Nomenclatural Issues Research Articles

The genus Thelonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states

The genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states are a group of perithecial ascomycetes in the family Nectriaceae that occur as saprobes and in few cases as pathogens of hardwood trees, shrubs or other plants. Although a key component of forest ecosystems around the world, species relationships and distributions of these fungi are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to: 1) infer species rank phylogenetic relationships of the genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states and test the monophyly of each of the groups studied; 2) delimit taxa establishing taxon circumscriptions; 3) resolve nomenclatural issues by identifying redundantly used names and synonyms; and 4) provide an updated outline to the genus, geographical distributions data and identification tools, specifically diagnostic keys and molecular data that can be used as molecular barcodes. The recovered consensus phylogeny resulted in a narrow circumscription of the genus Thelonectria, based on the type T. discophora, excluding one of the common species T. jungneri. According to the phylogenetic analyses, T. jungneri belongs in a segregate clade that should be recognized as a different genus. In the genus Thelonectria, a total of four new species and three new combinations are recognized. Additionally, three new genera, closely related to Thelonectria, are described to accommodate species displaying a morphological resemblance to those of Thelonectria: Cinnamomeonectria gen. nov. with C. cinnamomea as type species, Macronectria gen. nov. with M. jungneri as type species and including four additional newly described species, and Tumenectria gen. nov. with T. laetidisca as type species.

Molecular systematics of teioid lizards (Teioidea/Gymnophthalmoidea: Squamata) based on the analysis of 48 loci under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment.

We infer phylogenetic relationships within Teioidea, a superfamily of Nearctic and Neotropical lizards, using nucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses relied on parsimony under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment, with length variation (i.e. gaps) treated as evidence and as absence of evidence, and maximum-likelihood under similarity-alignment with gaps as absence of evidence. All analyses produced almost completely resolved trees despite 86% of missing data. Tree-alignment produced the shortest trees, the strict consensus of which is more similar to the maximum-likelihood tree than to any of the other parsimony trees, in terms of both number of clades shared, parsimony cost and likelihood scores. Comparisons of tree costs suggest that the pattern of indels inferred by similarity-alignment drove parsimony analyses on similarity-aligned sequences away from more optimal solutions. All analyses agree in a majority of clades, although they differ from each other in unique ways, suggesting that neither the criterion of optimality, alignment nor treatment of indels alone can explain all differences. Parsimony rejects the monophyly of Gymnophthalmidae due to the position of Alopoglossinae relative to Teiidae, whereas support of Gymnophthalmidae by maximum-likelihood was low. We address various nomenclatural issues, including Gymnophthalmidae Fitzinger, 1826 being an older name than Teiidae Gray, 1827. We recognize three families in the arrangement Alopoglossidae+(Teiidae+Gymnophthalmidae). Within Gymnophthalmidae we recognize Cercosaurinae, Gymnophthalminae, Rhachisaurinae and Riolaminae in the relationship Cercosaurinae+(Rhachisaurinae+(Riolaminae+Gymnophthalminae)). Cercosaurinae is composed of three tribes-Bachiini, Cercosaurini and Ecpleopodini-and Gymnophthalminae is composed of three-Gymnophthalmini, Heterodactylini and Iphisini. Within Teiidae we retain the currently recognized three subfamilies in the arrangement: Callopistinae+(Tupinambinae+Teiinae). We also propose several genus-level changes to restore the monophyly of taxa.

Molecular data in conjunction with morphology help resolve the Hemidactylus brookii complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae)

Molecular data are increasingly being used to resolve cryptic species complexes; however, subsequent formal species description and taxonomic revisions often remain incomplete. Given that most species are described based on morphology-based alpha taxonomy, one cannot resolve nomenclatural issues of species complexes without the aid of morphology. In this study, we examined the taxonomic status of a long-known human commensal and species complex, Hemidactylus brookii. To this end, samples of H. cf. brookii and related species were collected across India. We analyzed molecular as well as morphological data to resolve the taxonomy of this species complex. Seven deeply divergent, well-supported clades were recovered using the mitochondrial phylogeny, five of which were also retrieved in the nuclear tree. One of these consists of five morphologically distinct species of ground-dwelling Hemidactylus. The genetic distances across each clade of putative species of H. brookii sensu lato were comparable to that between morphologically distinct species of ground-dwelling Hemidactylus. Meristic characters such as number of precloacal-femoral pores, number of non-pore bearing scales interrupting the series of pored scales, dorsal pholidosis, and presence/absence of divided lamellae can be used to distinguish these putative species from each other. However, morphological characters of H. brookii sensu stricto did not correspond to any of the putative species studied. The study also revealed that the ``H. brookii complex'' in India includes two commensal species, Hemidactylus parvimaculatus and Hemidactylus murrayi. Furthermore, these two lineages have independently acquired adaptations that could have assisted them in exploiting human habitat. An identification key to diagnose species within this complex and rest of the Hemidactylus in India is proposed.

Fragilariforma Hajósiae: re-description and revision of Pantocsek’s species Diatoma fossile (Bacillariophyta)

Fragilariforma Hajósiae is re-described from Pantocsek’s specimens of Diatoma fossile; these specimens are from Deménd (Demandice, Slovakia). Nomenclatural issues are examined and clarified as the name Fragilaria fossilis has previously been invalidly used by Hajós (1973a) and the combination Fragilariforma fossilis (Pant.) Tanaka unavailable thus making it necessary to create a new name to effect the transfer of Pantocsek’s Diatoma fossile to Fragilariforma.

Nomenclature adjustments to neglected syntaxa of the tall-herb hygrophilous communities of the SE-Europe

Background and Purpose: During the preparation of a coenological paper concerning the tall-herb vegetation of the Balkans, it emerged that some syntaxa were invalidly described in their original papers, while some other synataxa had been forgotten or considered invalid according to the current phytosociological literature even if they had been validly published in their original papers. The present study deals with the nomenclatural problems of the Rumicetalia balcanici Lakušić 1973, a neglected order of the montane tall-herb vegetation, and those of all its related lower-rank syntaxa.Materials and Methods: All published papers that treated the nomenclatural issues regarding the tall-herb vegetation in the Balkans were analysed. The nomenclature adjustments were made in accordance with the rules of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (ICPN). The original relevés presented in this paper were carried out using the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological approach.Results and Conclusions: The nomenclature adjustments made in the paper result in the validation of the order Rumicetalia balcanicae and of four alliances: Rumicion balcanici, Ranunculion serbici, Cicerbition pancici and Petasition doerfleri. The validity of the alliance Cirsion appendiculati Horvat, Pawlowski et Walas 1937 was here confirmed while the name citation Geion coccinei Horvat in Quezel 1969 was here given for the first time. Finally several tall-herbs association were here validated and some others were proposed as new.

On the type species of the South American dung beetle genus Chalcocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), with some comments on the type locality of C. hesperus (Olivier, 1789).

Recently, a new paper authored by two of us (Rossini & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015) addressed a taxonomic revision of Chalcocopris Burmeister, 1846, describing a second species for the genus and expanding our knowledge of its distribution and morphological diversity. In the present work, we address additional nomenclatural and historical issues not covered in that paper.

Fossil dinoflagellates: nomenclatural proposals in anticipation of a revised DINOFLAJ database

The ‘Lentin & Williams Index’, of which the first version was published in 1973, was intended to keep those involved in fossil dinoflagellate research abreast of the burgeoning taxonomic literature. An additional role has been to ‘tidy up’ nomenclatural issues that have been left unresolved in publications. The printed Index has moved to an online database, DINOFLAJ, a new version of which is projected for 2016. Although since 2012 the International Code of Nomenclature makes allowance for nomenclatural novelties to be proposed online, these digital sources need to be in PDF format in a recognised online publication. As DINOFLAJ3 will arguably not meet formal rules of nomenclature, this brief communication is intended to formalise nomenclatural changes that are needed before the database is released. Thus, the following names are herein validated: Alterbidinium compactum, Alterbidinium nuculum, Alterbidinium nummiliforme, Alterbidinium pentangulare, Alterbidinium prominense, Alterbidinium pseudocirculum, Alterbidinium saltanovae, Alterbidinium simplex; and Palaecysta palmula subspecies ankamotraensis. Also proposed herein are the following new combinations: Amphorulacysta delicata, Amphorulacysta? dodekovae, Amphorulacysta? expirata, Amphorulacysta metaelliptica, Amphorulacysta? monteilii; Bonetocardiella peregrinaensis; Cordosphaeridium gracile forma areolatum; Cribroperidinium graemei subspecies trabeculosum; Dinopterygium asteriforme; Nyktericysta granorugosa, Nyktericysta pentaradiata; Palaecysta complicata, Palaecysta palmula, Palaecysta silyba; and Pithonella melloi.

On nomenclatural publication in theJournal of Mammalogy

In the world of taxonomy and nomenclature, timing can be everything. A new species described yesterday takes precedence over the same entity described today. Consequently, it is essential that the Journal of Mammalogy makes every effort to facilitate the rapid dissemination of new names and nomenclatural acts, according to current nomenclature rules. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN—iczn.org) oversees the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (The Code—ICZN 1999) that governs and provides structure to nomenclatural issues. The Code specifies that scientific names are valid and accepted only if they meet specific criteria …

Molecular and cytogenetic confirmation of the hybrid origin of Jacobaea ×mirabilis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), with nomenclatural notes on this name

Jacobaea ×mirabilis is a hybrid taxon, formerly included in the genus Senecio, originating from J. adonidifolia and J. leucophylla as progenitors. It inhabits a few French mountain locations in the Pyrenees and in the Massif Central. In this paper, we characterize the hybrid and its parental taxa using molecular phylogenetic and cytogenetic (genome size) methods. These data are useful to confirm the hybrid status of the studied taxon. Additionally, we clarify nomenclatural issues connected with this species and fulfil the conditions for valid publication of its name in Jacobaea. The name of this hybrid is also lectotypified.

Nomenclature adjustments to neglected syntaxa of the tall-herb hygrophilous communities of the SE-Europe

Background and Purpose: During the preparation of a coenological paper concerning the tall-herb vegetation of the Balkans, it emerged that some syntaxa were invalidly described in their original papers, while some other synataxa had been forgotten or considered invalid according to the current phytosociological literature even if they had been validly published in their original papers. The present study deals with the nomenclatural problems of the Rumicetalia balcanici Lakusic 1973, a neglected order of the montane tall-herb vegetation, and those of all its related lower-rank syntaxa. Materials and Methods: All published papers that treated the nomenclatural issues regarding the tall-herb vegetation in the Balkans were analysed. The nomenclature adjustments were made in accordance with the rules of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (ICPN). The original releves presented in this paper were carried out using the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological approach. Results and Conclusions: The nomenclature adjustments made in the paper result in the validation of the order Rumicetalia balcanicae and of four alliances: Rumicion balcanici, Ranunculion serbici, Cicerbition pancici and Petasition doerfleri. The validity of the alliance Cirsion appendiculati Horvat, Pawlowski et Walas 1937 was here confirmed while the name citation Geion coccinei Horvat in Quezel 1969 was here given for the first time. Finally several tall-herbs association were here validated and some others were proposed as new.

Nomenclature of drug-induced pityriasis rosea-like rashes.

Dear editor I read with admiration an article published in your prestigious journal on the rare adverse effects of clozapine (CLZ).1 I write to address a specific issue in this article. In the second paragraph of the section “Dermatological adverse effects”, it was stated that a 54-year-old patient with schizophrenia treated for 28 days with CLZ developed a generalized rash compatible with pityriasis rosea (skin rash that usually begins as one large circular or oval spot on your chest, abdomen, or back). I wish to point out certain problems for coining pityriasis rosea (PR) as the diagnostic label in the patient concerned. First, PR is a paraviral exanthem that might be associated with primary infections or endogenous reactivations of human herpesvirus-7, -6,2,3 or other viruses.4,5 The underlying immunopathogenesis of PR is likely to be entirely different from that in PR-like drug eruptions.6 Second, rashes with morphological and distributional resemblances to PR that may be caused by drugs are currently considered as a separate condition distinct from PR in ICD-10.7 Thus, we recommend a revision to “pityriasis rosea-like drug eruption” as the diagnostic label in the article.1 Third, quoting the diagnostic label as “PR-like drug eruption” is compatible with the current diagnostic criteria8,9 and the modern classification10 of PR. Fourth, it was stated that PR is “…skin rash that usually begins as one large circular or oval spot on your chest, abdomen, or back, …”1 This statement refers to PR in general and is incorrect as only about 30%–40% of patients with PR have identifiable herald patches.6 Moreover, it gives us no information on the morphology, distribution, and time sequence of rash for the 54-year-old patient with schizophrenia. The characteristics of PR-like drug eruptions are 1) absence of the herald patch, 2) bright violet-red color of the rash with marked inflammation, 3) being more pruritic, 4) dominance of eosinophils in the skin infiltrate, and 5) eosinophilia in the peripheral blood.11 From reading the article by De Fazio et al1 the readers could get a false impression that PR-like drug eruptions usually begin as one larger circular or oval spot. The reverse is true – there is usually no herald patch for PR-like drug eruptions. It is thus not an issue of nomenclature per se – it might lead to confusions to readers and other investigators as to the clinical manifestations of PR-like drug eruptions. Fifth, most recent articles coin the term “PR-like drug eruptions” rather than “PR” for drug-induced PR-like rashes.12–15 I advocate that this convention should be followed. Finally, some patients with PR-like drug eruptions could have been recruited into clinical studies and trials (Villarama and Lansang, unpublished data, 2003).16,17 I recommend that such practices be discontinued. Therefore, I hope that through this item of correspondence, the status of PR-like drug eruption can be rectified. Otherwise, I am extremely impressed by the high quality of the article by De Fazio et al1 and reading the article has been of immense educational value for me.

Tidying up the mess: lectotype selections, synonyms, a new status and a new species in Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus (Eriocaulaceae)

Novelties and nomenclatural issues in Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus (Eriocaulaceae) are presented here. This study is based on analyses of herbarium materials and field observations. Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus contains 13 species, all restricted to the Americas. Some species are widely distributed, such as S. caulescens, but most are rare or only known from the holotype. This taxonomic treatment presents new synonyms (S. inundatus and S. yacuambensis), lectotype selections for six names (Syngonanthus sect. Carphocephalus, S. appressus, S. hygrotrichus, S. inundatus, S. peruvianus, and S. rhizonema), nomenclatural changes (S. caulescens var. discretifolius) and a new species (S. mollis), from S. sect. Carphocephalus.

Morphology-based phylogenetic binning to assess a taxonomic challenge: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota) requires a new generic name for the widespreadLeptotrema wightii

Molecular phylogenetic analysis presents two challenges when it is transformed into formal classifications: the taxonomic challenge (whether and how to distinguish monophyletic sister clades or how to deal with paraphyletic grades) and the nomenclatural challenge (naming clades, i.e. placing name-giving types accurately on a tree). One approach to the latter is morphology-based phylogenetic binning, which places specimens based on phenotypic features on a molecular tree and assigns uncertainty values to alternative placement options. Here, we use the example of the lichenized fungal genus Leptotrema to demonstrate how morphology-based phylogenetic binning can help to clarify taxonomic and nomenclatural issues when naming phylogenetically defined entities. Leptotrema is known for a common and widespread species, L. wightii, and phylogenetic analyses have been based exclusively on this species, including the recognition of a separate tribe, Leptotremateae. However, the genus name Leptotrema and the tribal name Leptotremateae are based on the name L. zollingeri, which was initially considered to be a synonym of L. wightii, but has recently been shown to represent a distinct species. As L. zollingeri differs considerably in phenotypic features from L. wightii, it can be questioned whether the two are at all related or whether L. zollingeri is actually closer to the genera Myriotrema and Ocellularia in tribe Ocellularieae. The solution to this problem is not trivial, as it affects the correct use of the names Leptotrema and Leptotremateae. Morphology-based phylogenetic binning indeed demonstrated that L. zollingeri clusters with the Myriotrema album group in tribe Ocellularieae with high support. Hence, in contrast with current use, the name Leptotrema becomes available for the M. album group and Leptotremateae becomes a synonym of Ocellularieae. As a consequence, the new names Sanguinotrema and Sanguinotremateae are introduced to accommodate L. wightii and the tribe including this species and the genus Reimnitzia. Although the studied case is specific to lichen fungi, the approach can be used in a much broader context with any kind of taxon or organism. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179, 436–443.

Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata).

We describe a new genus and two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards based on specimens collected from Brazilian Amazonia, mostly in the "arc of deforestation". The new genus is easily distinguished from other Gymnophthalmidae by having very wide, smooth, and imbricate nuchals, arranged in two longitudinal and 6-10 transverse rows from nape to brachium level, followed by much narrower, strongly keeled, lanceolate, and mucronate scales. It also differs from all other Gymnophthalmidae, except Iphisa, by the presence of two longitudinal rows of ventrals. The new genus differs from Iphisa by having two pairs of enlarged chinshields (one in Iphisa); posterior dorsal scales lanceolate, strongly keeled and not arranged in longitudinal rows (dorsals broad, smooth and forming two longitudinal rows), and lateral scales keeled (smooth). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data indicate the new species form a clade that is most closely related to Iphisa. We also address several nomenclatural issues and present a revised classification of Gymnophthalmidae.

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During systematic studies on Polygonatum Miller (1754: without pagination), the examination of type specimens and protologues revealed several nomenclature issues with regards to typification and priority of two species native to China. Polygonatum tsinlingense Tsui (1949: 135), lacking type designation, was discovered to be an earlier name for P. gracile Li (1966: 252). In addition P. franchetii Hua (1892: 392), also lacking type designation, was described on the basis of a series of three different Farges collections from eastern Sichuan. For both species lectotypes are here selected. Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2015).

Characterizing Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Subtypes and Treatment Engagement of Victims at a Hospital-Based Rape Treatment Center.

Variation among existing studies in labeling, defining, identifying, and subtyping cases of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) poses challenges to integrating research findings for public health purposes. This descriptive study addressed methodological issues of nomenclature and DFSA operational definitions to improve case identification and was designed to distinguish assault subtypes. We studied a 2-year ethnically diverse cohort of 390 patients who presented acutely to an urban rape treatment center (RTC). We abstracted data from RTC medical and mental health records via chart review. Assault incidence rates; engagement into medical, forensic, and mental health services; injury sustained; and weapon use were calculated separately for assault subtypes and compared. DFSA accounted for over half of the total sexual assault (SA) cases. Involuntary DFSA (in which an incapacitating substance was administered to victims without their knowledge or against their will) increased from 25% to 33% of cases over the 2-year period. DFSA victims presented sooner, and more often attended medical follow-up and psychotherapy than non-DFSA victims. Incidence rates indicated increasing risk for young males. These findings indicate that DFSA continues to be a growing and complex phenomenon and suggest that DFSA victims have greater service needs. The field would benefit from innovations to address symptomatology arising from this novel type of trauma and the unique risks and needs of male victims, as well as underscoring the ongoing need for DFSA-specific prevention efforts for both victims and perpetrators.

Three Profiles of “Interior Architects” in Postwar Flanders: The Historic Distinction between Practitioners with a Degree, Domestic Advisors, and Interior Decorators

In Western countries, the discipline of interior design has struggled to define itself from the beginning. One reason is that designing interiors is a multifaceted, layered, even interdisciplinary process. One has to deal with architectural environments as well as objects, with spaces as well as more ephemeral backdrops. Moreover, because designing interiors is not very different from certain everyday activities, interior professionals want to dissociate their activities from everyday decorating. Nomenclature has played an important role in trying to professionalize. By employing the term of “interior architect,” professional practitioners have sought to insist on the distance that separates their work from everyday design practices. However, interior architecture has also wanted to avoid being seen as a subcategory of architecture. As a result, alternative terms have circulated, which have been equally question–begging. By means of a case study of one country's attempt to professionalize the practice of designing interiors, this essay will uncover how professional identities emerged and were labeled in postwar Belgian Flanders. We will show how different profiles, ranging from schooled interior architects to self–made domestic advisors and interior decorators, enabled practitioners to approach interiors differently and sometimes design in different ways. At the same time, we will investigate why the term “Interior architect” was employed by all the profiles of practitioners. The historically and culturally specific case study will be framed against the internationally ongoing process of professionalization. The road toward professionalization in Flanders runs parallel to that in a lot of Western countries. The Flemish case is remarkable, though, in that issues of nomenclature and identity formation were already heavily debated, even taken to court, from the mid–1950s until the mid–1960s. While in North American and Australian educational programs and professional contexts, the gradual adoption of descriptions such as “interior design” and “interior architecture” is of more recent vintage, this process took place in Flanders already in the 1960s. With our historically early case study—the first Flemish interior design program dates back to 1946—we want to contribute to the ongoing international debate about the professionalization of the interior discipline as well as discussions on nomenclature and the complex relationship between professionals and amateurs. Through a historically and culturally specific case study, this article will show how different profiles, ranging from schooled interior architects to self–made interior advisors and interior decorators, enabled practitioners to approach interiors differently and sometimes to design in different ways.

A taxonomic reassessment of Viburnum (Adoxaceae) in the Azores

The taxonomic status of the Azorean endemic Viburnum tinus subsp. subcordatum is reassessed, using morphological characters and new molecular data from the ITS region and the trnK intron. A survey of morphological variation supports the recognition of V. tinus subsp. subcordatum as distinct from V. tinus subsp. tinus and the Canary endemic V. rugosum (formerly known as V. tinus subsp. rigidum) based on leaf shape, the shape of the leaf base and apex, the sub-entire and revolute leaf margins, blistered upper leaf surfaces, trichome density and type, and fruit size. Molecular data also confirm this distinctiveness within section Tinus. Taken together, our morphological and genetic data presented in this paper support the recognition of the Azorean taxon at the species level under the name of Viburnum treleasei. A description of the species is provided and nomenclatural issues relating to the two Macaronesian Viburnum taxa are discussed.

Standardisation of the FAERS database: a systematic approach to manually recoding drug name variants

The US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), one of the world's largest spontaneous reporting systems, is difficult to use because of report duplication and a lack of standardisation in the recording of drug names. Unresolved data quality issues may distort statistical analyses, rendering the results difficult to interpret when detecting and monitoring adverse effects of pharmaceutical products. The aim of this study was to develop and implement a data cleaning protocol to identify and resolve drug nomenclature issues. The key 'data treatment' plan involved standardising drug names held in the FAERS database. Four million five hundred and six thousand five hundred and seventy-seven. Individual Safety Reports submitted to the FAERS between 1 January 2003 and 31 August 2012 were included for this study. OpenRefine was used to standardise drug name variants in the database such that they were consistent with international non-proprietary nomenclature defined by the World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. Drug variants where generic constituents could not be confidently determined, undecipherable drug names and non-medicinal products were retained verbatim. After the standardisation process, more than 16 611 916 drug entries were cleaned to their relevant international non-proprietary name. The cleaned drug table comprised 71 858 drug name variants and includes both standardised and original terms. Ninety-nine per cent of drug names was standardised using this method. The millions of reports enclosed in the FAERS contain valuable information that is of interest to pharmacovigilance, toxicology and post-marketing surveillance researchers. With the standardisation of the drug nomenclature, the database can be better utilised by research groups around the world.

Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 70. Nomenclatural notes in hornworts(Anthocerotophyta)

Prior to the publication of the world checklist of hornworts and liverworts (Söderström et al., in press) some taxa still need to be validated, transferred or synonymized. We are here dealing with the remaining nomenclatural issues among the Anthocerotophyta. Several taxa have not been typified properly and we are here suggesting several new lectotypes to stabilize the nomenclature.