Size Of Items Research Articles

A comparative anatomy of the lingual apparatus of Indian doves (genus: Streptopelia and Stigmatopelia), Aves: Columbidae

BackgroundThe structure of the lingua of birds frequently gives some clue to the principal diet and manner of feeding of the species. The lingua is suitably modified for this purpose or does not intent the present work to understand it. The anatomical details of the lingual apparatus and their associated epidermal, musculature, and osteological elements of Indian doves (Aves: Columbidae) Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and laughing dove (Stigmatopelia senegalensis) with comparison are lacking in the literature.ResultsA total of eight (n = 8/species) freshly preserved adult specimens with natural mortalities from Central Saurashtra, Western India, were examined. All the morphological features of species were observed in living as well as in preserved with the help of a pair of binoculars in the field and in the laboratory with stereo zoom dissecting microscope and camera lucida which are used for illustrations. The anatomical study includes the epidermal structures of the buccal region, lingua, apparatus hyobranchialis, and lingual muscles in relation to feeding behaviors and food. All these aspects are correlated with the food habits and finally with the muscles which bring about the suitable movements of the lingua.ConclusionThe lingua in Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and laughing dove (Stigmatopelia senegalensis) studied here does not exhibit any wide variations in appearance as such. Although the comparison between the two dove species is reflected, a relation in diverse food habits and all the morphological variables do not reflect allometric consequences of selection on body size. Finally, the assumption appears intuitively right between morphology, food habits, and variable size of the food items and clears various microhabitat choices in adverse conditions.

How do patients with eating disorders perceive and evaluate food portion sizes? A systematic review.

The selection of adequate portion sizes plays a key role in the nutritional treatment of eating disorders (EDs). There is limited knowledge concerning the estimation of portion sizes in individuals with EDs. We performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement to synthesise current evidence in this field. Of N = 584 hits, four full-texts were included in the qualitative synthesis. While patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to overestimate the size of energy-dense food items and small to medium sized meal portions, they do not show a different estimation compared to healthy controls when judging the amount of food pieces. Large portion sizes were associated with increased anxiety in patients with AN. The overestimation of food portion sizes seems to be driven by attitudinal and/or higher cognitive factors associated with AN. Differences between the studies are discussed and suggestions for future studies are given.

NASCO: A new method and program to generate dot arrays for non-symbolic number comparison tasks

Basic numerical abilities are generally assumed to influence more complex cognitive processes involving numbers, such as mathematics. Yet measuring non-symbolic number abilities remains challenging due to the intrinsic correlation between numerical and non-numerical dimensions of any visual scene. Several methods have been developed to generate non-symbolic stimuli controlling for the latter aspects but they tend to be difficult to replicate or implement. In this study, we describe the NASCO method, which is an extension to the method popularized by Dehaene, Izard, and Piazza (2005). Their procedure originally controlled for two visual dimensions that are mediated by Number: Total Area and Item Size (i.e., N = TA/IS). Here, we additionally propose to control for another twofold dimension related to the array extent, which is also mediated by Number: Convex Hull Area and Mean Occupancy (i.e., N = CH/MO). We illustrate the NASCO method with a MATLAB app—NASCO app—that allows easy generation of dot arrays for a visually controlled assessment of non-symbolic numerical abilities. Results from a numerical comparison task revealed that the introduction of this twofold dimension manipulation substantially affected young adults’ performance. In particular, we did not replicate the relation between non-symbolic number abilities and arithmetic skills. Our findings open the debate about the reliability of previous results that did not take into account visual features related to the array extent. We then discuss the strengths of NASCO method to assess numerical ability, as well as the benefits of its straightforward implementation in NASCO app for researchers.

Performance Evaluation of Seismic Stopper using Structural Analysis and AC156 Test Method

Recently, studies have been actively conducted on seismic design and improvement of the seismic performance of bridges, buildings, factories, and plants. In particular, heavy items that are being manufactured or waiting to be shipped from factories (such as generators, engines, and boilers) must be equipped with seismic stoppers to prevent them from moving or falling during an earthquake. Seismic stoppers should be suitably determined by the size and weight of these heavy items; however, they have no general design standard. In this study, structural analyses and seismic tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of newly designed seismic stoppers. Structural analysis was performed on three stopper models to estimate the external load at which the yield stress of the material was not exceeded. Based on the analysis results, a seismic test of the stopper was carried out in accordance with the AC156 test method. Finally, product specifications for all three seismic stopper models were determined and their static/dynamic load performance was evaluated.

스타트업 지원제도가 관광스타트업에 미치는 영향

The purpose of the study is to research indexes that can derive support items which can realistically have a great impact on government support projects for start-ups, and the research tasks for achieving these research objectives are specified as follows. First, the study is intended to study the indexes for support projects targeting start-ups so that the government support for the start-ups can be improved efficiently. Second, the study is intended to draw effective items within the support items for start-ups from KTO, prioritize them and increase and strengthen the related support so that the start-ups can receive these support and benefits to induce more efficient results for their growth and development. KTO’s support system and projects that fit the characteristics of newborn businesses-especially tourism start-ups based on tourism industry-are expected to affect significantly to the development and growth of start-ups with initial instability when they are conducted efficiently and effectively on the basis of such indexes in the future. It is necessary to strengthen support on the priority order based on such support items so that the aid and benefit for many tourism start-ups can be continuously maintained. It is also required to reduce the size of the support items that were shown to have relatively low necessity and add extra support to the items in high priority order so that the support projects can be executed more efficiently. It is expected that the study would be utilized henceforth as a useful reference for KTO’s support projects for such tourism start-ups, and that the system for support projects for all domestic newborn businesses would be efficiently established for their unlimited growth and development.

Online bin packing with cardinality constraints resolved

Bin packing with cardinality constraints is a basic bin packing problem. In the online version with the parameter k≥2, items having sizes in (0,1] associated with them are presented one by one to be packed into unit capacity bins, such that the capacities of bins are not exceeded, and no bin receives more than k items. We resolve the online problem and prove a lower bound of 2 on the overall asymptotic competitive ratio. Additionally, we significantly improve the known lower bounds on the asymptotic competitive ratio for every specific value of k. The novelty of our constructions is based on full adaptivity that creates large gaps between item sizes. Last, we show a lower bound strictly larger than 2 on the asymptotic competitive ratio of the online 2-dimensional vector packing problem, where no such lower bound was known even for fixed high dimensions.

Food density and preferred quantity: discrimination of small and large numbers in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare).

Many animal species share the ability to discriminate between sets with different quantity of food items. In fish, this ability has rarely been investigated, although findings have been obtained do indicate a preference, as in other animals, for sets with large over small quantities. The role played by food item size has also been found to be important in the discrimination. However, another potentially important non-numerical variable, food density, has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the influence of density (inter-item distance) in the decision-making process of food discrimination in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). In a binary choice task, we kept the number and size of food items constant, but contrasted a set containing food items spaced further apart (sparse set) to another set with food items spaced more closely (dense set). We conducted this analysis with sets in the small (3 vs 3 food items) and in the large number range (5 vs 5 food items) and also varied the specific spatial arrangements of the food items in the sets. Contrary to expectations, angelfish showed a preference for the sparse sets over the dense sets in the five vs five contrasts irrespective of the specific spatial arrangement, but exhibited no preference in case of the three vs three contrasts. Subsequently, we slightly lengthened the inter-item distance in the dense sets, and found preference for the dense over the sparse sets. Last, we further examined the potential effect of spatial configuration of the items in the sets, but found no effect of this latter factor. Overall, these results indicate that higher density of the contrasted food item sets significantly influences choice in angelfish, which prefer denser sets if a clear discriminability of each individual item within the sets is provided.

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Stochastic Two-Dimensional Items

We consider a stochastic vehicle routing problem where a discrete probability distribution characterizes the two-dimensional size (height and width) as well as the weight of a subset of items to be delivered to customers. Although some item sizes and weights are not known with certainty when the routes are planned, they become known when it is time to load the vehicles, just before their departure. If it happens that not all items can be loaded in a vehicle, the items of one or more customers are put aside at a penalty or recourse cost. The objective is to minimize the sum of the routing and expected recourse costs. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program and solved with the integer L-shaped method. Some new inequalities and lower bounds are proposed. Computational results are reported on test instances specifically generated for this problem, as well as on classical instances for the deterministic case.

Statistical summary representations of bound features.

The visual system can efficiently summarize various lower-level and higher-level features of ensembles. However, no research to date has directly investigated how different features interact with each other within a single summary and whether people can efficiently report an integrated summary of two feature dimensions. In the first two experiments, we specifically investigated whether individuals can integrate spatial and size information to report a bound spatial summary, the center of mass (CoM), as efficiently as the centroid, which is devoid of size information. Both experiments revealed that viewers were equally accurate in extracting the centroid and the CoM, with the size distribution inadvertently affecting the centroid estimates. In the final experiment, we investigated whether encouraging observers to attend to individual item size would cause the centroid estimates to be biased toward the CoM. When item size was task-irrelevant, as in the centroid task, observers were able to selectively focus on spatial location, eliminating any impact from the size distribution. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that viewers are capable of extracting integrated summaries, possibly through a mechanism that allows them to represent the spatial distribution of sizes. We discuss possible mechanisms that may support the extraction of integrated summaries, and highlight the need to consider multilevel mechanisms extending beyond simple feature- and object-based mechanisms.

Порівняння в художньому мовленні турецьких письменників ХХ сторіччя

The paper deals with comparison constructions of the Turkish language on the base of works of fiction of Turkish writers of the 20th century. Reflecting figurative (simile) and non-figurative (correlation between qualitative and quantitative characteristics of two objects) collation of two or more objects comparisons in the Turkish language are examined from the lexico-semantic point of view and though their syntactic role in the sentence. Comparison remains a relevant and interesting topic of research despite the large number of works. It is a mean, a way of investigation and knowing of reality when unknown object is collated with the well-known one. Comparison may be represented as an act and a result at once. As the act of knowing reality comparison, represents such stages of exploration of the real world as identification of an object, its correlation with already known categories and groups of objects, definition of common features and juxtaposition of their intensity for further classification of the object explored. While resembling the result of act of cognition comparison demonstrates the degree of manifestation of a particular feature on a scale from complete identity to absolute difference. As an act of logical operation comparison consists of four elements, having different nominations in research works, they resemble object that is compared, object to which something is compared with, ground of comparison (some common feature for both objects) and result of comparison that describes identity, resemblance or distinctions between objects. Since logical operations of world’s investigation find reflection in language as a linguistic category comparison also has four elements in its structure. According to the lexico-semantic group of object and subject of comparison, Turkish comparisons may be divided on such groups as human-human, human-animal, nature-human. Comparisons are mostly used to express nature, human’s appearance or character, size of items, to make some estimation, to describe the way something is happening like or to resemble someone’s condition. Turkish works of fiction use both figurative comparison (simile) and non-figurative comparison. The syntactic role of comparison in a sentence depends on which member of the sentence the comparative part of the comparative construction belongs to. Mostly, comparisons act as attribute or adverbial modifier of manner, but also may act as predicate or grammatical object.

Economic Order Quantity Models for the Remanufacturing Industry with Imperfect Process, Two- State Markovian, and Two Types of Inventory

An economic order quantity model for an imperfect manufacturing process and imperfect items is proposed. The remanufacturing industry converts used parts to aftermarket usable parts. The remanufacturing process is imperfect; a probability is known that an item after manufacturing is not repaired, and hence, this item is sent back to the inventory of damaged items for another round of remanufacturing. A discrete Markov chains model describes the transitional probabilities of the state of the item after the remanufacture. The first inventory model is proposed to identify the optimal order size of imperfect items, assuming the imperfect items arrive at a constant and finite rate. The second proposed model assumes an infinite arrival rate; hence, in essence imperfect items arrive in one batch. For both cases of the inventory models, the optimal economic order quantity is derived based on the expected average cost functions per time to the remanufacturer.

Diet and food partitioning between juvenile of Epinephelus coioides (Perciformes: Epinephelidae) and other co-existing juvenile fishes in shallow waters of Thailand and Malaysia

This work examined diet composition of the juvenile orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and its trophic association with other juvenile fish species in tropical estuarine habitats during recruitment. From December 2015 to March 2016, juveniles were collected, their stomachs excised, preserved and analyzed. Small shrimps and amphipods, especially Grandidierella sp. and Elasmopus sp., were the most common food resources sharing among the most species. Epinephelus coioides predominantly ingested small shrimp, Grandidierella sp., Elasmopus sp. and fish larvae and had the greatest trophic overlap with Palatrus scapulopunctatus. Fish size, location and month significantly affected fullness indices and food items diversity in E. coioides. It is clear that the larger the size of E. coioides and its mouth opening, the larger the size of items ingested. This study confirms the ontogenetic dietary shift of juvenile E. coioides during recruitment season by starting as amphipod and small shrimp feeder and shifting to shrimp and fish larvae predator as they grow. This finding is fundamental to understanding how juvenile E. coioides cope with different conditions and its association with other co-existing species during the recruitment period.

Cooperative Edge Caching: A Multi-Agent Deep Learning Based Approach

Ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices have fueled plenty of innovations in the emerging network paradigms. Among them, IoT edge caching has emerged as a promising technique to cope with the explosive growth in network data traffic, with Quality of Service (QoS) improved and energy saved. However, the intrinsic storage limitations of the edge servers poses a critical challenge for the IoT edge caching system. Enabling edge servers to cooperate with each other can provide a potential perspective to improve the edge storage utilization widely discussed. Nevertheless, it also incurs an additional communication overhead, eventually making the caching system more complex. As a result, how to perform an efficient cooperative caching becomes a critical issue. Thus, in this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based cooperative edge caching approach, which allows the distributed edge servers to learn to cooperate with each other. Specifically, edge servers determine their cache actions based on the local caching state. After that, the centralized remote server evaluates these actions and feeds back the evaluation results to edge servers for subsequent caching actions optimization. We show that, by designing an appropriate reward function, our approach promotes cooperation between edge servers as well as improving the system hit rate. On this basis, we consider a practical and reasonable scenario with inconsistent data item size and propose a novel multi-agent actor-critic caching algorithm. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the performance improvement using our proposed solution over three other caching algorithms.

A scheduling heuristic in mobile distributed real-time database systems

A major research challenge has been addressed by real-time database systems to assign priority to transactions. Mobile distributed real-time systems execute transaction within a time limitation and complete the concurrent transaction without damaging the consistency of data items at various stages. Transaction scheduling manages the correct order of execution of transactions to enhance concurrency and ultimately improve the performance of database and cloud system. Heuristic approaches maximise the rate of successful completion of transactions. In this paper, heuristic approaches ENT and DENT are discussed, based on the requirement of an exact number of locks and the similarity of data items, respectively. ENT added characteristics such as deadline and data item size to evaluate the priority of data items, however DENT uses concept of similarity. Proposed heuristic policies are tested using simulation experiment with Distributed High Priority Two Phase Locking (DHP-2PL) concurrency control protocol which shows better results than earlier approaches.

A scheduling heuristic in mobile distributed real-time database systems

A major research challenge has been addressed by real-time database systems to assign priority to transactions. Mobile distributed real-time systems execute transaction within a time limitation and complete the concurrent transaction without damaging the consistency of data items at various stages. Transaction scheduling manages the correct order of execution of transactions to enhance concurrency and ultimately improve the performance of database and cloud system. Heuristic approaches maximise the rate of successful completion of transactions. In this paper, heuristic approaches ENT and DENT are discussed, based on the requirement of an exact number of locks and the similarity of data items, respectively. ENT added characteristics such as deadline and data item size to evaluate the priority of data items, however DENT uses concept of similarity. Proposed heuristic policies are tested using simulation experiment with Distributed High Priority Two Phase Locking (DHP-2PL) concurrency control protocol which shows better results than earlier approaches.

Common-Item Scale-Linking Methods for the Bi-factor Graded Response Model in MIRT

다차원 문항반응이론에서, 이요인 등급반응(BGR) 모형은 순서화된 다분 문항반응을 검사 문항 전체에 연관된 일반 요인과 각 문항집단에 독립적인 특수 요인으로 분석하기 위해 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 BGR 모형을 위한 공통-문항 기반 척도연계 방법들을 제시하고 모의실험을 통해 이 방법들의 특성과 상대적 기능을 탐구하는 데 있다. 제시되는 척도연계 방법들은 최소제곱(LSQ) 방법, 평균-최소제곱(MLS) 방법, 문항유목반응함수(IRF) 방법, 그리고 검사반응함수(TRF) 방법이다. 각 척도연계 방법은, 모든 요인들 간의 독립성 가정에 따라, 각 차원에 대해 임의의 두 능력척도를 연계하기 위한 팽창 계수와 이동 계수를 추정한다. 네 가지 척도연계 방법들의 기능을 평가하기 위해 피험자 집단 간 능력의 비동등성 수준, 표본의 크기, 공통 문항의 수 등을 요인으로 포함하는 모의실험을 수행하였다. 주요 결과로, 네 가지 척도연계 방법은 고려된 모의실험 조건 모두에서 팽창 계수를 적절히 추정하였다. 그러나 이동 계수를 추정함에 있어서, IRF, LSQ 및 MLS 방법은 적절히 기능한 반면 TRF 방법은 그렇지 못하였다. 척도연계를 통한 문항모수의 복원에 있어서, 전반적으로 IRF 방법이 가장 우수하였으나, 표본의 크기가 작거나 공통 문항의 수가 작을 경우 LSQ 방법과 MLS 방법 또한 우수한 수행을 보였다.In applications of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), the bi-factor graded response (BGR) model can be used to analyze the ordered response data of bi-factor latent structures. The purpose of this study is to present four scale-linking methods for the BGR model under the context of the common-item nonequivalent groups design and investigate their characteristics and performances through computer simulations. The four scale-linking methods presented are the least squares (LSQ), mean-least squares (MLS), item-category response function (IRF), and test response function (TRF) methods. The four methods estimate the dilation and translation linking coefficients with the assumption of independence among all general and group factors. Computer simulations that included three factors of (a) nonequivalence level between two examinee groups, (b) sample size, and (c) number of common items between linked test forms were conducted to examinee the characteristics and relative performances of the four scale-linking methods. Overall, the four methods properly estimated the dilation coefficients. In estimation of the translation coefficients, however, the IRF, LSQ, and MLS methods functioned properly but the TRF method did not. For the recovery of item parameters, the IRF method performed best in mose cases, but the LSQ and MLS methods also performed well in the cases of small sample size and small number of common items.

The relationship between dietary intakes during pregnancy and incidence of postpartum depression: a case-control study

PurposePost-partum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder that affects 20-40 per cent of women in their post-delivery period worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to compare dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), some micronutrients and antioxidants in PPD patients with healthy controls.Design/methodology/approachThis case-control study was conducted on 163 women in postpartum period (81 PPD and 82 non-PPD) using Edinburgh questionnaire for the diagnosis of PPD. Dietary nutrients intake was assessed using 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Portion sizes of food items were converted to grams per day. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between tertiles of dietary intakes with the odds ratio (OR) of PPD.FindingsAccording to the fully adjusted model, highest tertile compared to lowest tertile dietary intake of SFAs [OR = 0.01; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) = 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.001], MUFAs (OR = 0.01; 95 per cent CI = 0.00, 0.02, p < 0.001), total fats (OR = 0.01; 95 per cent CI =0.00, 0.01, p < 0.001) and cholesterol (OR = 0.06 ; 95 per cent CI = 0.01, 0.08, p < 0.001), thiamine (OR = 0.01; 95 per cent CI = 0.00, 0.01, p < 0.001), riboflavin (OR = 0.10; 95 per cent CI = 0.02, 0.39, p < 0.001), pyridoxine (OR = 0.03; 95 per cent CI =0.01, 0.32, p < 0.001), folate (OR = 0.01; 95 per cent CI = 0.00, 0.01, p < 0.001), cobalamine (OR = 0.01; 95 per cent CI = 0.00, 0.01, p < 0.001) , selenium (OR = 0.79 ; 95 per cent CI =1.36, 3.32, p < 0.001), iron (OR =0.68; 95 per cent CI = 0.24, 0.94, p < 0.001) and iodine (OR = 0.36; 95 per cent CI =1.10, 1.38, p < 0.001) had a protective effect on the incidence of PPD. Furthermore, higher intake of vitamin A and beta-cryptoxanthin can increase the incidence of PPD (OR =114.29; 95 per cent CI =17.85, 118.12, p < 0.001) and (OR = 4.85; 95 per cent CI = 1.49, 15.69, p = 0.015), respectively.Originality/valuePPD may have destructive effects on the relationship between mother and infant. Results of previous studies demonstrated nutrients are required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and have biochemical role in the nervous system.

The role of item size on choosing contrasted food quantities in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)

Comparative studies on quantity discrimination in animals are important for understanding potential evolutionary roots of numerical competence. A previous study with angelfish has shown that they discriminate numerically different sets of same-sized food items and prefer the larger set. However, variables that covary with number were not controlled and choice could have been influenced by variables such as size or density of the food items rather than numerical attributes. Here using a recently developed approach, we examined whether contour length of the food items affects choice in a spontaneous binary choice task. In Experiment 1, a contrast of 1 vs. 1 food item was presented, but the ratio between the size (diameter) of the food items was varied. In Experiment 2, numerically different food sets were equated in overall size by increasing the size (diameter) of the items in the numerically small sets. In both Experiments, subjects showed a preference for the larger sized food items with a discrimination limit. These results show that item size plays a prominent role in foraging decisions in angelfish. Experiment 3 placed numerical and size attributes of the sets in conflict by presenting one larger-sized food item in the numerically smaller set that also had smaller overall size (diameter) of food items. Angelfish showed no preference in any of the contrasts, suggesting that they could not make optimal foraging decisions when these attributes were in conflict. Maximization of energy return is central to optimal foraging. Accordingly, here item size was also found to be a key feature of the sets, although the numerical attributes of the sets also influenced the choice.

Dynamic Resource Provisioning for Energy Efficient Cloud Radio Access Networks

Energy saving is critical for the cloud radio access networks (C-RANs), which are composed by massive radio access units (RAUs) and energy-intensive computing units (CUs) that host numerous virtual machines (VMs). We attempt to minimize the energy consumption of C-RANs, by leveraging the RAU sleep scheduling and VM consolidation strategies. We formulate the energy saving problem in C-RANs as a joint resource provisioning (JRP) problem of the RAUs and CUs. Since the active RAU selection is coupled with the VM consolidation, the JRP problem shares some similarities with a special bin-packing problem. In this problem, the number of items and the sizes of items are correlated and are both adjustable. No existing method can be used to solve this problem directly. Therefore, we propose an efficient low-complexity algorithm along with a context-aware strategy to dynamically select active RAUs and consolidate VMs to CUs. In this way, we can significantly reduce the energy consumption of C-RANs, while do not incur too much overhead due to VM migrations. Our proposed scheme is practical for a large-size network, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by the simulation results.

Individual diet differences in a molluscivore shorebird are associated with the size of body instruments for internal processing rather than for feeding

Especially in birds, it is widely found that the size of individual prey items follows the size of the instruments of prey capture, handling and processing, i.e. bill size. In fact, this is the natural history basis of major discoveries on adaptive evolution in the face of changing food resources. In some birds, e.g. the molluscivore shorebirds ingesting hard‐shelled prey, most of the prey processing takes place within the digestive tract. This study of a salvaged sample of actively feeding great knots Calidris tenuirostris accidentally drowned in fishing nets in northern China, is the first documentation of diet selection at the level of the individual in previously well‐studied molluscivore shorebirds. Diet composition was not associated with the length of the bill, but with the mass of the muscular gizzard. Gizzard mass, which unlike bill length is a phenotypically flexible trait, enables great knots to adjust to changing food resources as an individual, i.e. instantly responding to the food on offer. For migratory species like great knots which rely on seasonal sequences of interdistant feeding areas offering prey with a variety of characteristics, the capacity to individually adjust appears a key adaptation.