Issues Of National Identity Research Articles

Mobilizing for what? Polarized citizens and electoral turnout in transitioning Tunisia

ABSTRACT In countries that have recently transitioned to democracy, what factors most drive citizens to mobilize and participate in early elections? Many comparative studies on democratization and elections stress the vital importance of early elections in new democracies – with voter turnout inexorably linked to a democracy’s long-term stability and legitimacy – however, much of this literature focuses on aggregate rather than individual-level behaviour, and very little targets the Middle East/North Africa region. This study closely examines individual voting behaviour in democratizing Tunisia’s critical second election in 2014. We argue that amidst great uncertainty, the polarizing issues of national and political identity created systematic disparities in participation – with the most ideologically polarized citizens/social groups more likely to vote. Using original data from a survey conducted in Tunisia right after its November 2014 elections, we find that Tunisians were sharply divided in their support for democracy, the previous regime, and Islamic governance. Specifically, Tunisians who were more ideologically polarized along its secular-Islamist divide and those more satisfied with the new democratic system were more likely to vote – overall suggesting somewhat uneven electoral participation in this critical election and, therefore, the potential for the kind of instability conducive to democratic breakdown.

Yugoslav Perceptions and Translations of Pop Art during the 1960s

This essay investigates four exhibitions linked to Pop art that took place in former Yugoslavia in the 1960s: Olja Ivanjicki’s Pop Art (1964, Belgrade), New Figuration of the Belgrade Circle (Belgrade, 1966), and the two US-sponsored Pop Art (1966, Zagreb, Belgrade) and The New Vein: The Figure (Belgrade, 1969). The discussion explores the reception of Pop art in socialist Yugoslavia and the ways in which Yugoslav artists deployed the style as a vehicle to address political events, histories, and new phenomena, such as Yugoslavia’s orientation towards a market economy and the development of consumerism as a result of the country’s opening to the West. The essay reveals how the Yugoslav reception of Pop art was bound up with issues of national and political identities, aesthetics, and gender.

The Study of Australian Jazz and the Issue of Methodological Nationalism

The Study of Australian Jazz and the Issue of Methodological Nationalism

Traditional Values in the Discourse of the French Populist Radical Right: The Case of the National Rally

The migration crisis has become a trigger activating radical right-wing forces and movements. Contemporary right-wing forces, seeking to distinguish themselves from extremist right-wing movements, are resorting to populism, updating their political agenda: they use traditional conservative values in their rhetoric, but give them a new interpretation. In particular, the traditional values are complemented by gender equality and minority rights. The article analyses the transformation of the right-wing family agenda in the new social and political context, based on the conceptualisation of radical right-wing populism by H.-G. Betz and C. Mudde. The author considers the case of the French National Rally, examining the speeches of party leaders, party programmes and media materials through discourse analysis. The author identifies two trends: (1) since the 1980s, the traditional anti-migrant rhetoric of the right has been extended to include the family agenda, and the category of family as the core of the nation was gradually transformed into a tool to protect the nation from external influence; (2) party renewal under the leadership of Marine Le Pen entailed the updating of the family agenda to include protection of women’s rights, the modern interpretation of family, actualization of issues of European and national identity, including the interpretation of the women’s role as active protectors of national identity. In the author’s view, this process fits into the overall efforts of right-wing radicals to move into the political mainstream and the emergence of right-wing populism.

Problematyka tożsamości narodowej Kosowskich Albańczyków w świetle pilotażowych (wstępnych) badań terenowych – wprowadzenie do dalszych analiz

THE ISSUE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY OF KOSOVAR ALBANIANS IN THE LIGHT OF PILOT (PRELIMINARY) FIELD STUDIES – AN INTRODUCTION TO FURTHER ANALYSES The article deals with the dilemmas of the national identity of Kosovar Albanians. The author presents this problem from the perspective of selected scientific theories and presents the results of empirical research. The text consists of two main parts (theoretical and practical). The theoretical part was divided into two parts. The first includes considerations on the concept of identity in social sciences, and the second foucuses on the analysis of the concept of national identity (selected concepts). The research part presents the results of empirical research related to the level of self-identification in terms of national identity of Kosovar Albanians. The text opens with an introduction and instead of the ending, the author includes a symbolic quote.

THE LATE XXth AND EARLY XXIst CENTURY WORLD LITERATURE AS A FACTOR IN SHAPING THE HISTORICAL MEMORY OF FUTURE TEACHERS

It is noted that fiction for various reasons loses its educational role among future teachers, and a certain educational potential of modern world literature is virtually unfamiliar to students. It has been proved that modern foreign literature, which actualizes Ukrainian issues, can become an effective means of educating spirituality, national-patriotic feelings and historical memory in future teachers. The interest of foreign authors in Ukraine, its historical past, raising of important issues of national identity, historical memory of Ukrainians is a stimulus for students to get acquainted with these literary works and to read them deeply. The object of study may be the novel "Chornobyl Prayer: A Chronicle of the Future" by the Nobel Prize-winning writer Svetlana Alexievich , as well as Taisa Bondar (the novel "In the Name of the Father and the Son"), Ivan Shamyakin (the novel "The Evil Star") , the American writer Irene Zabytko ("The Sky Unwashed"), representing diaspora literature, the novel by the Irish writer Darragh McKeon "All That is Solid Melts into Air", the literary work of the French illustrator Emmanuel Lepage "Springtime in Chernobyl", journalism of the American-English scholar Serhii Plokhy ("Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe”) and others. These authors are thematically united by the Chernobyl accident, which they portray as a global catastrophe, as a national tragedy of Ukrainians, a huge psychological trauma for people. The writers emphasize that the Chernobyl explosion happened not only due to neglect of safety rules, problems with the construction of the reactor or staff errors, but also largely due to the socio-political system and the authoritarian regime of those times. Today, more than ever, these problems are urgent, especially taking into consideration the events that took place at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant as a result of the invasion of Russian troops. Unfortunately, there is a great threat of a repeat of this catastrophe. Therefore, the artistic and journalistic works of the “Chernobyl discourse” must be read carefully and in a new way, in order to prevent a recurrence of the Chernobyl disaster. The lessons of Chernobyl must not be forgotten and should never be allowed to happen today. Such issues are perhaps the most capable of shaping the national memory of youth, national consciousness and high spiritual values.
 Keywords: modern world literature, future teachers, historical memory, education, Chernobyl discourse, writers.

Understanding the Library as a Commemorative Exhibition Space

ABSTRACT This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centers on the ‘Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City’ commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14th and October 31st, 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic, and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors’ personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.

Trans-gendering the Irish Na(rra)tion: Neil Jordan’s Breakfast on Pluto

Occupying a relegated position as it does in Neil Jordan’s filmography, it is my contention that Breakfast on Pluto is one of his most transgressive films. Not only does it cross the most evident boundaries of heteronormative gender roles by giving a transvestite the central position in the story, but also blends film genres as a way of vindicating hybridisation at all levels, challenging other modern categorisations as those informing Irish national identity. Thirteen years after The Crying Game (1992) was released, Irish filmmaker Neil Jordan returns to the intersectional issues of gender and national identity in his adaptation of Patrick McCabe’s novel Breakfast on Pluto (1998). However, apart from the presence of a transvestite and the shadow of sectarian violence looming throughout the narrative, these films have little else in common: the dull, grey atmosphere of an obscure drama involving kidnap and murder by the IRA in The Crying Game contrasts sharply with the bright colours, ironic drive and parody in Breakfast on Pluto, a story about growing up in Ireland as an orphan transvestite who yearns for romantic true love. Moreover, while Jordan’s first feature film was defined as a romantic drama with thriller hues, Breakfast moves between comedy and drama, the bildungsroman and the melodrama. This generic ambivalence goes hand in hand with Jordan’s transgressing approach to the question of gender and national identity as a strategy to challenge fixed understandings of those labels as natural and given and, for that reason, the violence inflicted on the main character (and, by extension, on any Other body that does not fit those categories).

Awarding Chinese-Language Cinemas: Imaginary Transnational Identities of the Golden Horse Awards

Frequently referred to as the “Chinese Oscars,” the Golden Horse Awards, held in Taiwan annually since 1962, accept submissions from various Chinese-speaking countries despite China’s suppression of Taiwan. This article reveals that the transnationalism of the Golden Horse Awards has been influenced by the cross-border tendency of early Chinese cinemas, the political turmoil of the past six decades in Taiwan, and the shifts in Chinese-language film industries in East and Southeast Asia under the influence of neoliberal globalization. It examines how the Golden Horse Awards have transformed from a tool of state ideology during the Cold War into an evaluating system that aims to promote both the global image of Taiwan and the artistic values of Chinese-language films in a broader sense. Drawing on theories from film festival and transnational cinema studies, this article further compares the Golden Horse Awards with the Cannes Film Festival to demonstrate the ways in which both festivals culturally legitimize local “national” cinema while aligning with transnational cinemas to counter larger film hegemonies. I bring the research up-to- date by examining the challenges the Golden Horse Awards have faced since China withdrew from the competition following political controversy at the 2018 ceremony. By focusing on how the Golden Horse Awards function both as a physical and an imaginary site that embodies the ambivalence of the umbrella term “Chinese-language cinemas,” this article sheds light on broader complex issues of national identities, globalization, and transnational cinemas in film awards studies.

National Myth in UK–EU Representations by British Conservative Prime Ministers from Churchill to Johnson

Britain’s withdrawal of its EU membership has a number of political and economic implications for UK–EU relations. In seeking to understand the 2016 EU referendum outcome, it is insightful to study the historical development of discourses representing the UK–EU relationship. Doing so reveals the trends of British exceptionalism and British Euroscepticism as integral to these discourses. Applying a diachronic approach, this paper examines ten speeches by nine Conservative Prime Ministers (PMs) held at the annual Conservative Party Conferences from 1945 to 2020. The speeches include, among others, those by Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, David Cameron and Boris Johnson. The qualitative analysis traces the discursive strategies employed by PMs in their construction of the Conservative narrative of national myth, focusing especially on the issues of British national identity in relation to Europe. Methods of Discourse Historical Analysis (DHA) and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) are applied in order to identify strategies employed by PMs as tools of persuasion for the purpose of consolidating political power and promoting their policies. This study has identified three major interrelated strategies—myth, ally and enemy creation—which are used to narrate the story of Britain’s relationship with Europe as a potential member of the Union, as a member, and up to its efforts to leave the EU.

Volunteer nurses during the First World War: a South African perspective

ABSTRACT The First World War writings of Betty Freund and Frances Lyndall Schreiner are the only available primary accounts by volunteer nurses from the Union of South Africa who served in the European theatre of war. The reluctance of Union women to volunteer to the British war effort were informed by several historical factors in the decades before the war, yet Betty’s letters and Frances’ narratives reveal similar experiences to those of volunteer nurses of other nationalities.Both women wrote to inform, yet Betty also felt a need to reassure, while Frances aspired to publication and employed contemporary literary conventions. On the surface, their texts show nursing and care for young soldiers were their priority, yet a deeper analysis reveals issues of national identity and their reactions to the contemporary views of nurses.

Issues of National Identity in the Theology of Archpriest Dumitru Stăniloae

Issues of National Identity in the Theology of Archpriest Dumitru Stăniloae

Black Protests in the United States, 1994 to 2010

Using novel data, we provide the first panoramic view of U.S. Black movement protest events as reported in U.S. newswires between 1994 and 2010 and put our quantitative data into dialogue with qualitative accounts. Struggles during these years presaged the Black Lives protest waves of 2014 to 2016 and 2020. Protests increased after the 1995 Million Man March into 2001 but dropped abruptly after the 9/11 attacks. Collective action increased again at the end of the 2000s. Protests in response to police violence and other criminal-legal issues were major arenas of struggle and news coverage. Also common were issues of national identity including celebrations of Black history and Black solidarity, protests about Confederate symbols, and protests about White hate groups and hate crimes. Although Black people protested about a wide variety of issues, newswires focused disproportionately on incidents of police violence and perceived threats of Black violence. There is substantial continuity in issues, organizations, and activism between this earlier period and the Black Lives Movement of 2014 to 2020.

Interpretation of Taras’ character in M. Lysenko’s opera “Taras Bulba” as an integral part of the national cultural code

Statement of the problem. Mykola Lysenko’s opera “TarasBulba”, first staged in 1924, has confidently become a theatrical repertoire and a significant event in the national art. The opera has an outstanding spiritual value, in addition to its artistic one. For the first time, the opera genre manifested the idea of national identity, the embodiment of which for the Ukrainians is the image of the Cossack ataman Taras Bulba. Even after Ukraine gained independence, the issue of national identity remained under discussion, becoming even more debatable after the events of 2014. This issue is directly related to the phenomenon of the national cultural code – the mental information dimension that forms the nation. The purpose of the article is to characterize the image of Taras Bulba from Lysenko’s opera of the same name, revealing its belonging to the national cultural code and the relevance that this image still has. The following scientific methods were used: a culturological approach to identify the place of the image of Taras in the phenomenon of the “national-cultural code”, a historical method to trace the origin of this phenomenon components and a comparative analysis to determine the features of the image of Taras implemented in vocal interpretations. Despite the fact that a significant number of the scientific works are devoted to Lysenko’s work, in fact there is no interpretive analysis of the image of Taras Bulba in the context of its belonging to the nationalcultural code, which is the scientific novelty of the research. Results and conclusions. The selected definitions of “cultural code” (Habermas, 2001; Klymenkova, 2012; Andreichuk, 2009) indicate the scope of its functioning and its relation to the subject under consideration – the image of Taras Bulba as interpreted by the leading Ukrainian singers T. Shtonda, S. Mahera, V. Dutchak. The opera’s culminating scene contains an extremely important semantic moment for understanding its idea, which is key in the musical characterization of Taras – his song “Hey, the eagle flies”. Its generalizing function is to create a symbolic image of a Cossack – brave, free, cheerful, personifying the character of Taras himself and the entire Ukrainian people. This task is brilliantly accomplished by the singers T. Shtonda and S. Mahera, not only through the soulful intonation and masterful agogics, but also through the use of minimalistic but expressive stage gestures, which become an additional means of articulation and communication. Therefore, the image of Taras, created by V. Dutchak with great artistic skills, is less convincing, since the singer lacks stage mobility and plasticity. Thus, we can confidently say that largely due to the thoughtful interpretive work of the singers, the image of the Zaporizkyi Cossack has become the holder of a freedom-loving idea vital for all people. Proclaimed by the main character, the leader of the Cossacks, the idea of liberation from the invaders gains a powerful and meaningful rotation on the mental level. The opera character itself has become a symbolic sign that embodies this idea, and thus an integral and relevant part of the national cultural code.

Four Asian Tigers' Political and Economic Development Revisited 1998-2017: From the Perspective of National Identity

Developmental state used to be and is still regarded as a very practical theory to explain why Four Asian Tigers-Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore enjoyed almost averagely double-digit economic growth rate each year from 1970 to 1990 as well as East Asian economic development. However, developmental state theory couldn’t tell why South Korea and Singapore’s economic development had done much better than Taiwan and Hong Kong’s in terms of GDP per capita after 2003 and 2004 respectively. The aim of the study is trying to use national identity perspective to explain why it happens like this, since Four Asian Tigers’ economic development more or less was troubled by national identity issue. The major difference between these two groups is that South Korea and Singapore have done better in dealing with national identity issue than Taiwan and Hong Kong.

IDENTITY AND IDENTITY POLITICS: CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PHENOMENA THROUGH THE PRISM OF CONSTRUCTIVISM

The concept of identity and identity politics through the prism of the constructivist approach is considered. It is found out that the issue of national identity is becoming topical in the context of globalization. It is determined that the mechanism of identity protection at the level of nation-states is the formation and implementation of identity politics by government institutions. It is noted that, despite the absence of a unified approach to the study and analysis of identity and identity politics, the constructivist paradigm is one of the most powerful modern tools for studying these phenomena. The interdisciplinary nature of the concept of identity, its borrowing from social psychology and further development within political science, philosophy, sociology are highlighted. The polysemy of the concept of identity is identified. The features of the phenomena of identity and identity politics in the theories of researchers-constructivists are highlighted. The discursive nature of identity, in particular national ones, is defined. It is determined that the identity appears as a product of short-lived discourses that are struggling for power. The role of national governments in constructing identity and implementation of the identity politics is emphasized. The goals of the institutions of power in the context of identity politics are substantiated. The significance of the opposition «We – They», «friend – enemy» in the identity politics is substantiated. The role of symbols, rituals, mass ceremonies within the identity politics, which is a component of symbolic politics, is established. It is proved that the identity politics is based on the development of cultural meanings, in particular historical, geographical and other data, national memory, collective myths, as well as taking into account the specific context, indicating the constructed nature of identity and implementation of the relevant politics.

Communication regimes in Central Asian countries: a scientific discussion

The article contains the main ideas expressed by Russian and foreign participants in the international scientific discussion on the topic «Communication regimes in Central Asian countries». The discussion was held by National Research Institute for Communications Development. Studies of communication regimes conducted on the basis of the author’s methodology revealed: (1) asymmetry of actor models of communication regimes in Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan); (2) pronounced etatism and policy of state regulation and control of processes and structures of public communication; (3) specifics of social engineering of communication regimes based on securitization of issues of ethnic cultural and national identity; (4) attempts to update communication regimes that have not yet attained serious success. In the course of discussions, scientists from Central Asian countries offered their research materials and keynoted: the role of cultural and religious factors in the formation of communication regimes; the influence of the financial basis of mass media on their structure and media discourse; frequent borrowings of the content from foreign information channels. Russian experts noted: artificially accentuated problems of «historical trauma» in the information space in the Central Asian countries; changes in communication formats within the context of COVID-19; the importance of studying communication regimes in the context of ensuring collective information security, the need to develop common terms and concepts for Russia and Central Asian countries in the drawing up the legislation on communication and information.

THE RELEVANCE OF NATIONHOOD KNOWLEDGE IN MALAYSIAN STUDIES COURSES: A CONVEYANCE FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND AN INTEGRATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ IDENTITY

This paper debates the relevance of knowledge of nationhood as a conveyance for national unity identity and integration of university students’ self-identity in addressing the issues and challenges of the Covid-19 post-pandemic era. In dissecting the significance of university student’s understanding of the Malaysian Studies course, the thrust of this discussion perspective works on the two-pronged objectives of (1) identifying the relevance of national unity identity issues of the younger generation, and (2) examining the challenges of applying National Principles as self-identity integration of university students. The synthesis of the discussion was also embroidered on the nurturing of the national language in society and the issue of compliance with the country’s constitution and laws. The qualitative approach utilises secondary data content analysis methods, namely the results of research in journals, reports, books and online news sources. The results of the study show that the course education of the nature of Malaysian Studies is a strong medium that can help understand the knowledge of nationhood and foster the retention of self-identity among students. The element of integration is also argued to place the relevance of university students to know the origin of a national identity and to avoid being influenced by external negative cultures. Naturally, each individual learns norms, values and habits through socialisation agents such as family, education, government and peers. Therefore, in the context of the relevance of learning and teaching elements that contain aspects of Malaysian Studies, understanding the knowledge of nationhood is a critical agenda for the future of the country where the formation of national identity must be inculcated in every student to strengthen national unity.

Sarah Kinkel. Disciplining the Empire: Politics, Governance and the Rise of the British Navy.

Sarah Kinkel. <i>Disciplining the Empire: Politics, Governance and the Rise of the British Navy</i>.

Research of organisation specifics of shooting process in the creation of an audiovisual product

This article presents a study of the organisation of the shooting process, taking into account the authentic features of five films by the Spanish filmmaker and photographer Carlos Saura, where the principle of “photography” was the basis for the construction of the frame. Saura made a series of films based on the flamenco culture, reflecting his experiments to establish the relationship between the beat of the music and dance and the rhythm of the set-up and movement of the camera. Carlos Saura’s work is characterised by a relationship between past and future, reality and fiction. When making a film, it is necessary to think photographically and critically, especially on the issue of national identity. The photographic act itself is an immediate transformation of the present referent into a petrified past. Elements of photography often add a strong dose of time to the movement you want to follow, but this possible action will always remain in the frame. Saura expands in a certain way what restricts the photographic act in such a way that the captured image overflows spacetime. For Saura, the relationship between photography and film becomes one of the most important components of the script in the films examined.