Ti3C2-MXene immunoelectrode showed the ability to detect CEA biomarker from 0.01 pg mL−1 to 2000 ng mL−1 having a considerably lower detection limit of 0.30 pg mL−1.

Waveguide Properties of Homogeneously Aligned Liquid Crystal Layers between ITO Electrodes and Thin Alignment Films

Numerical studies of the waveguide properties of liquid crystal layers bounded by substrates with indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes using the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method are carried out. On the basis of the experimental transmittance spectra of ITO-coated glass substrates in the visible and near-infrared ranges, a Lorentz model describing the dielectric properties of the ITO electrodes is created. Then, by numerical modeling, optical systems including a homogeneously aligned LC layer between the thin alignment films and the ITO electrodes on the quartz substrates are studied. It is shown that, in the case of the use of traditional alignment films or their absence, the ITO electrodes lead to significant resonant losses in the waveguide mode for both TE- and TM-polarized light. The losses mechanism based on a phase-synchronized mode coupling occurring in relatively narrow spectral ranges is discussed. We also propose a method to control and exclude the losses using thin alignment films with a proper thickness and low refractive index.

The Slight Adjustment in the Weight of Sulfur Sheets to Synthesize β-NiS Nanobelts for Maintaining Detection of Lower Concentrations of Glucose through a Long-Term Storage Test.

The β-nickel sulfide (β-NiS) nanobelts were fabricated by electrodepositing a nickel nanosheet film on Indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates and sulfuring the nickel film on ITO-coated glass substrates. The sulfurization method can be used to form nanobelts without a template. A small glass tube was used to anneal the sulfur sheet with a nickel nanosheet film. After applying vacuum to the tube, the specimen was annealed at 500 °C. By adjusting the weight of the sulfur sheet in a small glass tube, a nanobelt structure can be formed on the film for 4 h. The β-NiS nanobelt film had a sulfide and nickel molar ratio that was nearly 0.7 (S/Ni). After five years of a long-term storage test, the β-NiS nanobelt films were able to measure the glucose in a solution with the value of sensitivity of 8.67 µA cm-2 µM-1. The β-NiS nanobelt film also detected glucose with a limit of low detection (LOD) of around 0.173 µM. The estimation of reproducibility was over 98%. Therefore, the β-NiS nanobelt film has a significant ability to detect low concentrations of glucose in a solution.

The effect of the concentration of tin (Sn) in the metallic precursor, on the structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of electrochemically deposited lead-tin-sulphide (PbSnS) thin films

A study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the concentration of Sn in the metallic precursor on the structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of PbSnS thin films. The films were directly electrodeposited on ITO-coated glass substrates using a 3-electrode electrochemical cell having graphite as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. Several depositions were carried out, with each deposited film having a different concentration of Sn in the metallic precursor whilst all other parameters were kept constant for all the films. Post deposition annealing was carried out in air at 250 o C for an hour. A variety of techniques were used to characterize the films. Results showed that the increase in Sn concentration did not modify the structure and preferred orientation of the films. However, it caused a slight increase in the average grain size of the films and electrical conductivity. All the films showed direct transition with the optical band gap reducing with increasing Sn concentration. The refractive index of the films showed anomalous dispersion behaviour within the UV region, and normal dispersion in the visible and infrared regions, whilst following an increasing trend with the grain size. SEM image showed spherically shaped grains of different sizes distributed randomly with good coverage across the entire area of the substrate. The EDAX spectrum was consistent with formation of the ternary PbSnS compound on ITO-coated glass substrate. Overall results indicate that, the optical and electrical properties of the electrochemically deposited PbSnS thin films can be tuned to make them suitable for specific applications by varying the concentration of Sn in the metallic precursor.

Effect of annealing upon bipolar resistive switching in amorphous barium titanate (am-BTO) in Ag/am-BTO/ITO capacitor structure

The influence of annealing upon the resistive switching nature of amorphous barium titanate (am-BTO) is systematically investigated. The am-BTO thin film is fabricated on top of ITO coated glass substrate using RF-DC sputtering systems in the form of Ag/am-BTO/ITO dot point geometry. The room temperature electrical characterization shows the bipolar resistive switching characteristics. The resistive switching behaviour is diminished by increasing the temperature from RT to 600 °C. The conduction mechanism analysis is also been carried out. The ohmic and space change limited conduction mechanisms are dominated in lower and higher resistance regions respectively. The schematic representation of the proposed conduction mechanism is also drawn. The restricted movement of silver cations due to the local crystallization of BTO is presumed to be the reason for the observed reduction in switching behaviour.

Electrodeposited NiFe2O4/Cu2O heterostructure thin films with enhanced photocurrent generation

In comparison with single-phase materials, heterostructures have been known for superior water splitting applications. In this study, Cu2O and NiFe2O4 are chosen to fabricate thin film heterostructures. Cu2O is electrodeposited at 60 °C for 5 min on ITO-coated glass substrates using three-electrode system. After deposition, the phase formation is confirmed using powder x-ray diffraction studies. The NiFe2O4 (NFO) thin films are deposited using RF sputtering method at room temperature for 2 h on Cu2O/ITO substrates to obtain NFO/Cu2O/ITO Type-II heterostructure. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) cross-sectional images show that the thickness of NFO layer is 120 nm and Cu2O layer is 1.5 µm. The photocurrent density of Cu2O on ITO is 0.08 ± 0.002 mA/cm2, and it increased to 0.12 ± 0.002 mA/cm2 after adding NFO layer on Cu2O film due to Type-II heterojunction formation.

Effect of Argon to Oxygen Ratio on the Properties of Tungsten Oxide Films Prepared by Direct Current Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

In this study, tungsten oxide films were fabricated on ITO-coated glass substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering with varying argon to oxygen ratios. The influence of these ratios on the microstructure and electrochromic properties of the resulting WO3 films were examined. The microstructure was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, which allowed for the determination of the percentage of atoms in the film. The surface morphology and roughness were measured using atomic force microscopy, while the film thickness was determined using a profilometer. The electrochromic properties of the tungsten oxide films were evaluated using a combination of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and electrochemical workstation. The findings suggest that the electrochromic properties of the tungsten oxide films can be effectively tuned by manipulating the argon to oxygen ratio. Specifically, the tungsten oxide films exhibited optimal electrochromic performance when sputtered with an argon to oxygen ratio of 50 sccm:10 sccm (flux ratio). This resulted in a large optical modulation amplitude (ΔT = 56.97%), fast switching speed (tc = 5.8 s, tb = 3.4 s), high coloring efficiency (CE = 52.5 cm2/C), and stable ion storage capacity. These results highlight the potential of magnetron sputtering engineering techniques in the development of high-performance electrochromic films.