Area Of Istanbul Research Articles

Optimization of reverse logistics network of End of Life Vehicles under fuzzy supply: A case study for Istanbul Metropolitan Area

Recycling aims at preventing rapid depletion of natural resources while transforming produced waste into value for economy. However, this process becomes a major challenge in automotive industry, which requires cooperative engagement of multiple players within a complex supply chain. In line with the essence of the topic, government agencies around the world issue directives drawing regulatory frameworks for designing recycling operations comprising various activities such as collection of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), recovery of reusable components, shredding ELV's body, recycling valuable materials and disposal of the hazardous waste. In general, the amount of returned product in a reverse logistics network is highly uncertain, and the ELV market in Turkey is no exception to this. For that purpose, this study aims developing a fuzzy mixed integer location-allocation model for reverse logistic network of ELVs conforming to the existing directives in Turkey. Accordingly, this study uses a novel approach and assumes that ELV supply in the network is uncertain. The merit of the proposed mathematical model is proved on a real world scenario addressing the reverse logistics design problem for ELVs generated in metropolitan area of Istanbul. The network generated specifies that recycling process is not profitable under the existing circumstances with the given level of supplied ELV and the returned product records per capita in Istanbul are far beyond the EU averages. Consequently, sensitivity analyses question the reliability of the obtained results.

Istanbul quarters authenticity: local communities and space design

The research subject is the urban space of the modern metropolis historical districts. This space is presented as a contingent, topological formation that forms collective identities and models of social behavior. The authors explore the mechanism of visualization of social practices in the historical areas of Istanbul (Yedikule, Sultan Selim Yavuz, Balat and Dervish Ali). The authors argue that space design reflects the process of converting non-traditional socio-cultural practices in the general city social environment. The use of an interdisciplinary approach to the study revealed the markers of cultural and social practices of the historical districts' population of Istanbul, to conduct a comparative analysis of the urban culture of traditional inhabitants and migrants. The combination of historical, sociological and cultural approaches helped to analyze the formation of cultural norms and values. The article presents the author's view on the history of the formation of ideas about the districts authenticity of Istanbul. Describes the regional specificity of visual practices and the formation of citizen social behavior. The influence of regional migrants on the physical and social space design is demonstrated. Visual practices are both a form of adaptation of migrants and the conversion of practices in the city environment. We have identified visual markers of historical eras and cultural influences on the formation of Istanbul modern urban space. Visual identification of objects that reflect social practices and the corresponding visual changes in the urban space of different periods has been carried out.

The Role of Heritage Impact Assessment in Safeguarding World Heritage Sites: Application Study on Historic Areas of Istanbul and Giza Pyramids

This article aims to explore the role of heritage impact assessment (HIA) as a tool to safeguard world heritage sites from the adverse impacts of proposed projects as well as to recommend effective mitigation measures to create the balance between preservation and development. These mitigations will help the decision makers to take the right decision concerning the potential development. The methodology adopts a qualitative approach which is based on semi-structured interviews with site managers of two world heritage sites: historic areas of Istanbul in Turkey and the Giza pyramids in Egypt. Other interviews were conducted with some archaeologists and some governmental bodies in both countries to evaluate the level of awareness of HIA and assess the current and potential threats resulting from development proposals. Consequently, the article applies the HIA methodology to evaluate the potential impacts of proposed projects in both heritage sites. HIA can be an effective solution in order to eliminate the contradictions between the stakeholders investing in world heritage sites. The findings revealed that both world heritage sites are threatened by infrastructure and development projects. There is a lack of professionals who are able to conduct HIA methodology, thus Turkey and Egypt depend mainly on foreign experts to conduct it.

Surveillance of resistance in the intensive care units using a cumulative antibiogram

Empiric treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics exerts condensed pressure in intensive care units (ICUs) for the selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria became the focus of interest owing to limited treatment options and negative effects on patient survival. Cumulative antibiograms can guide selection of correct empiric treatment, de-escalation treatment according to antibiogram results and development of policies in fight against antibiotic resistance. In this study, we aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance rates of gram-negative bacilli in the intensive care units of the public hospitals in the region where we are connected by using the cumulative antibiogram result and to show the change of resistance over the years and to determine whether there is any difference between the hospitals. Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from ICUs of state hospitals in the second Istanbul State Hospitals Association area during 2014-2016. Isolates were identified using Vitek MS (bioMérieux, France) system and tested for antibiotic susceptibility with Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, France) system according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria followed during those years. Cumulative antibiogram reports for these strains were prepared according to the CLSI M39-A4 guide. Gram-negative bacilli were divided into three groups: non-fermentative, urinary enteric, and non-urinary enteric bacilli. Total number of strains isolated during three years from these groups were 2626, 1390 and 2011, respectively. Annual trends of susceptibility during the aforementioned years were evaluated. Hospitals were also classified into five groups and differences were evaluated in the susceptibility profiles of these hospitals. Among the non-fermentative bacilli, Acinetobacter baumannii complex was the most commonly isolated species and the most resistant bacteria against antibiotics. The susceptibility rates of A.baumannii complex against the beta-lactam group of antibiotics were < 10%. Colistin susceptibility rates of A.baumannii complex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were over 98%. Among the non-urinary enteric bacilli, K.pneumoniae was the most commonly isolated species displaying maximum antibiotic resistance. Susceptibility rates for colistin, which is the last resort for treating resistant gram-negative bacteria, ranged between 73% and 80%. Escherichia coli, which was the second most common isolated species among non-urinary bacilli, had susceptibility rates over 90% to carbapenems along with colistin and tigecycline. Although E.coli was the most commonly isolated species among urinary enteric bacilli, K.pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were the most resistant isolates. A statistically significant decrease in susceptibility rates against all antibiotics was observed in P.mirabilis isolates between the years 2015-2016. Carbapenem susceptibility rates decreased below 70%. E.coli, Serratia spp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia had similar susceptibility profiles among different hospitals, indicating homogenous distribution, whereas other species had different profiles, indicating a more heterogenic distribution, among hospitals. The reports of this study were generated according to a standard guide and they clearly revealed the seriousness of antibiotic resistance in our region which represents approximately one-fourth area of Istanbul. When all the results were considered, best empiric treatment option for enteric bacilli except K.pneumoniae was carbapenems. For K.pneumoniae infections there is no reliable choice other than colistin but a de-escalation treatment can be planned according to antibiogram results. Similarly colistin is the first choice in empiric treatment of infecitons due to non-enteric bacilli. However, the heterogeneity of the susceptibility profile observed in the hospitals, which are geographically close to each other, indicated the difference in the flora of the intensive care unit of hospitals. It would be appropriate to prepare cumulative antibiogram reports similar to those in the present study, to prevent complications, reduce costs and improve patient prognosis in the intensive care units of hospitals and these reports should become part of the infection control policies applied in hospitals.

Assessment of Commuter Satisfaction in the Usage of Bus-Shelters: the Ataköy Zone 5 and Beşyol Metrobus Stops, Istanbul

Abstract Bus shelters, which form a part of daily lives of people, generally provide service as small areas of urban space created for short-term periods of waiting. From the perspective of spatial design, it is important that an environment of good quality is provided for users of bus-shelters. This study proposed hypotheses to research how the physical design of bus shelters (location-accessibility, anthropometric characteristics, roofing and walls, lighting, electronic information, seating, etc.) affected general satisfaction of their users. To establish users’ general satisfaction, direct observation was performed and the hypotheses were tested through surveys conducted at bus-shelters selected in two areas of Istanbul (Ataköy-Beşyol) with different economic levels, and an assessment was made of the users’ satisfaction analyses and related problems of bus shelter design. In the conclusion, it was established that there is a significant correlation between general satisfaction and, among other things, the perceived degree of difficulty in getting on and off buses, the harmonization of bus shelter design with the surroundings, the adequacy of a shelter for summer use, the comfort of a shelter, the adequacy of seating, and the extent to which the shelter is maintained.

Validation of Sentinel-1A and AW3D30 DSMs for the Metropolitan Area of Istanbul, Turkey

In space-borne remote sensing, one of the most significant tasks is the three-dimensional (3D) surface modelling performance of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite missions. In this study, the quality of Sentinel-1A (S-1A) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3D 30 m (AW3D30) Digital Surface Models (DSMs) was comprehensively analysed. In addition, 1 arcsec Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band DSM was validated for better interpretation of the results. A project area including various land cover classes was selected in Istanbul, where a reference airborne laser scanning DSM is available. Optimal S-1A interferometric wide (IW) swath SAR pairs were determined and a 15 m gridded DSM was generated by interferometric processing. AW3D30 and SRTM DSMs were obtained from JAXA and NASA. In the analysis, the absolute and relative vertical accuracies of the DSMs were validated for all land cover classes with a model-to-model comparison to the reference. In addition, the influence of terrain tilt was investigated using a threshold terrain inclination of tan−1 0.1 (5.7°). Height differences from the reference were visualized by colour-coded height error maps. Vertical profiles and contour lines showed the morphologic character of the DSMs. The results demonstrated that the absolute vertical accuracies and morphologic details of AW3D30 are superior to those of S-1A and SRTM.

Assessments of Satisfaction Level Among Bus Shelter Users: The Ataköy Zone 5 and Beşyol Metrobus Stops, Istanbul

Bus shelters which form part of people’s daily life, generally built in small area for short time of waiting. In the perspective of spatial design, it is important that good environment is provided for bus shelters users. This study proposed to investigate on the physical design of bus shelters (location-accessibility, anthropometric characteristics, roofing and walls, lighting, electronic information, seating, etc.) affect the general satisfaction of the users. To assess user’s general satisfaction, direct observation was done, in order to test the hypotheses, survey was conducted at bus-shelters in two selected areas of Istanbul (Ataköy- Beşyol). Subjects from different background of economic level were assessed on bus shelter design and related problems. In conclusion, it is proved that there is a significant correlation between general satisfaction and degree of difficulty in using buses. The arrangement of bus shelter design with the surroundings, adequacy of a shelter during summer, comfort of the shelter,adequacy of seating and the maintenance duration of the shelter.

Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Mesleki, Sosyal ve Entelektüel Eğilimlerinin Araştırılması Study of Professional, Social And Intellectual Orientations of Vocational College Students

The purpose of this study is to investigate the professional, social and intellectual orientations of vocational college students. In order to investigate these orientations, a survey form consisting of 21 items was presented to the students of vocational colleges from 6 universities serving in the greater city area of Istanbul. Responses from 537 participants were statistically analyzed using frequency tables, correlation table, two sample t-test and ANOVA test. Thirteen out of the 42 hypotheses were accepted as the result of these analyses, and statistically significant differences found between the demographical groups of participants.

Analysis of Secular Ground Motions in Istanbul from a Long-Term InSAR Time-Series (1992–2017)

The identification and measurement of ground deformations in urban areas is of great importance for determining the vulnerable parts of the cities that are prone to geohazards, which is a crucial element of both sustainable urban planning and hazard mitigation. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis is a very powerful tool for the operational mapping of ground deformation related to urban subsidence and landslide phenomena. With an analysis spanning almost 25 years of satellite radar observations, we compute an InSAR time series of data from multiple satellites (European Remote Sensing satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2, Envisat, Sentinel-1A, and its twin sensor Sentinel-1B) in order to investigate the spatial extent and rate of ground deformation in the megacity of Istanbul. By combining the various multi-track InSAR datasets (291 images in total) and analysing persistent scatterers (PS-InSAR), we present mean velocity maps of ground surface displacement in selected areas of Istanbul. We identify several sites along the terrestrial and coastal regions of Istanbul that underwent vertical ground subsidence at varying rates, from 5 ± 1.2 mm/yr to 15 ± 2.1 mm/yr. The results reveal that the most distinctive subsidence patterns are associated with both anthropogenic factors and relatively weak lithologies along the Haramirede valley in particular, where the observed subsidence is up to 10 ± 2 mm/yr. We show that subsidence has been occurring along the Ayamama river stream at a rate of up to 10 ± 1.8 mm/yr since 1992, and has also been slowing down over time following the restoration of the river and stream system. We also identify subsidence at a rate of 8 ± 1.2 mm/yr along the coastal region of Istanbul, which we associate with land reclamation, as well as a very localised subsidence at a rate of 15 ± 2.3 mm/yr starting in 2016 around one of the highest skyscrapers of Istanbul, which was built in 2010.

Investigation of radon concentrations in some reservoirs, spring and tap waters in İstanbul, Turkey

The 222Rn activity in water samples from reservoirs, springs and taps in the area of Istanbul, Turkey has been measured with an AlphaGUARD system. The measured concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 3 Bq L−1 for reservoirs, 1.6–14 Bq L−1 for springs and 0.8–1.4 Bq L−1 for taps. These values are compared with similar measurements elsewhere in Turkey and other countries. They lie within recommended safe limits published by WHO and UNSCEAR and, with the exception of three spring water samples, they lie within the more stringent limits set by the USEPA. The resulting annual effective doses due to water ingestion and inhalation are discussed.

Stroke prevalence among the Turkish population in a rural area of Istanbul: A community-based study.

Background:The population-based information on the prevalence of stroke from rural areas of Middle East countries including Turkey is unknown. Our aim is to evaluate the prevalence of stroke in those ⩾18 years in the Turkish population in a rural area of Istanbul.Methods:A cross-sectional door-to-door study was conducted in a rural area of Istanbul between 1 March and 30 March 2013. A research protocol recommended by World Health Organization for developing countries was used. Each screening teams consisted of one neurologist, one local nurse, and five surveyors. Teams were trained about the survey and questionnaire. The patients, who claimed to have suffered a stroke, were examined, and the diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist on site. The findings and medical records were documented.Results:In total, 2906 people ⩾18 years were screened. 50 stroke cases were detected. 80% of those were found to have had an ischemic stroke, 14% of those were hemorrhagic cases, and 6% of those had an unclassified stroke type. The overall prevalence rate in those ⩾ 18 years was 1.7%. The male/female ratio was 0.92. Young (<45) stroke prevalence was found to be 0.6%.Conclusion:This study was the first of its kind to show the stroke prevalence among Turkish population ⩾ 18 years in a rural area of Istanbul. When compared to other studies which investigate people ⩾45 years from Turkey, the result (in the same age group) was moderate high. The male/female ratio was low compared to many other studies.

Loss Predictive Power of Strong Motion Networks for Usage in Parametric Risk Transfer: Istanbul as a Case Study

Parametric catastrophe (CAT) bonds are financial derivatives that provide a capital influx after a large natural disaster. More than US$10 billion in earthquake risk has been transacted since the late 1990s using mathematical relationships between monetary loss and ground accelerations recorded by seismological instruments. This paper investigates how the quality of these relationships varies depending on the functional forms used and the geographic distributions of both the strong motion sensor network and the exposure assets for which coverage is provided. We refer to this quality as the loss predictive power of the network. The analysis concludes that the recurrently used simplistic indices based on the nearest measurements to estimate loss at a particular location are advised only in the most optimistic circumstances in which the density of instruments is high where assets at risk are located. In other cases, more sophisticated ground motion estimation methods are recommended. The Istanbul area, where the Bosphorus I &amp; II Ltd. CAT bond series was implemented in recent years, is treated as a case study.

Surveying and Modelling of Historical Buildings Using Point Cloud Data in Suleymaniye in Istanbul, Turkey

Suleymaniye was one of the most densely populated areas of Istanbul in the Ottoman period. In order to protect the traditional cultural identity of Suleymaniye region and bring it in line with contemporary living conditions, a new project has been created by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Within the framework of the research on cloud computing on architecture, this paper will present both the results of terrestrial laser scanning which was used to obtain 3D point clouds through 3D survey measurements and scans of silhouettes of streets and roads, which were then transposed into survey images and designed as an example of city modelling. Additionally, the study will cite examples of how this technology has been used in Suleymaniye region.

Analysis of land cover/use changes using Landsat 5 TM data and indices.

Urban expansion and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth, are major driving forces altering land cover/use in metropolitan areas. Many of the land cover classes such as farmlands, wetlands, forests, and bare soils have been transformed during the past years into human settlements. Identification of the city growth trends and the impact of it on the vegetation cover of an area is essential for a better understanding of the sustainability of urban development processes, both planned and unplanned. Analyzing the causes and consequences of land use dynamics helps local government, urban planners, and managers for the betterment of future plans and minimizing the negative effects.This study determined temporal changes in vegetation cover and built-up area in Istanbul (Turkey) using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and built-up area index (BUAI). The temporal data were based on Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in June of 1984, 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011. The NDVI was applied to all the Landsat images, and the resulting NDVI images were overlaid to generate an NDVI layer stack image. The same procedure was repeated using the SAVI and BUAI images. The layer stack images revealed those areas that had changed in terms of the different indices over the years. To determine temporal change trends, the values of 150 randomly selected control points were extracted from the same locations in the NDVI, SAVI, and BUAI layer stack images. The results obtained from these control points showed that vegetation cover decreased considerably because of a remarkable increase in the built-up area.

Analytical measuring and visualization of spatio-temporal change in built environments: Beyazıt Square case study area in Istanbul

Analytical measuring and visualization of spatio-temporal change in built environments: Beyazıt Square case study area in Istanbul

Parking Management Policies Based on Behavior Analysis at Fatih District in Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract Parking has become a critical problem for urban authorities, in particular, historic cities throughout the world because there is a limited space in which to park cars. An understanding of parking behavior is important for city planners to design parking facilities and draw parking policy. This paper aims to present the parking behavior based on interview survey data in Fatih District, which is one of such the historic area of Istanbul, Turkey. Interview survey was conducted to understand the characteristics of parking behavior and preferences for the parking management policies in the five sub-areas that have the difference in the characteristics. Within this paper, statistical analysis was applied to analyze the characteristics of parking behavior of each sub-area. Also, a discrete choice model was developed to obtain significant factors affected on choosing the parking policies. It found that the parking behaviors are quite different by sub-areas. Also, different parking management policies were selected by sub-areas. This will be informative to develop parking strategy for Fatih District.

Assessing the Sensitivity of SWMM to Variations in Hydrological and Hydraulic Parameters: A Case Study for the city of Istanbul

&lt;p&gt;Overland flow is highly affected by increasing urbanization, and variations in land use and climatic variables, especially in the last few decades. This necessitates the development of modeling approaches for planning and management of catchments that play a significant role on water supply. The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of major hydrological and hydraulic parameters on runoff production in the Alibeyköy Reservoir catchment area in Istanbul. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is chosen to develop the catchment hydrological model and the model’s sensitivity is assessed based on the variations in eight major parameters of the model affecting runoff production. 55 years of time series precipitation data are used for model simulations. GIS-based maps including land use and land cover information are used to determine the imperviousness values required for SWMM. A one-at-a-time parametric sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the most significant parameters affecting the model outcomes. Analysis results reveal that area of subcatchments, precipitation and conduit depth are the most significant parameters in SWMM affecting runoff production. Percent imperviousness and percent slope are the least significant parameters amongst other parameters influencing the output.&lt;/p&gt;

Parental networks, ethnicity, and social and cultural capital: the societal dynamics of educational resilience in Turkey

Resilience research has increasingly gained ground in the field of education research, due to its potential for ameliorating inequalities. This article deals with the emergence of educational resilience, with particular attention to parental network structure, by employing a Bourdieusian social and cultural capital approach. While much of the literature discusses resilience normatively as a personal trait, this article frames it as an outcome of larger societal processes. Drawing on a comparative study of the experiences of resilient student–mother and dropout–mother pairs living in inner-city areas of Istanbul, the article illustrates that the emergence of resilience is strongly linked to resources such as parental networks and that parental networks significantly differ along the nexus of ethnicity.

Climate change impacts on extreme precipitation of water supply area in Istanbul: use of ensemble climate modelling and geo-statistical downscaling

ABSTRACTNumerous statistical downscaling models have been applied to impact studies, but none clearly recommended the most appropriate one for a particular application. This study uses the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method, based on local implications from physical geographical variables, to downscale climate change impacts to a small-scale catchment. The ensembles of daily precipitation time series from 15 different regional climate models (RCMs) driven by five different general circulation models (GCMs), obtained through the European Union (EU)-ENSEMBLES project for reference (1960–1990) and future (2071–2100) scenarios are generated for the Omerli catchment, in the east of Istanbul city, Turkey, under scenario A1B climate change projections. Special focus is given to changes in extreme precipitation, since such information is needed to assess the changes in the frequency and intensity of flooding for future climate. The mean daily precipitation from all RCMs is under-represented in the summer, autumn and early winter, but it is overestimated in late winter and spring. The results point to an increase in extreme precipitation in winter, spring and summer, and a decrease in autumn in the future, compared to the current period. The GWR method provides significant modifications (up to 35%) to these changes and agrees on the direction of change from RCMs. The GWR method improves the representation of mean and extreme precipitation compared to RCM outputs and this is more significant, particularly for extreme cases of each season. The return period of extreme events decreases in the future, resulting in higher precipitation depths for a given return period from most of the RCMs. This feature is more significant with downscaling. According to the analysis presented, a new adaption for regulating excessive water under climate change in the Omerli basin may be recommended.

Estimation of Seismic Vulnerability Levels of Urban Structures With Multisensor Remote Sensing

The ongoing global transformation of human habitats from rural villages to ever growing urban agglomerations induces unprecedented seismic risks in earthquake prone regions. To mitigate affiliated perils requires the seismic assessment of built environments. Numerous studies emphasize that remote sensing can play a valuable role in supporting the extraction of relevant features for preevent vulnerability analysis. However, the majority of approaches operate on building level. This induces the deployment of very high spatial resolution remote sensing data, which hampers, nowadays, utilization capabilities for larger areas due to data costs and processing requirements. In this paper, we alter the spatial scale of analysis and propose concepts and methods to estimate the seismic vulnerability level of homogeneous urban structures. A procedure is designed, which comprises four main steps dedicated to: 1) delineation of urban structures by means of a tailored unsupervised data segmentation procedure with scale optimization; 2) characterization of urban structures by a joint exploitation of multisensor data; 3) selection of most feasible features under consideration of in situ vulnerability information; and 4) estimation of seismic vulnerability levels of urban structures within a supervised learning framework. We render the prediction problem in three ways to address operational requirements that can evolve in real-life situations. 1) To discriminate two or more classes based on labeled samples of all classes present in the data under investigation, we use the framework of soft margin support vector machines ( C -SVM). 2) To consider situations, where solely labeled samples are available for the class(es) of interest and not for all classes present in the data, we deploy ensembles of $\nu$ -one-class SVM ( $\nu $ -OC-SVM). and 3) To fit data with a higher statistical level of measurement (interval or ratio scale), we utilize a support vector regression (SVR) approach to estimate a regression function from the training samples. Experimental results are obtained for the earthquake-prone mega city Istanbul, Turkey. We use multispectral data from the RapidEye constellation, elevation measurements from the TanDEM-X mission, and spatiotemporal analyses based on data from the Landsat archive to characterize the urban environment. In addition, different in situ data sets are incorporated for Istanbul’s district Zeytinburnu and the residual settlement area of Istanbul. When estimating damage grades for Zeytinburnu with SVR, best models are characterized by mean absolute percentage errors less than 11%, and fairly strong goodness of fit ( ${{R}} > {{0}}.{{75}}$ ). When aiming to identify different types of urban structures for the remaining settlement area of Istanbul (i.e., urban structures determined by large industrial/commercial buildings and tall detached residential buildings, which can be considered here as highly and slightly vulnerable, respectively), results obtained with $C$ -SVM show a distinctive increase of accuracy compared to results obtained with ensembles of $\nu$ -OC-SVM. The latter were not able to exceed moderate agreements, with $\kappa$ statistics slightly above 0.45. Instead, $C$ -SVM allowed obtaining $\kappa $ statistics expressing substantial and even excellent agreements ( $\kappa > {{0}}.{{6}}$ up to $\kappa > {{0}}.{{8}}$ ). Overall, analyzes provide very promising empirical evidence, which confirms the potential of remote sensing to support seismic vulnerability assessment.