Item Repetition Research Articles

Design matters: Cross-modal correspondences between vision and taste in food advertising

ABSTRACT Grounded in the knowledge of visual design and photography, this study examines the effects on viewers’ purchase intention of two visual design techniques used with food items in food advertising – repetition and alignment. We propose cross-modal correspondences between visual appeal and taste perception as a psychological mechanism in viewers’ visual information processing. Three studies were conducted to test the effects of the visual design principles and the proposed mediation of cross-modal correspondences. The findings of Study 1 and Study 2 reveal that repetition of food items enhanced viewers’ likelihood of purchasing the presented food through cross-modal responses between vision and taste. The findings of Study 3 show that triangular alignment of repeated food items generated a higher level of aesthetic experience and influences purchase intention through serial mediating effects of visual appeal and taste perception. Overall, the results of the three studies confirm the proposed mediation of cross-modal correspondences between vision and taste when individuals process a food image. Theoretical and practical implications for food styling in marketing communication are discussed.

Influence of Sex and Age on Ratings of Confidence and Relevance in Continuing Certification Longitudinal Assessment: A Pilot Study.

Longitudinal assessments use spaced repetition of items to facilitate learning. Algorithms selecting repetition items can prioritize various properties for future presentation. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the relationship between participant ratings of item-specific confidence and/or practice relevance and participant age, sex, and response correctness. This is a prospective quality improvement study of 403 American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation diplomates with time-limited certificates. Participants answered 20 items quarterly over four quarters, rating each item on its relevance to their practice and their confidence in their response. The relationship between sex and ratings of response confidence was significant, with women less likely than men to be confident in their responses, regardless of correctness. Younger physicians were significantly more confident in their responses and rated items as more practice relevant. Women physicians were less confident than men in their item-specific confidence ratings, regardless of correctness, on the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation continuing certification longitudinal knowledge assessment. Older physicians were less confident in their responses than younger physicians. The findings supported the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation prioritization of response correctness and practice relevance, rather than response confidence, to select items for spaced repetition in American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation's continuing certification longitudinal assessment.

Interference and facilitation in phonological encoding: Two sides of the same coin? Evidence from bilingual aphasia

Abstract In the present study, we explored the underlying mechanisms of lexical retrieval in two languages when modulated by phonological context. To do so, we investigated the performance of bilingual patients with aphasia and healthy bilingual individuals on a blocked cyclic naming task as a measure of lexical activation and phonological encoding within their two languages. Highly proficient Catalan-Spanish bilinguals with aphasia (n = 13) and controls (n = 15) were recruited for this study, all with language profiles consistent with early and balanced usage of their two languages. Participants completed a phonological blocked cyclic naming task where reaction times, word duration, and accuracy in naming were measured in each of their languages. Three main results were obtained: (1) overall, patients were slower and less accurate than controls; (2) in patients with aphasia, phonologically related items were named with less accuracy than unrelated ones, suggesting an interference effect of phonological overlap within lexical retrieval; (3) performance in terms of naming latencies showed no effect of phonological context and this was similar across both languages for patients and controls; and (4) word durations were unaffected by phonological context and item repetition, suggesting that phonological encoding may not have a cascading effect onto speech-motor planning. Additionally, individual level analyses confirmed that most of the patients were less accurate in naming pictures within the homogenous compared to the heterogeneous condition (9/13 patients in their dominant language and 11/13 in their non-dominant language). These findings are discussed within the context of language production theories that have attempted to explain facilitation and interference in blocking naming and their implications for bilingualism.

What are you hiding? Initial validation of the reaction time‐based searching concealed information test

SummaryThe reaction time‐based concealed information test (RT‐CIT) has been used to judge the veracity of an examinees claim to be naïve by using RTs to test for recognition of relevant details. Here, we explore the validity of the RT‐CIT to generate new knowledge about the incident—the searching CIT. In a mock terrorism study (n = 60) the RT‐CIT not only allowed to link suspects to known crime details, but also allowed to reveal new crime details well above chance. A simulation study confirms the potential of the searching RT‐CIT and identifies conditions under which it performs best. We used an archival dataset that met these conditions (high CIT effect, large number of item repetitions), and found better item classification performance than in the mock terrorism study. The searching RT‐CIT could be a new, promising investigative tool to reveal new (e.g., crime) details to the investigative party.

Item repetition and response deadline affect familiarity and recollection differently across childhood

ABSTRACT The aim was to examine how item repetition at encoding and response deadline at retrieval affect familiarity and recollection in 5-, 7-, or 11-year-old children (N = 156). Familiarity and recollection were estimated using a process dissociation paradigm. Direct comparison of the effects of repetition under unlimited and limited response time revealed a dissociation of familiarity and recollection. The recollection was both boosted (via repetition) and reduced (via a response time limit). The familiarity was unaffected by a response time limit. Moreover, repetition boosted familiarity only under unlimited response time. Together with several distinct age-related increases for recollection and familiarity, these results provide a challenge to single-process accounts of recognition memory.

An SF-MDA of the Textual and the Logical Cohesive Devices in a Postgraduate Accounting Course

The use of cohesive devices in academic discourse not only improves the quality of writing but also enhances our learning experiences. This study aims to explain how the multimodal accounting discourse is constructed by postgraduate business students through the cohesive ties. Halliday and Hasan’s and Halliday’s cohesion analysis schemes were employed in the systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) of the cohesive devices in the multimodal accounting texts. The schemes are based on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) which suits the context of this study as it considers language as a social semiotic resource for making meaning. Its linguistic tools are capable of explaining the way we construct and make meanings. The SF-MDA findings showed the first and most frequently occurring cohesive device type in the orthographic texts was lexical cohesion, in particular repetition of the same lexical items, followed by reference and conjunctions. Lexical cohesive devices were higher in the tables than in the orthographic texts. Conjunctions were only employed in the orthographic texts to signal extension and enhancement relationships. One of the key features that characterize financial statements is the abundance of implicit hierarchically networked lexical ties that bind the separate lexical strings, thereby organizing the discourse of financial statements. The results contribute to our understanding of the complex multimodal meaning-making processes in accounting discourse.

Decomposing the Role of Rehearsal in Auditory Distraction during Serial Recall

ABSTRACT According to the interference-by-process mechanism of auditory distraction, irrelevant changing sounds interfere with subvocal articulatory-motor sequencing during rehearsal. However, previous attempts to limit rehearsal with concurrent articulation and examine the residual irrelevant sound effect have limited both cumulative rehearsal as well as the initial assembly of articulatory-phonological labels. The current research decomposed rehearsal into these two levels of articulatory-phonological sequencing: silent concurrent articulation limits the availability of both serial repetition and articulatory-phonological recoding; rapid serial visual presentation allows for articulatory-phonological recoding but presents items too quickly for cumulative serial repetition. As predicted by the interference-by-process account, concurrent articulation – but not rapid serial visual presentation – reduced the irrelevant sound effect. Not only did the irrelevant sound effect persist in the face of rapid serial visual presentation, a steady-state effect also emerged. These findings indicate that irrelevant sounds interfere with both serial processing of articulatory-motor planning at the word level as well as in the formation of item-to-item associations created via serial repetition of complete items. Moreover, these findings highlight the benefits of articulatory-phonological recoding – independent of pure rehearsal – within serial recall.

Should Items and Answer Keys of Small-Scale Exams Be Published?

This study aimed to examine the effect of using items from previous exams on students’ pass-fail rates and on the psychometric properties of the tests and items.
 
 The study included data from 115 tests and 11,500 items used in the midterm and final exams of 3,910 students in the preclinical term at the Faculty of Medicine from 2014 to 2019. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics related to the total test scores, item difficulty and item discrimination values, and internal consistency values for reliability. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to evaluate the distribution structure, and t test were used to analyze the differences between groups.
 
 The findings showed that the mean item repetition rate from 2014 to 2019 ranged from 16.98% to 39.00%. The total score variance decreased significantly as the percentage of test items increased. There was a significant, moderately positive relationship between the percentage of repeated test items and the number of students eligible to pass their grades. Item difficulty values obtained from initial item use were significantly lower than those obtained from repeated item use.
 
 We conclude that test items and answer keys should not be published by test makers unless they have the means such as the infrastructure, budget, and personnel to develop new items in place of the ones previously published in test banks.

Preexperimental stimulus familiarity modulates the effects of item repetition on source memory.

Previous studies have reported contradictory findings regarding the effects of item repetition on the subsequent encoding of contextual details associated with items (i.e., source memory). Whereas some studies reported repetition-induced enhancement in source memory, other studies observed repetition-induced impairment. To resolve these conflicting results, we examined the modulatory role of preexperimental stimulus familiarity in the relationship between item repetition and new source memory formation by orthogonally manipulating preexperimental stimulus familiarity and intraexperimental item repetition. In a series of experiments consisting of three phases (item repetition, item-source association, and source memory test), we found that item repetition impaired source memory for preexperimentally familiar items (famous faces or words), whereas the same manipulation improved source memory for preexperimentally novel items (nonfamous faces or pseudowords). Crucially, item repetition impaired, rather than improved, source memory for preexperimentally novel items when these items had been preexposed to participants before the three-phase procedure. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that preexperimental stimulus familiarity determines the relative costs and benefits of intraexperimental item repetition on the encoding of new item-source associations. By demonstrating the interaction between different types of stimulus familiarity, the present findings advance our understanding of how prior experience affects the formation of new episodic memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Modeling list-strength and spacing effects using version 3 of the retrieving effectively from memory (REM.3) model and its superimposition-of-similar-images assumption.

Shiffrin and Steyvers (1997) introduced a model of recognition memory called retrieving effectively from memory (REM) and successfully applied it to a number of basic memory phenomena. REM incorporates differentiation, wherein item repetitions are accumulated in a single mnemonic trace rather than separate traces. This allows REM to account for several benchmark findings, including the null list-strength effect in recognition (Ratcliff, Clark, & Shiffrin, 1990). The original REM treated massed and spaced repetitions identically, which prevents it from predicting a mnemonic advantage for spaced over massed repetitions (i.e., the spacing effect). However, Shiffrin and Steyvers discussed the possibility that repetitions might be represented in a single trace only if the subject identifies that the repeated item was previously studied. It is quite plausible that subjects would notice repetitions more for massed than for spaced items. Here we show that incorporating this idea allows REM to predict three important findings in the recognition memory literature: (1) the spacing effect, (2) the finding of slightly positive list-strength effects with spaced repetitions, as opposed to massed repetitions or increased study time, and (3) list-strength effects that have been observed using very large strong-to-weak ratios (see Norman, 2002).

Multidimensional item response theory and the force and motion conceptual evaluation

Many studies have examined the structure and properties of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI); however, far less research has investigated the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE). This study applied Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) to a sample of N=4528 FMCE post-test responses. Exploratory factor analysis showed that 5, 9, and 10-factor models optimized some fit statistics. The FMCE uses extensive blocking of items into groups with a common stem; these blocks factored together in most models. A confirmatory analysis, which constrained the MIRT models to a theoretical model constructed from expert solutions, produced a model requiring only 8 principles, fundamental reasoning steps. This was substantially fewer than the 19 principles identified in the FCI by a previous study. Correlation analysis also demonstrated that the two instruments were very dissimilar. The reduced number of principles and the repetition of items using a single principle allowed the extraction of eight single-principle subscales, seven with Cronbach’s alpha greater than the 0.7 required for acceptable internal consistency. The differences between the FCI and the FMCE suggest that the two instruments could provide complementary, but different, information about student understanding of Newton’s laws with the FCI measuring an integrated Newtonian force concept and the FMCE measuring details of that force concept.Received 6 June 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020141Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAssessmentConcepts & principlesInstructional materials developmentResearch methodologyPhysics Education Research

Quantifying the individual auditory and visual brain response in 7-month-old infants watching a brief cartoon movie

Electroencephalography (EEG) continues to be the most popular method to investigate cognitive brain mechanisms in young children and infants. Most infant studies rely on the well-established and easy-to-use event-related brain potential (ERP). As a severe disadvantage, ERP computation requires a large number of repetitions of items from the same stimulus-category, compromising both ERPs’ reliability and their ecological validity in infant research. We here explore a way to investigate infant continuous EEG responses to an ongoing, engaging signal (i.e., “neural tracking”) by using multivariate temporal response functions (mTRFs), an approach increasingly popular in adult EEG research. N = 52 infants watched a 5-min episode of an age-appropriate cartoon while the EEG signal was recorded. We estimated and validated forward encoding models of auditory-envelope and visual-motion features. We compared individual and group-based (‘generic’) models of the infant brain response to comparison data from N = 28 adults. The generic model yielded clearly defined response functions for both, the auditory and the motion regressor. Importantly, this response profile was present also on an individual level, albeit with lower precision of the estimate but above-chance predictive accuracy for the modelled individual brain responses. In sum, we demonstrate that mTRFs are a feasible way of analyzing continuous EEG responses in infants. We observe robust response estimates both across and within participants from only 5 min of recorded EEG signal. Our results open ways for incorporating more engaging and more ecologically valid stimulus materials when probing cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes in infants and young children.

Effects of Ankle Muscle Fatigue and Visual Behavior on Postural Sway in Young Adults.

Ankle muscle fatigue has been shown to increase body sway. In addition, body sway in quiet upright standing is reduced when saccadic eye movements are performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual information manipulation on postural control during ankle muscle fatigue in young adults. Twenty young adults performed: (1) two 60-s trials in quiet bipedal standing with eyes open, eyes closed, and while performing saccadic eye movements; (2) maximum voluntary isometric contractions in a leg press device, custom-made to test ankle plantar flexion force; (3) a calf raise exercise on top of a step to induce ankle muscle fatigue; and (4) a repetition of items 1 and 2. Postural sway parameters were compared with two-way ANOVAs (vision condition × fatigue; p < 0.05). Ankle muscle fatigue increased anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement and RMS of sway, as well as sway area. Saccadic eye movements reduced anterior-posterior displacement and RMS of sway and area of sway compared to eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Both saccadic eye movements and eyes closed increased the frequency of AP sway compared to the eyes open condition. Finally, anterior-posterior displacement, anterior-posterior RMS, and both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral sway frequency were affected by an interaction of fatigue and vision condition. Without muscle fatigue, closing the eyes increased anterior-posterior displacement and RMS of sway, compared to eyes open, while during muscle fatigue closing the eyes closed reduced anterior-posterior displacement and had no significant effect on anterior-posterior RMS. In conclusion, body sway was increased after induction of ankle muscle fatigue. Saccadic eye movements consistently reduced postural sway in fatigued and unfatigued conditions. Surprisingly, closing the eyes increased sway in the unfatigued condition but reduced sway in the fatigued condition.

Discharge Teaching to Improve Discharge Readiness for Patients Post Hip Surgery

The condition of returning home unpreparedness post hip surgery has an impact on the patient's ability after returning home. This unpreparedness is caused by the inability of patients to manage their own needs and care needs after returning home in carrying out daily tasks, caring for themselves, and the ability to do health care. So that a nursing strategy is needed in preparing the patient's discharge planning in the form of discharge teaching. Four data bases namely Cochrane, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to explain the effect of discharge teaching to improve patient readiness post hip surgery. Educational needs expected by patients post hip surgery are related to complications, operating procedures, rehabilitation programs, prosthesis, and pain management. Patients hope to get knowledge related to all dimensions, but in reality they only get from the functional dimension. Patients get more knowledge only during treatment than when they are going home. Discharge teaching must also pay attention to the content of information and delivery methods and must be given in all stages of treatment and repetition of important items. So nurses are required to have competence and knowledge in carrying out discharge teaching with the aim of increasing patient readiness.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: discharge teaching, discharge readiness, post hip surgery

Context Retrieval as a Critical Component in Selective Memory Retrieval

Selective retrieval often impairs recall of nonretrieved items, a finding referred to as retrieval-induced forgetting. In this article, I review recent research showing that selective retrieval can also improve recall of other items. This research points to a critical role of context retrieval in selective memory retrieval. The concept of context retrieval, which has played a prominent role in other lines of memory research, suggests that selective retrieval can reactivate the retrieved items’ temporal context during study, facilitating recall of other items that had a similar context at study. Such facilitatory effects on recall can arise both when selective item repetition occurs via retrieval and when it occurs via restudy, which suggests a link to the reminding literature. The findings offer new perspectives for investigating and understanding the effects of selective memory retrieval.

Item repetition and retrieval processes in cued recall: Analysis of recall-latency distributions.

The SAM (search of associative memory) model provides a unified account of accuracy effects, assuming that retrieval is a cue-dependent two-stage process of sampling and recovery, which depends on the strength of items relative to all others and on that item associated with the sampling trace, respectively. On the other hand, the relative strength model uniquely provides latency predictions, assuming that recall latency is determined solely by relative strength (similar to the sampling rule in SAM): Latency should remain unchanged for strong and weak items in pure lists, but will be shorter for strong items than for weak items in mixed lists. To test the predictions, the present study examined accuracy and latency distributions, which were fit with the ex-Gaussian, using item repetition as a means of strengthening. Massed versus spaced repetitions were used where repetitions were either cue-target pairs or cue alone. When repetitions were spaced in mixed lists, accuracy and latency both increased with cue-target repetitions, relative to cue-only repetitions, and slow recall for cue-target repetitions was due to initially nonretrievable items. However, even after successful recall on a pretest, cue-target repetitions led to an increase in latency in pure lists. These findings are difficult to reconcile with relative-strength explanations of latency. They indeed suggest that (1) separate traces are created for each repetition, (2) memory traces are updated if the item is retrieved (otherwise, new traces are stored), and (3) recovery plays a role in latency, which are discussed with the distinction between sampling and recovery of SAM.

Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Developing Musculoskeletal Disorders in Workers with the Microsoft Kinect: TRACK TMS

BackgroundRoutine ergonomic assessment of postures and gestures in the workplace are mostly conducted by visual observations, either direct or based on video recordings. Nowadays, low-cost three-dimensional cameras like Microsoft Kinect offers the possibility of recording the full kinematics of workers in a non-intrusive way, providing a more precise, and reliable assessment of their motor strategies. MethodsWe have developed a tracking application using the Kinect SDK for Windows in C♯, allowing the simultaneous recording of the three-dimensional coordinates of all the body points tracked by the Microsoft Kinect at a sampling frequency of 30 Hz and an expected accuracy of 3 cm. Measurements are performed on violinists, whose playing is representative of a work situation involving repeated gestures and postures that can be described as non-ergonomic. ResultsMicrosoft Kinect can be efficiently used to quantify the motion performed by the violinists. Playing strategies can even be noticed despite the low-cost nature of the sensor used. ConclusionLow-cost three-dimensional cameras can be a useful aid in ergonomic risk assessment of developing musculoskeletal disorders and give the example of the repetition of movements and postural items included in the OCRA checklist, whose scoring can be facilitated by such a device.

The roles of item repetition and position in infants’ abstract rule learning

We asked whether 11- and 14- month-old infants’ abstract rule learning, an early form of analogical reasoning, is susceptible to processing constraints imposed by limits in attention and memory for sequence position. We examined 11- and 14- month-old infants’ learning and generalization of abstract repetition rules (“repetition anywhere,” Experiment 1 or “medial repetition,” Experiment 2) and ordering of specific items (edge positions, Experiment 3) in 4-item sequences. Infants were habituated to sequences containing repetition- and/or position-based structure and then tested with “familiar” vs. “novel” (random) sequences composed of new items. Eleven-month-olds (N = 40) failed to learn abstract repetition rules, but 14-month-olds (N = 40) learned rules under both conditions. In Experiment 3, 11-month-olds (N = 20) learned item edge positions in sequences identical to those in Experiment 2. We conclude that infant sequence learning is constrained by item position in similar ways as in adults.

Effects of changes in schematic support and of item repetition on age-related associative memory deficits: Theoretically-driven empirical attempts to reduce older adults' high false alarm rate.

Older adults seem to have a special difficulty binding components of their episodic memories to each other and retrieving these bound units. This phenomenon, known as the age-related associative memory deficit, is partially driven by high false alarm rates in the associative test. The current research examines whether 2 factors: (a) manipulations of changes of schematic support between study and test (potentially affecting recollection) and (b) item repetition (potentially affecting item familiarity) might decrease older adults' false alarm rate, thereby resulting in a smaller associative memory deficit. Younger and older adults were tested for their item and associative recognition memory after viewing product-price pairs (Experiment 1) and face-name pairs (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, products were paired with either an underestimated price, a market-value price, or an overestimated price, with the match or mismatch in the product-price relationships between study and test serving as the manipulation of schematic information. In Experiment 2, schematic information was manipulated by the match of the age of the face (young or old) appearing with a given name between study and test. Item familiarity was manipulated by having a preexposure phase of the item components in both experiments. Results indicated that low item familiarity (Experiment 2), which potentially reduces the familiarity of a given pair, and mismatch in schematic knowledge between study and test (Experiments 1 and 2), increase older adults' ability to reject recombined item-price and face-name pairs at retrieval, resulting in a reduced associative memory deficit. (PsycINFO Database Record

When comprehension elicits incomprehension: Deterioration of semantic categorisation in the absence of stimulus repetition.

Repetition improves retrieval from memory; however, under some circumstances, it can also impair performance. Separate literatures have investigated this phenomenon, including studies showing subjective loss of meaning following 'semantic satiation', slowed naming and categorisation when semantically related items are repeated and semantic 'access deficits' in aphasia. Such effects have been variously explained in terms of habituation of repeatedly accessed representations, increased interference from strongly activated competitors and long-term weight changes reflecting the suppression of non-targets on earlier trials (i.e., retrieval-induced forgetting). While studies of semantic satiation involve massed repetition of individual items, competition and weight changes at the conceptual level should elicit declining comprehension for non-repeated items: this pattern has been demonstrated for picture naming but effects in categorisation are less clear. We developed a paced serial semantic task (PSST), in which participants identified category members among distracters. Performance in healthy young adults deteriorated with ongoing retrieval for non-repeated words belonging to functional categories (e.g., picnic), taxonomic categories (e.g., animal) and feature-based categories (e.g., colour red - 'tomato', 'post box'). This decline was greatest at fast presentation speeds (when there was less time to overcome competition/inhibition) and for strongly associated targets (which may have accrued more inhibition to facilitate earlier target categorisation). Deteriorating performance was also seen across words and pictures, consistent with a conceptual locus. We observed a release from deteriorating categorisation following a switch to a new category, demonstrating that this was not a general effect of time on task. Patients with semantic aphasia, who have deficient semantic control, maintained their performance throughout the categories, unlike younger adults: this finding is hard to reconcile with accounts of declining performance that propose a build-up of competition, since the patients should have had greater difficulty resolving such competition. These results instead suggest that declining performance on our goal-driven categorisation task was linked to the use of a controlled retrieval strategy by healthy young adults. Patients may not have inhibited related non-target knowledge to facilitate initial categorisation like younger volunteers, and consequently they were less vulnerable to declining comprehension in this paradigm. Together, these results demonstrate circumstances which produce declines in continuous categorisation in healthy adults.