Issues Of Gender Inequality Research Articles

Women’s Rights in Nigeria’s Indigenous Systems: An Analysis of Non-Discrimination and Equality under International Human Rights Law

The Nigerian legal system is diverse in that it recognizes several established legal systems that regulate how Nigerians conduct themselves. These legal frameworks include the civil law that was passed down from the British during and after colonization, pre-colonial customary laws and cultural practices, and religious laws (Christian and Islamic laws). Different kinds of norms and laws have subjected Nigerian women to violations of their rights depending on the woman’s cultural or religious affiliation. Such cultural and/or religious practices are usually in opposition to civil law and the Nigerian constitution, which is a custodian of these rights. Moreover, despite the supremacy of the constitution and expected compliance with international human rights treaties that Nigeria has ratified, the fact is that today there are impediments to the effective protection of women’s rights in Nigeria. For instance, although the Nigerian constitution outlaw’s discrimination on the grounds of gender, customary and religious laws continue to restrict the effective implementation of women’s rights, making it extremely difficult to harmonize domestic legislation with international human rights conventions, and also remove discriminatory measures. This article, thus, examines the issues of gender inequality as the basis for agitation for women’s empowerment and women’s rights while also proposing a re-alignment of domestic legislation in compliance with international human rights conventions and treaties, in order to combat cultural and religious norms that flout human rights considerations for Nigerian women. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to highlight the challenges that may arise when these legal systems clash, and how that affects the protection of women’s rights, particularly in view of international human rights treaties which Nigeria has signed and ratified. The article will therefore propose that women’s rights should be protected by seeking to eradicate cultural and religious practices that are discriminatory. This can be achieved by adopting laws which can be interpreted by domestic courts in line with constitutional requirements protecting the rights of women. It is noteworthy that the Nigerian judiciary has declared certain customs and traditions contrary to natural justice, equity and good conscience. Some of the case laws and judicial pronouncements will also be examined in this paper to enable implementation for the protection of women’s rights. The methodology adopted is desk-top legal research where judgments of courts and legislative enactments will form the basis of the findings of this paper.

Socio-Economic Well-Being of the Population of Kazakhstan: Assessment and Analysis of Gender Differences in Wages

For the Kazakhstani labor market, as well as for all world countries, the issue of gender inequality is relevant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current level of employment among men and women in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were set: to study the structure of employment in the regional aspect in terms of gender; to analyze the gap in the payment of average wages between men and women on the basis of the method of calculation proposed by the International Labor Organization; analyze the types of economic activity by the share of employed men and women and by the size of the average wage; consider the areas of economic activity with the highest wages. In the study and analysis of the factor of gender differences, a theoretical and empirical analysis was used. The analytical information from various sources of both local and international studies was studied. National statistics on demographics, socio-economic development and human development for the country as a whole, international and regional comparative statistics and indicators in the field of gender equality and women’s empowerment were studied. A conclusion is proposed about the existing dependence of the level of average wages of women and men on the type of economic employment in which they are involved. The results of this study will substantiate the current state of employment and wages among men and women in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Promotion of Gender Equality by the Mass Media of Dagestan in the 1960s and its Results

The issue of gender inequality in Russia’s Muslim regions is of great scientific interest and practical significance, and sociologists need to generalize the experience of the previous decades. Such multinational region as Dagestan provides a lot of useful data on the matter in question. This article describes the first attempt of the regional historiography to analyze the activities of Dagestan mass media to promote gender equality in the 1960s, e.g., in secondary schools, universities, socio-political life, culture, and family life. The author analyzed newspaper publications and documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. The materials provided an objective scientific picture of the social landscape. The author relied on the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism and used comparative-historical, descriptive, and systematic research methods. All mass media obviously experienced some difficulties in covering the gender issues. However, the analysis revealed some positive trends and results in the struggle for gender equality in Dagestan, e.g., in the sanitary culture of urban and rural settlements. Still, this socio-political and socio-cultural issue remained unresolved by the end of the 1960s.

Women’s Entrepreneurial Competencies and Economic Development: A Review of Literature

The success or failure of entrepreneurs has so much to do with the economic development, growth or lack of it in any nation. As a review paper, relevant scholarly views were put to the rigorous test of thoughts and comparisons. The key observations and extrapolations revealed that women entrepreneurs contribute significantly to Nigerian economic development through wealth creation, poverty eradication, employment generation, and basic family support, among others. Several challenges were also observed as delimiting the potential of women entrepreneurs in Nigeria, especially the issues of gender inequality, lack of access to finance, inability to gain stakeholders' confidence, technological illiteracy and decrepit infrastructure, among others. The paper concluded that entrepreneurship remains the shortest road to economic liberation for any nation and efforts must be put in place to develop and harness its tenets for the benefit of all, male and female alike. Drawing from the avalanche of reviews, we, therefore, recommend that: 
 
 Government should create more enablers for women entrepreneurs, ranging from training, improved financing, favourable policies and direct supervisory support, 
 Women entrepreneurs should personally upscale their basic business management skills, increase their self-efficacy and boldly take opportunities like their male counterparts or even more.

Systemic Discrimination Exposing Chaos Among African Families in Their Eyes were Watching God

Families of African Americans were purposefully maintained fragmented to support the culture of slavery. They overcame institutional prejudice, legal segregation, and poverty in order to maintain their loose construction. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, African American families are subjected to systematic discrimination that creates chaos and internal hatred by encouraging racial preference, affirmative action, targeted citizenship, personal bias, gender inequality, and other issues. This research sheds light on this issue. Systemic discrimination in this research refers to institutional inequity, prevailing intolerance, marginalization, and rejection of a person/character based on membership in a certain group. These concepts in the chosen novel have been examined using theoretical framework produced by Critical Race Theory. The novel's textual analysis indicates that systematic prejudice aids in the transfer of racial oppression from the individual to the institution of marriage and family life functioning in society. The study also demonstrates the negative consequences of institutionalized inequality on marriage and family structures, which destabilize communities and present African American families as weak and loosely knit.

'Illat and Wisdom in Use Ultrasonography (USG) during Iddah Period

The Iddah phenomenon is a contemporary issue in which the essence of the Iddah period for women experiences certain problems, including the prohibition of women during their Iddah period from accepting proposals or getting married, lack of understanding of the determination of the Iddah period, gender inequality issues, and conflicting understandings of law and calculation of the Iddah period. Consequently, the use of ultrasound during the Iddah period has become a topic of discussion. This article discusses the contextualization of Islamic law that seeks to place illat and wisdom at the center of cases involving the use of ultrasound during the Iddah period to determine the cleanliness of a woman's uterus, so that the existence of illat becomes the basis for legal istinbat, which then gives birth to wisdom. The research method employed is qualitative with literature review, which attempts to establish a connection between the relevant literature and the article's discussion. This study's findings identify the use of ultrasound during the Iddah period as a criterion for the existence of illat and the wisdom that underlies its legal determination. Therefore, the existence of ultrasonography (USG) during the Iddah period based on a theological approach cannot be used as a benchmark (illat) for uterine hygiene for women and does not affect the essence of the wisdom contained therein, including for matters that are clear and certain that are used to establish and determine whether or not a law exists.

E-C Translation through the Perspective of Feminist Translation Theory Exemplified by Uncle Toms Cabins Two Translation Versions by Translators of Different Genders

The issue of gender inequality has been an uncharted territory in academic research about translation. With the pressure of the Feminist Movement, the gender issue started to draw the attention of translation studies. Translation enables readers to see beyond their own cultural backgrounds and to have new vistas of the world and history, which makes it a perfect platform for feminists to assert their ideas about the socio-economic situations of women and the complex relationship between the two genders. Uncle Toms Cabin, in full Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, written by female writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, has been translated into Chinese by a number of Chinese scholars. This thesis regards the versions translated by male translator Li Zixiu and female translator Wang Jiaxiang as research objects to analyze their differences in terms of translation strategies to explore how translators can contribute to literary translation from the feminist point of view. Finally, this study found that the female translator is more gender-conscious, and has adopted a unisex-orientated vision, asserted her gender identity, and employed gender inclusive language.

ЕРОТОЛОШКО ЧИТАЊЕ БОЖЈИХ ЉУДИ БОРЕ СТАНКОВИЋА

In this work, the stories from the collection of God’s people by Bora Stanković are analyzed through an erotological perspective. The individual destinies of individual deities were interpreted in a broader cultural context, where special attention was paid to the conflict between the individual and the patriarchal culture, with special emphasis on the mediating role of deities that transcends the marginalized social position. The different causes of the “falling into madness” of female and male heroes open the issue of gender inequality, because when it comes to heroines, they are mostly self-excluded from the community due to sexual abuse, while heroes are born with psychological problems. Based on the physical description of individual gods and goddesses, it is shown that the culture/subculture distinction does not necessarily imply the erotic/non-erotic distinction, that is, the beautiful/ugly distinction in the domain of aesthetics. In view of the above, the issue of necrophilia as a sexually deviant behavior is open, given that some gods manifest an obsessive passion for crawling into graves.

Gender equality of privacy protection in the use of urban furniture in the Muslim context of Iran

ABSTRACT The issue of gender inequality in relation to the impartial usage of urban infrastructure has become a factor that influences social sustainability in Muslim contexts. This study aimed to investigate the matter of gender inequality in relation to the privacy protection created in the spatial configuration of urban furniture based on a case study of Rasht, Iran. To achieve this end, the framework of gender equality in relation to privacy protection in the use of urban furniture was established with respect to various physical, social and cultural dimensions. Accordingly, a mixture of methods, including a questionnaire and quantitative methods using space syntax, was adopted for this empirical study. Unlike the previous literature that has considered the profound impact of Islamic principles on the privacy demands of Muslim citizens, the present research suggests that religious principles do not have a notable influence on the privacy demands of men and women within a Muslim community. Moreover, the present study found that privacy demands can be a universal phenomenon with the ability to reflect cultural and contextual particularities. The results also suggest that men and women diverge significantly in their privacy demands, and that the provision of gender equality in privacy protection will facilitate the establishment of social justice and fair interactions within a Muslim society. The implications of this research can be considered as a guideline for implementing the goals of social justice and sustainability within urban spaces in Muslim settings.

Virginie Despentes, Autotheory, and the Media

Abstract In 2006, Virginie Despentes published King Kong théorie, a feminist work of autotheory that explores pornography, sex work, rape, violence against women, and general issues of gender inequity in France. In it, she discloses details of her own personal history, connecting them directly to narrative elements in her first novel Baise-moi (1993), and reflecting specifically on the experience of publishing and promoting Baise-moi and its 2000 film adaptation in the French media. In so doing, Despentes activates the work she does as a public author while transforming fictional material of Baise-moi into political tools that critique current gender constructions and anticipate and participate in powerful collective movements of personal disclosure such as #MeToo and #BalanceTonPorc.

DIMENSIONS OF GENDER (IN) EQUALITY IN INDIA- A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG STATES OF INDIA

Abstract
 This study takesup” Dimensions of Gender Equality in India.”While examining the dimensions the researchers compares the gender development index reports of states in India Gender equality-a driver for economic growth, matters in its own right,and as as pre requisite for the health and development of families and economies. The term gender equality has been on the corpet for the past two decades. The millennium development goals set gender equality and women empowerment at 3 rd place. Earlier women empowerment had been assessed interns of access to resources and later on moved to control over resources. The resources include physical resources. Fiscal resopurces, financial resources and intellectual resources. The term empowerment has been pronounced with the term empowerment after the millennium year. The post 2015 framework present a unique opportunity to build on the achievement of the millennium development goal, while also addressing that lag behind. The sustainable development goal also set Gender equality at fifth place. The reason is that Gender inequality persists everywhere and stagnates the progress of a country. The un equal treatment or perceptions of the individuals on the basis of gender have been witnessed not only in developing countries like India, but also in developed countries aswell. Gender related inequality in human well being is one of the most crucial issues in many states in India.The female dis advantage in survival is the important dimension that has drawn the attention of policy makers. InIndia the situation is not even among the states; Kearela has lesser discrimination while Odissa has higher discrimination. The sex ratio is also high in kerela which shows positive symptoms of women empowerment. Maharastra introduced property rights for women. Its percapita income is high compared to kerela but GDI is low. Female Education growth in kerela promotes gender equality.Has education alone dis appear inequalities is the million dollar question? Per capita income is not so high in kerela as compared to other southern states.
 
 The study examines gender equality on the basis of Gender Development Index, which measures gender gap in human development by accounting disparities between men and women in three dimensions of human develoipme3nt, a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. The global gender gap report places India at 135 out of 146 countries. India has moved from 140 to 135 from last year. Though India is moving towards one of the developed nations in the world, Gender inequality pulling its growth. Which factor is hindering the SGDs 5 the goal gender equality in India? The issue of gender inequality had been in the lime light in all academic conferences, seminars and symposiums. Why gender inequality prevails in higher degree in some states of India? What are the policy measures have to be pinned up? What are the measures to be added in those states? Any other indicators to be included along with HDI indicators? These are the research questions to be addressed. This paper is an attempt made by the researchers to address these issues

Gender Differences and Inequality? A 20-Year Retrospective Analysis Based on 39,980 Students’ Perceptions of Physical Education in Sweden

Purpose: The aim of this study was to critically examine previous studies’ claims about the magnitude of gender differences and gender inequality in physical education (PE) in Sweden. Method: The data were based on students’ (N = 39,980) perceptions of PE and were gathered from four large research projects in Sweden. Three effect size measures (Cramer’s V, r squared, and Cohen’s d) were calculated for gender differences. Results: In general, there are small gender differences; and after controlling for students’ grade, “sports capital,” and parents’ “educational capital,” the differences are practically irrelevant. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence that there are small, or even irrelevant, gender differences in students’ perceptions of PE in Sweden. Moreover, given that previous research asserts that large gender differences can be used as an indicator of inequality, this study suggests that gender inequality issues related to students’ perceptions of PE are relatively small.

Leadership development programmes: part of the solution or part of the problem of women’s under-representation in leadership?

PurposeThis paper aims to critically reflect on current leadership development programmes (LDPs) and their potential in addressing the issue of women’s under-representation in leadership positions. To this end, this paper queries the current processes through which employees are selected to participate in LDPs as well as how these programmes are designed.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, this conceptual paper draws attention to the pitfalls of current organisational practices aimed at women’s leadership development.FindingsThe introduction of gender quotas and the implementation of women-only LDPs are unlikely to address the persistent gender leadership gap. Instead, these practices are likely to intensify the negative effects of second-generation gender bias and perpetuate the issue of gender inequality and inequity in the workplace.Originality/valueThis paper critiques contemporary organisational practices aimed at women’s leadership development and suggests alternative practices which are more likely to respond to the issue of women’s under-representation in leadership positions.

What are the Causes of Gender Inequality in Education in China?

Inequality in education occurs in many countries and regions, and it has not been addressed strongly and effectively. In China, education faces many challenges, particularly in relation to gender inequality. Firstly, the article analyses and summarises the current state of gender inequality, pointing out that women in China have significantly fewer years of education than men, and that the contrast between urban and rural areas of China is more pronounced. Secondly, the paper will also find that women have lower enrolment rates and less access to further education, both at the compulsory primary level and at the tertiary level. Thirdly, the article will try to explore three potential causes of this phenomenon in light of the existing inequalities in China. The potential causes of these inequalities are explored in depth from the influence of the Confucian culture's notion of male superiority over females found in historical and cultural contexts, from family factors such as parents' perceptions of educational investment and family composition structures that exert an unequal effect on girls' education, and from age and educational attainment biases against women found in traditional Chinese concepts of marriage, respectively. The issue of gender inequality in education needs to be given attention and the potential influencing factors need to be analysed, especially with regard to the unfair treatment of female education.

Impacts of sibling and gender on supplementary education opportunities in China

Supplementary education, which is different from the formal education system, is more likely to reflect the other form of inequality in educational opportunities through the process of education. In China, supplementary education is generally divided into two sorts: academic-oriented classes and hobby-oriented classes. Using the dataset of China Family Panel Studies 2018 and analysing with the Logit Regression models (LR), this study analyses how gender and sibling structure impact the students’ supplementary education participation opportunities. Applying the “resource dilution theory” and “budget constraint theory” in Chinese modern families, siblings might have a competitive relationship with each other in obtaining limited family resources, while parents would assess the lifetime cost of raising a child when deciding the investment in supplementary education. According to the results, an increase in sibling numbers and density dilutes the family resources of supplementary education for each child on average. Females have more opportunities to participate in supplementary education than males, especially in hobby-oriented supplementary education. The “female advantage” is significant in the supplementary education opportunity of the first-born child and the “gender minority” child. This study claims that the family allocation of supplementary educational resources is influenced by economic motives. This study supports both the “resource dilution theory” and the “budget constraint theory” in supplementary education in contemporary China, while the issues of gender inequality regarding family resources allocation seem still remain.

Gender Issues in Sweden: Socio-Political and Historiographical Aspects

Gender equality in the political, legal, social, economic, and cultural spheres of modern Sweden is highly relevant to society. This issue affects all aspects of the country's life and is one of the most important points for understanding Swedish identity. The most equal opportunities for women and men are primarily manifested at the state and political levels. In the global media space of the last decade, great attention has been paid to the women's hashtag movement #metoo against cases of sexual harassment by men towards women. This phenomenon has had a significant impact on many aspects of life in Sweden. The susceptibility of Swedish society to gender inequality issues has also been influenced by the scientific achievements of humanities research. Scholars have made significant progress in developing gender issues. If the first works on women's topics were empirical studies that described events involving the weaker sex, then, from the second half of the 1970s historians began talking not about gender equality (jämlikhet), but about gender parity (jämställdhet). The emphasis was not on the biological difference between men and women, but on their social inequality. The new interest of scholars in studying the role of the state in different periods of the history of this country became a novelty in gender historiography in Sweden since the 1990s. It is in the field of studying gender issues in the last five decades that Swedish humanities have achieved the greatest success.

Steps towards the Integration of the Gender and Sex Dimension in R&I: The Case of a Public University

Gender equality has been placed at the centre of European research policy recently. The inclusion of gender and sex considerations into research and innovation (R&I) is an essential factor for scientific excellence and a key requirement for producing knowledge that can benefit society as a whole. However, the adoption of a gender/sex dimension is still a problematic issue in several Research Performance Organisations (RPOs) of European Union (EU) countries. Through the experience of implementing a gender equality plan (GEP) within the scope of a Horizon 2020 (H2020) project at a public Portuguese university (PPU), this study aims to explore the EU policies’ impact on the integration of the gender dimension in research, considering both institutional policies and scientific outputs. To achieve the purpose of the study, a mixed approach that combines a qualitative analysis of institutional documents and data collected through interviews with a quantitative analysis of secondary data is used. The implementation of the H2020 project brought the issue of gender inequality to the institutional agenda of the PPU under study and the formalisation of the GEP marked a transition point towards an integrated and intersectional approach that embraces gender dimension concerns in R&I. This transition coincided with a period characterised by an increase in the scientific outputs incorporating the ‘gender/sex dimension’, which may highlight the importance of European policies in stimulating and accelerating the introduction of the gender dimension in scientific practices in RPOs.

Gender Egalitarianism as a Value of International Labor Relations

Gender philosophy, issues of gender identity and gender inequality are topical issues of the philosophical and legal scientific direction. The manuscript presents an approach that includes understanding gender issues in labor relations from the standpoint of the social state, relations of equality, justice and the common good. Only by gaining a foothold in theory and practice, constantly rising to the level of its philosophical generalization, the ideas of gender equality provide a mechanism for their real implementation, and the gender approach serves to effectively solve problems and preserve social peace. The principle of gender equality acts as a goal that must be taken into account in lawmaking and law enforcement. The purpose of the study is to determine the place and role of international legal instruments in the formation of national methods for ensuring gender equality and processes related to the improvement of mechanisms for protection against discrimination. The study is based on the assumption that international labor agreements have the necessary leverage over national legal systems and that it is in the public interest to effectively implement and enforce them.

Can hedonic technology use drive sexism in youth? Reconsidering the cultivation and objectification perspectives

ABSTRACT The information systems (IS) literature has examined sexism and gender inequality issues primarily in the context of the IS workforce. I suggest that we should extend this perspective by emphasising the role of technologies in promoting sexist attitudes in youth. A review of the literature suggests that hedonic technologies, such as videogames, video streaming and social media sites, have been often portrayed as delivering sexist content, and through cultivation, producing sexist attitudes and behaviours. Here, I build on cultivation, objectification, and ambivalent sexism theories, and hypothesise that (1) such effects exist in teenage users of videogames, video streaming services and social media, and that (2) such effects are more pronounced in males. Findings based on two secondary, large nationally representative datasets (n1 = 3,300, n2 = 3,946) of high school seniors do not, for the most part, support the hypotheses. The persistent non-significant and sometimes opposite to expectation findings are very informative, because they demonstrate that the overall role of modern hedonic technologies in driving sexism in teenagers may be limited or even positive, despite claims in popular media and findings of prior lab-based research. This is because the use time of videogames was only weakly associated with sexist attitudes and use time of social media and streaming services was associated with reduced sexist attitudes. The findings make first strides toward understanding the topic of IS content delivery and sexism and pave the way for more IS research on this important topic.

Gendered Obstacles in Contemporary Art: The Art Market, Motherhood and Invisible Ecologies

This article addresses issues of gender inequality in the UK’s contemporary art sector. It combines quantitative data on shifts in gender representation from over a hundred commercial contemporary art galleries in London in 2016, 2019 and 2022 with qualitative interviews with leading gallery directors. The research seeks to uncover structural inequalities in the commercial art sector which continue to create obstacles for female artists. In particular, we highlight the impact of the myth of meritocracy and an insistence on “quality” (particularly in relation to masculine ideology around ‘genius’); the continuing relationship between art history and the contemporary art market; the impact of parenting on the careers of female artists; and, the commercial sector’s influence on the public and not-for-profit arena in light of dwindling government financial support of public institutions. Our key findings underline that the commercial sector is increasingly necessary for career success, and that biases against women in the commercial art world inhibit opportunities for women artists and the number of women being represented by commercial galleries. Our data, collected over a period of six years, shows a mere 1% annual improvement, to just 34% in 2022.