Nomenclatural Issues Research Articles

Taxonomic revision of the ornate skink (Oligosoma ornatum; Reptilia: Scincidae) species complex from northern New Zealand.

Although the New Zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse, a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed. We completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink (Oligosoma ornatum (Gray, 1843)) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex. As part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species, O. aeneum (Girard, 1857). A new skink species, Oligosoma roimata sp. nov., is described from the Poor Knights Islands, off the northeast coast of the North Island of New Zealand. This species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from O. ornatum. The conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the Poor Knights Islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades.

New Boraginales from tropical America 8: Nomenclatural notes on Varronia (Cordiaceae: Boraginales)

A review of the species of the neotropical genus Varronia (Cordiaceae: Boraginales), for several floristic projects and the preparation of a treatment for the Online World Flora, reveals several nomenclatural issues, which include four new combinations and a nomen novum for one additional species.

Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England

Over a decade after the last major review of the Cambridge Greensand pterosaurs, their systematics remains one of the most disputed points in pterosaur taxonomy. Ornithocheiridae is still a wastebasket for fragmentary taxa, and some nomenclatural issues are still a problem. Here, the species from the Cretaceous of England that, at some point, were referred in Ornithocheirus, are reviewed. Investigation of the primary literature confirmed that Criorhynchus should be considered an objective junior synonym of Ornithocheirus. Taxonomic review of more than 30 species known from fragmentary remains showed that 16 of them are undiagnosable (nomina dubia): Palaeornis cliftii, Cimoliornis diomedeus, Pterodactylus compressirostris, Pterodactylus fittoni, Pterodactylus woodwardi, Ornithocheirus brachyrhinus, Ornithocheirus carteri, Ornithocheirus crassidens, Ornithocheirus dentatus, Ornithocheirus enchorhynchus, Ornithocheirus eurygnathus, Ornithocheirus oxyrhinus, Ornithocheirus scaphorhynchus, Ornithocheirus tenuirostris, Ornithocheirus xyphorhynchus, and Pterodactylus sagittirostris. Fourteen species are considered valid, and diagnoses are provided to all of them: Ornithocheirus simus, Lonchodraco giganteus comb. n., Lonchodraco machaerorhynchus comb. n., Lonchodraco(?) microdon comb. n., Coloborhynchus clavirostris, ‘Ornithocheirus’ capito, Camposipterus nasutus comb. n., Camposipterus(?) sedgwickii comb. n., Camposipterus(?) colorhinus comb. n., Cimoliopterus cuvieri comb. n., ‘Ornithocheirus’ polyodon, ‘Ornithocheirus’ platystomus, ‘Pterodactylus’ daviesii, and ‘Ornithocheirus’ denticulatus. These species are referred in the genera Ornithocheirus, Lonchodraco gen. n., Coloborhynchus, Cimoliopterus gen. n., and Camposipterus gen. n., but additional genera are probably present, as indicated by the use of single quotation marks throughout the text. A cladistic analysis demonstrates that Anhangueridae lies within a newly recognized clade, here named Anhangueria, which also includes the genera Cearadactylus, Brasileodactylus, Ludodactylus, and Camposipterus. The anhanguerian ‘Cearadactylus’ ligabuei belongs to a different genus than Cearadactylus atrox. Lonchodraconidae fam. n. (more or less equivalent to Lonchodectidae sensu Unwin 2001) is a monophyletic entity, but its exact phylogenetic position remains uncertain, as is the case of Ornithocheirus simus. Therefore, it is proposed that Ornithocheiridae should be constricted to its type species and thus is redundant. Other taxa previously referred as “ornithocheirids” are discussed in light of the revised taxonomy.

Synonymy and its Discontents: Alfred Russel Wallace's Nomenclatural Proposals from the ‘Species Notebook’ of 1855–1859

Abstract. Alfred Russel Wallace made fundamental contributions to biogeography and the establishment of evolutionary thinking. He was also a working collector who spent a total of twelve years traveling in Amazonia and southeast Asia, his immense collections yielding hundreds of new species. Wallace was, accordingly, intimately familiar with the diversity of species and varieties, and was attuned to fine shades of morphological difference in a geographical context. In identifying, preparing, labelling and cataloguing his myriad specimens Wallace often confronted nomenclatural issues, foremost among them keeping track of taxonomic synonyms. In the absence of internationally recognized codes of taxonomic nomenclature, synonyms proliferated in the 19th century. In Wallace's ‘Species Notebook,’ the most important of his field notebooks kept between 1855 and 1859 during his travels in southeast Asia, Wallace devoted several pages to addressing synonymy and related issues. I discuss Wallace's far-ranging propos...

Taxonomic notes on Asperula sect. Cynanchicae (Rubiaceae )

AbstractTaxonomic and nomenclatural issues in Asperula aristata L. f. and allied taxa are discussed and the identity of the autonymic subspecies of A. aristata established as being the taxon commonly, but erroneously, called A. aristata subsp. scabra . The synonymy of other names in the group is also discussed, and eight of them are typified. Asperula exaristata, applicable ambiguously to a southern Italian taxon, is newly identified and synonymised.

Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium

The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January 29th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the JSTP’s 29th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.

As we wait: coping with an imperfect nomenclature for extracellular vesicles

There is increasing evidence that secreted vesicles play important roles in numerous aspects of biology (e.g. intercellular vesicle traffic, immunity, development, neurobiology and microbiology), contribute to many human diseases (e.g. cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and HIV/AIDS) and have significant biotechnological potential. This expanding interest in extracellular vesicles has also highlighted some vexing problems related to their nomenclature. At the first meeting of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in Gothenburg, Sweden (April 2012), the authors chaired a session on the issue of vesicle nomenclature. (Published: 15 February 2013) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2013, 2 : 20389 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20389

Identification, Nomenclature, and Evolutionary Relationships of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Genes in Soybean

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes in eukaryotes regulate various developmental and physiological processes including those associated with biotic and abiotic stresses. Although MAPKs in some plant species including Arabidopsis have been identified, they are yet to be identified in soybean. Major objectives of this study were to identify GmMAPKs, assess their evolutionary relationships, and analyze their functional divergence. We identified a total of 38 MAPKs, eleven MAPKKs, and 150 MAPKKKs in soybean. Within the GmMAPK family, we also identified a new clade of six genes: four genes with TEY and two genes with TQY motifs requiring further investigation into possible legume-specific functions. The results indicated the expansion of the GmMAPK families attributable to the ancestral polyploidy events followed by chromosomal rearrangements. The GmMAPK and GmMAPKKK families were substantially larger than those in other plant species. The duplicated GmMAPK members presented complex evolutionary relationships and functional divergence when compared to their counterparts in Arabidopsis. We also highlighted existing nomenclatural issues, stressing the need for nomenclatural consistency. GmMAPK identification is vital to soybean crop improvement, and novel insights into the evolutionary relationships will enhance our understanding about plant genome evolution.

Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium.

The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.

The inclusion of Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema in Dryopteris: The molecular phylogeny, systematics, and nomenclature of Dryopteris subg. Nothoperanema (Dryopteridaceae)

AbstractDryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) is one of the largest fern genera containing about 300 or more species. Sixty‐five accessions representing all four subgenera and all 19 sections of Dryopteris recognized in current classifications, more than two‐thirds of the species of Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema, three species of Arachniodes, three species of Cyrtomium, one species of Phanerophlebia, and two species of Polystichum, were sampled as ingroup in this study. Two species of Polystichopsis were used as outgroups. DNA sequences of five plastid loci (psbA‐trnH spacer, rbcL gene, rps4‐trnS spacer, trnL intron, trnL‐F spacer) were used to infer the phylogeny of Dryopteris and related genera. Our study clearly demonstrated that the currently defined Dryopteris is paraphyletic in relation to a clade containing the monophyletic Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema. Peranema is resolved as sister to the remaining three genera, followed by Nothoperanema which in turn is sister to the Acrophorus + Diacalpe clade, but this relationship received low support. Three out of the four subgenera of Dryopteris recognized in current classifications are not recovered as monophyletic. Dryopteris subg. Nothoperanema, well supported as monophyletic by molecular and morphological data, is resurrected and re‐circumscribed to contain species of the currently accepted genera Acrophorus, Diacalpe, Nothoperanema, and Peranema. Twenty‐seven species are recognized and classified into four sections based on molecular and morphological evidence. Included in this treatment are 25 new combinations, names, species, and statuses, and neotypification or lectotypification of 14 names. The present study further located and cited types of an additional 28 related names, many of which have been unknown to science. Keys to sections and species and distributional information are given and nomenclatural issues are discussed. This paper also synonymized and excluded 33 nomenclaturally confusing names of Dryopteris that were formerly assigned to Acrophorus or Diacalpe.

New Records, Range Extensions and Nomenclatural Innovations for Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from Alaska, U.S.A.

Dillman, K. L., Ahti, T., Björk, C. R., Clerc, P., Ekman, S., Goward, T., Hafellner, J., Pérez- Ortega, S., Printzen, C., Savić, S., Schultz, M., Svensson, M., Thor, G., Tønsberg, T., Vitikainen, O., Westberg, M. & Spribille, T. 2012. New records, range extensions and nomenclatural innovations for lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Alaska, U.S.A. — Herzogia 25: 177–210.Surveys of lichens and lichenicolous fungi have been taking place in the U.S. state of Alaska for more than 160 years, but until now assessing the full extent of their diversity has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and synonymized baseline inventory. In this paper we will begin to redress this by resolving outstanding nomenclatural issues and providing voucher data for a forthcoming catalog of Alaskan lichens, specifically: 1) synonymization and/or resolution of status of species previously reported from Alaska, with emphasis on Alaskan types; 2) species new to the Alaska lichen biota; and 3) biogeographically significant new records from within Alaska. We report 91 species new to the flora of Alaska, including 65 lichens, three saprophytic calicioid fungi and 23 lichenicolous fungi. Of these, we report thirteen species, Biatora sphaeroidiza, Biatorella conspurcans, Chaenothecopsis arthoniae, Collemopsidium foveolatum, Dactylospora frigida, Halospora discrepans, Lecanora bryopsora, Opegrapha geographicola, Peltigera lyngei, Petractis clausa, Protoblastenia cyclospora, Thelocarpon impressellum and Usnea cylindrica as new to North America. In addition, Arthonia pruinata and Flavocetraria minuscula are new to Canada and Adelococcus alpestris new to the United States. We further place the following five names into synonymy: Lecania disceptans (Nyl.) Lynge [= Halecania alpivaga (Th.Fr.) M.Mayrhofer], Lecidea pallidella Nyl. [= Lecania subfuscula (Nyl.) S.Ekman], Lempholemma triptodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (= Leciophysma finmarkicum Th.Fr.), Polyblastia obtenta (Nyl.) Lynge [= Sporodictyon terrestre (Th.Fr.) S.Savić & Tibell], and Verrucaria pernigrata Nyl. [= Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt]. We propose restoring the long overlooked taxon Polyblastia exalbida (Nyl.) Zahlbr., currently known only from Alaska, to the North American lichen checklist. Finally, we propose the new combination Puttea caesia (Fr.) M.Svensson & T.Sprib. to replace Lecidea symmictella Nyl., which becomes a synonym.

<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Reducing the fern genus <em>Dryopsis</em> to <em>Dryopteris</em> and the systematics and nomenclature of <em>Dryopteris</em> subgenus <em>Erythrovariae</em> section <em>Dryopsis</em> (Dryopteridaceae)</strong></p>

The fern genus Dryopsis (Dryopteridaceae) is characterized by the presence of multicellular hairs and costal and costular grooves closed near their bases. Following a recent molecular analysis the monophyletic Dryopsis is nested in a paraphyletic Dryopteris and therefore should be viewed as part of an expanded Dryopteris . The current paper treats Dryopsis as a section of D. subg. Erythrovariae because both of these two taxa have bullate scales and importantly Dryopsis has been resolved as sister to D. subg. Erythrovariae sect. Erythrovariae . Twenty-two species are here recognized in D. sect. Dryopsis . Included in this treatment are nine new combinations, names and statuses, and five names are lectotypified. The present study further located and cited types of an additional 37 related names, many of which have been poorly to science. A key and distributional information of every species recognized is given and related nomenclatural issues are discussed. The nine new names, combinations and statuses include Dryopteris sect. Dryopsis , D. dulongensis , D. leiboensis , D. nidus , D. nushanensis , D. submariformis , D. wantsingshanica , D. crassirachis and D. × fauriei . The following five names are lectotypified: Ctenitis silaensis , C. tibetica , Dryopteris aureovestita , D. mariformis , and Polystichum transmorrisonensis .

Reply

To the Editor: We are pleased that Fitzpatrick et al found our commentary regarding the need for improvement in laser nomenclature interesting, and we appreciate their willingness to offer constructive suggestions. That being said, we disagree that the term “ablative” is unrelated to depth of injury or that it does not involve structurally breaching the epidermis, as we are unsure how the epidermis could be ablated without having an injury of greater than zero depth in the original untreated skin, or how the epidermis could be removed if its structure were not affected in any way. Fitzpatrick et al also put forth that ablation or the lack thereof has no association with erosions, serous weeping, bleeding or other wound healing events. While this may be true in a theoretical framework, cutaneous lasers are used on people, who do bleed, ooze, and heal. If it were not for the fact that nonablative and ablative lasers are different with association to wound management, the descriptors “nonablative” and “ablative” would be irrelevant to patient care and laser companies would not be so adamant about specifying the relevant degree of ablation in their promotional literature. With regard to the term “subsurfacing,” Fitzpatrick et al agree that this is an awkward term and, as awkwardness is to be avoided in issues of nomenclature, we are unsure as to why they are insistent in wanting to preserve it. Similarly, we are surprised that Fitzpatrick et al compare the term “partially ablative” to the impossibility of being “partially pregnant” after noting that they can see at least two different ways in which a partially ablative treatment could occur. Which is it? Are there two types of partial ablation or no partially ablative treatments or does ablation occur along a continuum? Fitzpatrick et al also state that our definition of the appropriate pixel size of a fractional laser covers only 99% of the observed instances. If this figure is accurate, as they assert, we feel we are to be commended for devising a definition that is almost always right and is far preferable to the confusion that currently prevails. We would rather stand with the 99% than the 1%. We certainly agree with Fitzpatrick et al that terminology should be standardized for communicating fractional resurfacing treatment density, or the proportion of the skin surface per unit area that is actively treated during one pass or session. Our original commentary was designed to highlight a few specific issues of laser nomenclature and, given space limitations, was not meant to be a comprehensive document. We are delighted that Fitzpatrick et al applaud us for highlighting the deficiencies in the nomenclature currently in use in cutaneous laser surgery. Regarding their suggestion that a committee address these problems in greater detail, as they know, such a committee has already been formed under the aegis of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Several of them, and of us, now serve on this committee. As to why there is so much disagreement on the issues described above, we believe it may stem from a misguided view of the function of nomenclature in this context. Different cutaneous laser and energy devices are often not strictly comparable, and yet they have significant clinical effects that we need to predict to some extent to ensure patient safety and comfort. So uniform nomenclature, a common language, can facilitate practical communication in an efficient manner. However, endless argument over minute details is probably not constructive since no set of terms will work in every instance or please everyone. The goal is to develop a simple naming system that most can live with, that is easy to use, and that usually conveys necessary information with acceptable accuracy and precision. We believe the focus should be on achieving consensus on a reasonable set of improvements rather than aiming for an elusive perfection. Since dermatologists are collegial and cooperative, we should succeed in this and, in so doing, perform a service for our patients, other physicians, and even laser manufacturers. Nomenclature proposal on laser ablation and nonablationJournal of the American Academy of DermatologyVol. 67Issue 4PreviewTo the Editor: Although there is a need for improving definitions used in dermatologic laser surgery, we believe that the suggestions by Alam et al1 are inaccurate and in many instances further confuse laser surgery terminology. Full-Text PDF

Analysis of evolution of carbonic anhydrases IV and XV reveals a rich history of gene duplications and a new group of isozymes

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes CA IV and CA XV are anchored on the extracellular cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Analysis of evolution of these isozymes in vertebrates reveals an additional group of GPI-linked CAs, CA XVII, which has been lost in mammals. Our work resolves nomenclature issues in GPI-linked fish CAs. Review of expression data brings forth previously unreported tissue and cancer types in which human CA IV is expressed. Analysis of collective glycosylation patterns of GPI-linked CAs suggests functionally important regions on the protein surface.

Taxonomy and geographic variation of the Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 species-complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

The species-group composed of the eastern Brazilian taxa Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819, S. infuscata O. M. O. Pinto, 1950, and S. whitneyi Pacheco and Gonzaga, 1995 is particularly intriguing as it presents interesting nomenclatural, phenomenological, and conceptual issues in avian taxonomy. Synallaxis ruficapilla was described from a specimen collected in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. Pinto (Pap Avulsos do Dep de Zool 9:361–364, 1950) noticed plumage differences between Pernambuco specimens and the southern specimens that led him to describe S. ruficapilla infuscata, a taxon subsequently elevated to specific status. Pacheco and Gonzaga (Ararajuba 3:3–11, 1995) described a new species, Synallaxis whitneyi, from specimens collected at Boa Nova, Bahia. Essentially, S. whitneyi is paler (gray) than S. infuscata but darker than the whitish-brown S. ruficapilla. Despite the intermediate position of Synallaxis whitneyi, Pacheco and Gonzaga (1995) defended its validity based on its unique vocalization and morphology. Thereafter, S. whitneyi was synonymized in S. cinerea, but this synonymy was deemed invalid by Stopiglia and Raposo (Zootaxa 1166:49–55, 2006). Our objective was to review the taxonomy of the Synallaxis ruficapilla species-group. Our analysis showed that only S. ruficapilla and S. infuscata can be considered valid species;, that S. whitneyi is a synonym of S. ruficapilla, and that S. ruficapilla shows complex geographic variation in morphology and voice that has led other authors to consider a geographic variant as a third species in the complex.

Validation of the NameVeratrum hybridum(Liliales, Melanthiaceae): The Correct Name for Crisped Bunch-Flower

Daniel B. Ward's recent assessment of species in Flora Caroliniana by Thomas Walter included the identification and neotypification of Melanthium hybridum Walter, a name that would now have apparent priority over the more commonly used synonyms for the crisped bunch-flower, M. latifolium Desr. in Lam. and Veratrum latifolium (Desr. in Lam.) Zomlefer (Melanthiaceae). The supported conservation of the name Veratrum L. over Melanthium L. at the Melbourne International Botanical Congress necessitates the transfer of M. hybridum to Veratrum. However, another name, V. hybridum J. H. Zimmerman, lacked reference to the basionym and was not validly published. Herein, a discussion of these nomenclatural issues includes the validation of the name V. hybridum (Walter) Zimmerman ex Zomlefer.

The endings of specific nomina dedicated to persons should not be emended: nomenclatural issues in Phalangopsidae (Hexapoda: Grylloidea)

Costa (2012) intended to “correct” the spellings of the specific epithets of two species of phalangopsid crickets (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) described from Brazil in Mews et al. (2009). According to Costa (2012), both specific nomina “were incorrectly formed under the articles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), leading to the need of justified emendations according to the article 33.2.2 of the Code…”.

John Edward Gray (1800–1875): his malacological publications and molluscan taxa

John Edward Gray was a major figure in zoology in the middle of the 19th Century. An annotated bibliography of his mol-luscan publications is given with all works collated and dated, with questions of authorship discussed. Genus-group andspecies-group molluscan taxa introduced by, or incorrectly attributed to, Gray are listed. Family level names are not in-cluded as most, gastropods and bivalves, have been recently treated by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005, 2010). The included lists treat 937 genus-group nomina and 1,649 species-group nomina associated with Gray.Action is taken to conserve three names in current use found to be junior synonyms. The genus-group name Baster-otia Hörnes, 1859 is declared a nomen protectum over Harlea Gray, 1842, a nomen oblitum. The species-group namesTrochus pellisserpentis W. Wood, 1828 and Trochus armillatus W. Wood, 1828 are declared nomina protecta over Trochusemma Gray, 1827 and Trochus henslowi Gray, 1828 respectively, which become nomina oblita.The type species of five genus-group names introducd by Gray are fixed under Article 70.3.2: Euthria, Pirenella,Pusionella, Rissoella, and Tagelus.First Reviser action is taken regarding Anapa Gray, 1842 and Placobranchus euchlorus Gray, 1850. Recurring no-menclatural issues and those too complex to treat within the regular catalogue are discussed in 57 Taxa Notes. The lists are fully referenced with 743 literature titles in addition to the 307 listed for Gray.

A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)

The last 20 years have seen a resurgence in systematic studies of parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes). Principally but not solelymolecular in nature, this body of work has addressed the circumscription of higher level groupings within the Psittaciformesand relationships among them. Stability has now emerged on many formerly contentious matters at these levels. Accordingly,we consider it appropriate to underpin further work on parrot biology with a freshly revised classification at the taxonomicranks spanned by family-group nomenclature, i.e., between superfamily and tribe. In light of the body of recent work, we advo-cate a framework of three superfamilies among parrots (Strigopoidea, Cacatuoidea and Psittacoidea) within which Linnaeantaxonomy can accommodate present phylogenetic understanding by employing groupings at the ranks of family, subfamily andtribe. Just as importantly, we have addressed numerous issues of nomenclature towards stabilising the family-group names ofparrots. We erect two new subfamily names, Coracopseinae Joseph, Toon, Schirtzinger, Wright & Schodde, subfam. nov. andPsittacellinae Joseph, Toon, Schirtzinger, Wright & Schodde, subfam. nov. We stress that rankings we have applied reflect thestate of understanding of parrot phylogeny and how it can be summarized in a Linnaean system; comparisons with rankings in other groups are likely not appropriate nor relevant.

Recent and fossil Isopoda Bopyridae parasitic on squat lobsters and porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea), with notes on nomenclature and biogeography

The parasitic isopod family Bopyridae contains approximately 600 species that parasitize calanoid copepods as larvae and decapod crustaceans as adults. In total, 105 species of these parasites (~18% of all bopyrids) are documented from Recent squat lobsters and porcelain crabs in the superfamilies Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea. Aside from one endoparasite, all the bopyrids reported herein belong to the branchially infesting subfamily Pseudioninae. Approximately 29% (67 of 233 species) of pseudionine species parasitize squat lobsters and 16% (38 of 233 species) parasitize porcelain crabs. Bopyrids are found in five of six squat lobster families (lacking only in Kiwaidae) and the sole porcelain crab family Porcellanidae. Six pseudionine genera are shared between squat lobsters and porcelain crabs. The deepest bathymetric records of bopyrids on squat lobster hosts (5210 m), and records of swellings interpreted as indications of bopyrid presence in fossil host taxa are noted. Four nomenclatural issues are resolved and the proper form of citation for the French zoologist C. E. Hesse is provided. Biogeographic distributions for squat lobsters and porcelain crabs are discussed and compared to those of hermit crabs.