Social Acceptance Issues Research Articles

Az LMBTQ turizmus kínálati oldalának vizsgálataa magyarországi egyetemisták körében

The following research aims to focus on the local touristic offerings for LGBTQ tourists in Hungary. The degree of social acceptance, the analysis of tourism infrastructure, and supra structure—including the issue of security—will be the main focal points. Furthermore, different results of previous studies on the issue of social acceptance will support the present investigation. The conducted survey about LGBTQ-tourism was submitted predominantly to a straight audience. The questions intended to be answered are: What is the connection between marketing strategies of LGBTQ tourism in Hungary and the general attitude of citizens with university qualification towards homosexuals? Why did Budapest not develop into a typical LGBTQ destination like other European capital cities such as Madrid or Berlin? In this sense a touristic perspective is being added to existing investigations about the general social acceptance of LGBTQ people. Overall, the reader gains insight into the present situation in 2020 concerning LGBTQ-tourism and its supply side elements. A list of influencing factors such as politics, state involvement, marketing strategies and social attitudes are analyzed. A possible forecast is represented concerning future developments of LGBTQ-tourism in Hungary.

Explaining the Social Acceptance of Renewables through Location-Related Factors: An Application to the Portuguese Case.

The public perception of renewable energy sources is generally positive, due to their role in air pollution and CO2 emission mitigation policies. However, there are local environmental detrimental effects, and empirical evidence is not consistent as to the support of local communities. In the present paper, we analyse the antecedents of public generic perceptions of renewables grounded on objective location-related factors. Personal location-related factors can originate in the involvement of individuals with renewable energy sources. Regional location-related factors concern the importance of the renewable energy source in the district of residence and in relation to other renewables. We implement a questionnaire on public perceptions of renewable energy sources by the general population in mainland Portugal and complement respondent-level responses with renewable energy district information. Regression analysis shows that these objective location-related factors, both personal and regional, help explain public perceptions of renewables and thus we find empirical support for the proposed approach. These results can inform and guide policymakers in tackling future social acceptance issues of renewable energy policies towards lower carbon emissions and less polluting energy production.

Keep it local and low-key: Social acceptance of alpine solar power projects

Impressive growth rates of solar photovoltaics (PV) in higher latitudes are raising concerns about seasonal mismatches between demand and supply. Locating utility-scale PV projects in alpine regions with high solar irradiation could help to meet demand during the winter season. However, similar to wind farms, large solar projects change the landscape and may therefore face social acceptance issues. In contrast to the rich literature on wind energy, social acceptance of solar power has received less attention. This paper helps close this gap with the help of a large-scale survey (N = 1036) that examines the acceptance of alpine solar projects in Switzerland through choice experiments. In addition to attributes that are well established in the social acceptance literature, such as local ownership, along with both distributional and procedural justice, we also investigate the influence of innovative design elements on acceptance. Our findings suggest that local ownership, as well as colored solar panels that reduce the perceived landscape change may increase social acceptance, implying that projects should be kept local and low-key. We also find that acceptance of alpine solar projects is higher among the affected population than among inhabitants of non-alpine regions.

Economic, Trade and Employment Implications from EVs Deployment and Policies to Support Domestic Battery Manufacturing in the EU

The decarbonization of the energy system requires the adoption of a mix of zero or low carbon intensive technological options, which depends on their cost-effectiveness, their potential to reduce emissions and on social acceptance issues. Transport electrification combined with renewable energy sources (RES) deployment in power generation is a key decarbonization option assessed in many recent studies that focus on national or international climate policies. The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) together with a gradual retirement of conventional oil-fuelled vehicles implies that a new ‘trade ecosystem’ will be created characterized by different features (move from OPEX to CAPEX) and supply chains. A key component of the EVs are the Lithium-Ion batteries, the manufacturing of which is employment intensive and constitutes an essential element of the EVs that can act as a driver for establishing comparative advantages and increasing EV market shares. Our study focuses on the size of the EV market that can be established within ambitious global and EU decarbonization scenarios and investigates the economic, trade and employment implications considering the production chain of EVs (i.e., the regional production of batteries and vehicles). We use the large-scale global GEM-E3-FIT model to capture the trade dynamics of decarbonization scenarios. We find that under ambitious climate policies, the global size of the clean energy technologies will be US$44 trillion cumulatively over the 2020–2050 period. 44per cent of the market relates to EVs, which will mostly be produced outside EU. For the EU to capture a significant segment of the EV value chain, it needs to increase clean energy R&D and associated supportive policies so as to boost the domestic capacity to produce competitively batteries. JEL: F11, F13, F16, F18, F62, F68

Narratives about Cyborgization in the Context of Technoevolution

Artykuł poświęcony jest narracjom kulturowym na temat cyborgizacji, w których zostaje opisana relacja między człowiekiem i cybermaszyną. W tym nowym ujęciu maszyna staje się częścią ludzkiego ciała, pozwala człowiekowi na poprawę jakości życia, ale może także uzupełnić ludzkie naturalne zdolności, wyposażając go w nowe („sztuczne”) kompetencje. Autor artykułu poddaje analizie problem trzech kulturowych narracji kulturowych dotyczących cyborgizacji człowieka. Te trzy modele narracji to narracja inżyniersko-pragmatyczna, biologiczno-ewolucyjna i kulturowo-humanistyczna. Stanowią one współczesne imaginaria społeczne na temat technoewolucji i związku człowieka z cybermaszyną. Autor artykułu na przykładzie koncepcji naturalnego cyborga Andy’ego Clarka sprawdza tezę, czy jest możliwe porozumienie między tymi narracjami. Kwestia społecznej akceptacji dla cyborgizacji jest szczególnie ważna z punktu widzenia postępu technologicznego oraz pytania o istotę człowieka i techniki w odniesieniu do nowych możliwości, jakie daje współczesna biotechnologia i robotyka w kontekście poprawy ­jakości naszego życia.

Mental Health Policy in India: Seven Sets of Questions and Some Answers

The context of the paper's analysis is the arguably poor state of mental health care in India, as well as an unprecedented level of policy attention to the issue. The questions posed pertain to (1) the provision of such care in hospitals, (2) non-hospital provision, including by non-medical providers, (3) issues of education and social acceptance, (4) affordability, (5) within-country variation of care and possibilities for benchmarking, (6) aggregate resource impacts of a concerted effort to change policies and improve care, and (7) the shape of a more effective “continuum of care for mental health issues. The paper argues that, while new laws and policies being introduced in India propose ideas and changes that are groundbreaking for that country, leading to cautious optimism, there still are many gaps in the understanding of the challenges of the provision of increased access to, as well as better quality, mental health care throughout the country. These challenges can be understood on two fronts: one is the psychiatric and medical aspect of the issues, and the other is the management and administration of the system. A priority in achieving the goals of greater access and better quality is to increase the number of trained personnel at all levels of specialization and skilling that are relevant. Further, while the new legal framework and policy identify the importance of information technology in rapid expansion of access to mental healthcare, more context-specific research and trials are needed. With respect to the administration and management needs of the public system, important challenges will be the need for significant organizational innovations in the education system, and cultural changes that allow specialized medical professionals to accept the use of software and less-qualified, more dispersed, frontline providers. A final area is the interface between the public and private sectors, including the role of non-profit organizations: challenges include information sharing, division of responsibilities, and resource allocation.

Conflicted by decarbonisation: Five types of conflict at the nexus of capabilities and decentralised energy systems identified with an agent-based model

This paper explores capability conflicts in the deployment of decentralised energy systems and identifies the affected population. These systems have positive societal impacts in terms of sustainability and consumer empowerment, but they are not accessible to all and their deployment may increase socio-economic inequalities. The societal impacts of decentralised energy systems can be understood in terms of conflicting capabilities; for some citizens capabilities may increase, whereas for others they may decrease. While problematic, capability conflicts may not be inherent. They may only occur in certain neighbourhoods, for example, where both affluent and less affluent populations coexist. By understanding why these capability conflicts occur, we may be able to anticipate whether these decentralised energy projects could result in societal problems. We use agent-based modelling and the scenario discovery technique to identify capability conflicts and the populations that may be affected. We distinguish five classes of conflicts, which can be used to anticipate social acceptance issues. Affected populations can be involved in the decision-making process to foster acceptance of decentralised energy systems. This work contributes to the growing political and scientific debate on issues of energy justice and inclusiveness related to the energy transition. Additionally, we contribute to the operationalisation of such capabilities, as this is one of the first papers to formalise the Capability Approach using an agent-based model.

Towards a digital workflow to assess visual impact of solar modules and their operation within energy-hubs

This study proposes an integrated methodology to assess the BIPV potential of existing urban neighborhoods, including social acceptance and grid infrastructure management issues; as a demonstration, a case study in Geneva, Switzerland is considered. In particular, the annual solar radiation on the outdoor exposed areas is calculated on an hourly basis and converted into electricity by considering standard monocrystalline PV modules. Social acceptability is evaluated on a discrete qualitative scale, based on the average visibility of the building envelope from the public space and assessed through a psychophysically reliable indicator. Three different envelope surface coverage ratios are assumed for BIPV, i.e. for low, medium and high visibility respectively. Renewable electricity generation is used to match the hourly electricity demand for lighting, appliances as well as an air-to-air heat pump that covers heating and cooling needs. Excess electricity is used within multi energy hubs featuring PV panels, a battery bank and an internal combustion generator; as a last resort, electricity is injected to the grid. As such, the levelized cost of energy and the grid integration level can be calculated at each time step. The financial outcome of the analysis may be used to explore novel business models for solar energy renovations in urban contexts.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Biosecurity: Enabling Participatory-Design to Help Address Social Licence to Operate Issues

Forest health can be adversely affected by invasive organisms. Biosecurity measures to prevent the establishment of harmful invasive organisms at national points of entry (e.g., airports or shipping ports) are vital to protect forest health. Innovations in pest eradication technologies are being developed based on their efficiencies and effectiveness. However, the question of whether people find them acceptable is rarely considered. In New Zealand, research is underway into the use of highly targeted pesticide spraying using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a novel technology to eradicate pest species that impact forest, food, and fibre sectors. Public approval for such technologies, however, can be a critical aspect for their success. A tool can be technically effective (achieve eradication), but uptake may be impossible if communities do not trust the technology. We developed a method for enabling discussions about the use of UAVs and their acceptability in general before being operationalized for biosecurity. This paper presents an investigation of how “participatory-design”, an often tactile, visual, and inclusive process of community engagement can improve the acceptance of technology use in the public sphere. We asked people, both scientists and citizens, to evaluate the acceptability of a range of UAV uses (including biosecurity) along a continuum and then explored the reasons for their placement. Key criteria for acceptable and unacceptable uses were subsequently developed to help technology designers and operators consider aspects of social acceptability during design processes. Our tool and approach facilitated discussions around technology acceptability that were subsequently adopted by our technical design team for the development and the use of acceptable UAVs for biosecurity. This research shows how systematic approaches to design can help uncover and mitigate social acceptability issues through inclusive design under increasing threats of biosecurity, whether related to challenges of trade or climate change.

Conflicting values in the smart electricity grid a comprehensive overview

This paper aims to anticipate social acceptance issues related to the deployment of the smart electricity grid by identifying underlying value conflicts. The smart electricity grid is a key enabler of the energy transition. Its successful deployment is however jeopardized by social acceptance issues, such as concerns related to privacy and fairness. Social acceptance issues may be explained by value conflicts, i.e. the impossibility for a technological or regulatory design to simultaneously satisfy multiple societal expectations. Due to unsatisfied expectations concerning values, social discontent may arise. This paper identifies five groups of value conflicts in the smart electricity grid: consumer values versus competitiveness, IT enabled systems versus data protection, fair spatial distributions of energy systems versus system performance, market performance versus local trading, and individual access versus economies of scale. This is important for policy-makers and industry to increase the chances that the technology gains acceptance. As resolving value conflicts requires resources, this paper suggests three factors to prioritize their resolution: severity of resulting acceptance issues, resolvability of conflicts, and the level of resources required. The analysis shows that particularly the socio-economic disparities caused by the deployment of the smart electricity grid are alarming. Affordable policies are currently limited, but the impact in terms of social acceptance may be large.

Transexualidade: o brincar relacionado a identidade de gênero

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar um estudo sobre a transexualidade pela perspectiva do lúdico infantil e como isso afeta a questão da aceitação social e de si mesmo através de análise cinematográfica e estudos bibliográficos. O conceito de brincadeira fundamentado em teorias de Winnicott. Trará questões acerca da identidade de gênero a partir da problemática trazida por Judith Butler em conjunto da definição dos papéis de gênero atribuídos a construções culturais definitivas que são impostas na infância e como isso se aplicaria na vivência de uma criança transexual. Que poderá ser observada através da análise das cenas dos filmes: A Kid Like Jake (2018), Ma Vie En Rose (1997) e Tomboy (2011), em que cada um têm como temática principal uma criança em fase de desenvolvimento oscilando entre os scriptis de gênero. Com a pesquisa de cunho exploratório e abordagem metodológica qualitativa, foi possível concluir que o brincar está diretamente relacionado à dimensão lúdica da criança, meio pelo qual ela acaba demonstrando como compreende o mundo a sua volta. É nessa brincadeira que a criança vai identificar a si mesmo e aos que a rodeiam, fazendo com que a fantasia seja sua forma de expressão.

The Use of UAVs in Humanitarian Relief: An Application of POMDP‐Based Methodology for Finding Victims

Researchers have proposed the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in humanitarian relief to search for victims in disaster‐affected areas. Once UAVs must search through the entire affected area to find victims, the path‐planning operation becomes equivalent to an area coverage problem. In this study, we propose an innovative method for solving such problem based on a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), which considers the observations made from UAVs. The formulation of the UAV path planning is based on the idea of assigning higher priorities to the areas that are more likely to have victims. We applied the method to three illustrative cases, considering different types of disasters: a tornado in Brazil, a refugee camp in South Sudan, and a nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan. The results demonstrated that the POMDP solution achieves full coverage of disaster‐affected areas within a reasonable time span. We evaluate the traveled distance and the operation duration (which were quite stable), as well as the time required to find groups of victims by a detailed multivariate sensitivity analysis. The comparisons with a Greedy Algorithm showed that the POMDP finds victims more quickly, which is the priority in humanitarian relief, whereas the performance of the Greedy focuses on minimizing the traveled distance. We also discuss the ethical, legal, and social acceptance issues that can influence the application of the proposed methodology in practice.

Potential for hydrogen and Power-to-Liquid in a low-carbon EU energy system using cost optimization

Hydrogen represents a versatile energy carrier with net zero end use emissions. Power-to-Liquid (PtL) includes the combination of hydrogen with CO2 to produce liquid fuels and satisfy mostly transport demand. This study assesses the role of these pathways across scenarios that achieve 80–95% CO2 reduction by 2050 (vs. 1990) using the JRC-EU-TIMES model. The gaps in the literature covered in this study include a broader spatial coverage (EU28+) and hydrogen use in all sectors (beyond transport). The large uncertainty in the possible evolution of the energy system has been tackled with an extensive sensitivity analysis. 15 parameters were varied to produce more than 50 scenarios. Results indicate that parameters with the largest influence are the CO2 target, the availability of CO2 underground storage and the biomass potential. Hydrogen demand increases from 7 mtpa today to 20–120 mtpa (2.4–14.4 EJ/yr), mainly used for PtL (up to 70 mtpa), transport (up to 40 mtpa) and industry (25 mtpa). Only when CO2 storage was not possible due to a political ban or social acceptance issues, was electrolysis the main hydrogen production route (90% share) and CO2 use for PtL became attractive. Otherwise, hydrogen was produced through gas reforming with CO2 capture and the preferred CO2 sink was underground. Hydrogen and PtL contribute to energy security and independence allowing to reduce energy related import cost from 420 bln€/yr today to 350 or 50 bln€/yr for 95% CO2 reduction with and without CO2 storage. Development of electrolyzers, fuel cells and fuel synthesis should continue to ensure these technologies are ready when needed. Results from this study should be complemented with studies with higher spatial and temporal resolution. Scenarios with global trading of hydrogen and potential import to the EU were not included.

Using public comments to gauge social licence to operate for finfish aquaculture: Lessons from Scotland

Research and development in the aquaculture industry tends to focus on environmental and economic outcomes. However, with increasing use of marine space, competition between different industries and priorities for coastal communities is a social issue that is coming to the fore. Public perception and local social acceptability have been identified by the industry as key factors in the sustainable growth of finfish aquaculture. With the EU, and the UK and Scottish Governments targeting Blue Growth sectors for development, the drivers of social acceptability issues with finfish aquaculture require attention. Social Licence to Operate (SLO) is a theory which has proved useful in describing the relationship between industry and local communities. This study thematically analyses public comments made on planning applications for new finfish farms in Scotland, and uses SLO theory to explore local scale social interactions and the drivers of public perception of the aquaculture industry. It reveals the complexities of SLO, including areas of concern for engaged members of the public and shows that there are key actors which shape and drive engagement with the debate around whether finfish farms are acceptable. It finds that information used by the public to make decisions around aquaculture is often compiled and distributed by the key actors. This brings into question how much influence local communities have in SLO negotiations. Finally, it reflects that further thought and dialogue within and between research institutes, regulators, industry and local communities is needed to create a more equitable approach to negotiating SLO for finfish aquaculture.

Pyrolysis of human feces: Gas yield analysis and kinetic modeling

Pyrolysis of human feces renders the waste free of pathogens and is a potential method of treating fecal sludge waste collected from non-sewered systems. Slow pyrolysis experiments were conducted on human feces and the char yield and gas evolution quantified at 1–10 °C/min heating rates. Char yield ranged from 35.1 to 35.8% (dry mass basis), while the gas yield ranged from 17.2 to 29.6% (dry mass basis). The pyrolysis gases detected were CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, and H2. These non-condensable gases contained a higher heating value (HHV) ranging from 7.2 to 22.8 MJ/Nm3. Kinetic analysis was done by a pyrolysis reaction model free method (Isoconversional) as well as a DAEM (Distributed Activated Energy Model) method that assumes many irreversible first order reactions. Both yielded very close values for activation energy ranging from 141 kJ/mol to 409 kJ/mol, with half of the biomass conversion happening at 241.5 ± 2.9 kJ/mol. The findings of the research provide useful technical information that can guide the design of a pyrolysis system to treat fecal waste. Social acceptance and scale-up issues need to be addressed through further research.

Drug consumption rooms: Comparing times, spaces and actors in issues of social acceptability in French public debate

BackgroundIn October 2016, the first French drug consumption room (DCR) opened in Paris. We propose to examine the process through which this issue has been framed as a matter of public concern, after being ignored for almost 20 years. Our analysis of the controversy on DCRs investigates how public conversations on harm reduction evolve according to the time period (from the 1990s to the present), scale of discourse (local vs. national), and involved actors (politicians, professionals, local residents, and drug users). MethodologyOur methodology includes analyses of media content: we reviewed 1735 articles published between 1990 and 2017. Our theoretical approach is in line with the sociology “des épreuves” derived from pragmatic sociology and controversy analysis. This approach goes beyond interactionism by attempting to place situations back into broader sociological realities. We also pay special attention to governance, a political lens that focuses on local aspects of negotiations and on the implication of a variety of actors. ResultsWhile the current debate on DCRs in France draws on constraints and resources already present in the harm reduction debate of the 1980s, it also repositions itself by avoiding moral argumentation and featuring less confrontation in the professional sphere. Today, we can see that the center of this tense debate has shifted from the professional sphere to the political and residential spheres. Most often, residents advance concerns that are not directly related to drug users themselves, but that derive from their apprehension of living in a displaced and stranded neighborhood. The public conversation leaves little room for drug users, even though they are the primary stakeholders of harm reduction and play a crucial role in DCR advocacy. ConclusionOur work reveals that the controversy about DCR is the product of complex interactions between different kinds of actors harm reduction professionals, political actors at the local and national levels, local residents, and drug users. Comparing different instances of public debate reveals the specific limitations and potentials for change in French drug policy.

Mental Health Policy in India: Seven Sets of Questions and Some Answers

The context of the paper's analysis is the arguably poor state of mental health care in India, as well as an unprecedented level of policy attention to the issue. The questions posed pertain to (1) the provision of such care in hospitals, (2) non-hospital provision, including by non-medical providers, (3) issues of education and social acceptance, (4) affordability, (5) within-country variation of care and possibilities for benchmarking, (6) aggregate resource impacts of a concerted effort to change policies and improve care, and (7) the shape of a more effective “continuum of care for mental health issues. The paper argues that, while new laws and policies being introduced in India propose ideas and changes that are groundbreaking for that country, leading to cautious optimism, there still are many gaps in the understanding of the challenges of the provision of increased access to, as well as better quality, mental health care throughout the country. These challenges can be understood on two fronts: one is the psychiatric and medical aspect of the issues, and the other is the management and administration of the system. A priority in achieving the goals of greater access and better quality is to increase the number of trained personnel at all levels of specialization and skilling that are relevant. Further, while the new legal framework and policy identify the importance of information technology in rapid expansion of access to mental healthcare, more context-specific research and trials are needed. With respect to the administration and management needs of the public system, important challenges will be the need for significant organizational innovations in the education system, and cultural changes that allow specialized medical professionals to accept the use of software and less-qualified, more dispersed, frontline providers. A final area is the interface between the public and private sectors, including the role of non-profit organizations: challenges include information sharing, division of responsibilities, and resource allocation.

Identity Crisis for Transgender in India: ACase-study from Madhya Pradesh

India's trans-women or transgender community has a long history as long as our civilisation. Indian law recognises trans-women as third gender but till date they are struggling for their identity, they are not getting acceptance by the society. The objectives of the study is to investigate the problem faces by transgender community in this globalised society on the grounds of education, political pressure, social acceptance, employment and various other issues. The study is a mere attempt to discuss the emotions and feelings of transgender by studying our case subject Kamla Bua who is struggling for past so many years for the rights of transgender and representing this community in Madhya Pradesh as well as other states of India. The proposed study has used inventory and experiential as a tool for collecting facts and views from Kamla Bua and other trans gender of this community. Aseries of personal interview sessions has been organised between 05 July to 05 Sept 2017 for collecting facts, during these sessions case subject has discussed various life experiences and incidents of their life which reflects the problems faces by transgender in their day today life. The major findings of the study focused on attempts made by transgender in the state of Madhya Pradesh for improving their image so that they get respect and acceptance in the society. The study is an effort to highlight the issues related to transgender who are struggling for their identity in this global-techno world.

Public acceptance of high-voltage power lines: The influence of information provision on undergrounding

In Switzerland, the planned transformation of the energy system creates a need for grid expansions. However, grid expansion projects often confront social acceptance issues. The public prefers high-voltage power lines (HVPLs) to be buried underground. Despite the perceived advantages of undergrounding, underground HVPLs can leave visible traces on the surface and are accompanied by electromagnetic field emissions. Given the importance of visual and health impacts on public acceptance of HVPLs, the present study investigates whether providing people with relevant information on these aspects of undergrounding influences people's perception. The results show that, after receiving this information, participants viewed underground HVPLs with lower acceptance, lower perceived benefits, higher perceived risks, and less positive feelings. Although public acceptance remained higher for underground HVPLs compared with overhead HVPLs, our study reveals that information provision reduces perceived differences between the two technologies. Furthermore, our results show that affective reactions to underground HVPLs have an indirect effect on public acceptance. We conclude that providing people with relevant information on possible drawbacks related to undergrounding is a necessary precondition for informed decision-making in the context of grid expansions.

Governance changes in peri-urban farmland protection following decentralisation: A comparison between Montpellier (France) and Rome (Italy)

Many countries have implemented laws and planning instruments to preserve farmland on the urban fringe. This paper aims at a better understanding of the governance changes in peri-urban farmland protection following decentralisation processes in France and Italy. We compare the implementation of farmland protection instruments in the two city regions of Montpellier and Rome. From a governance perspective, we highlight the practical issues of effectiveness and social acceptability arising from power devolution, different forms of governance, and the potential conflicts when planning control shifts to lower-than-regional bodies.Our analysis is based on qualitative methods. Primary data were collected through document analysis, participant observation and in-depth interviews aimed at understanding local stakeholders’ practices and points of view on access to farmland, housing and building rights.We find that around Rome and Montpellier, decentralisation has produced multiple decision-making authorities and increased the complexity of procedures. Despite more regulatory constraints in agricultural areas, farmland conversion has persisted. However, decentralisation processes have also changed ways of governing and favoured local alternative initiatives for farmland protection and farming development on the urban fringe. New modes of governance involve public local authorities, farmers’ representative bodies (Montpellier) and civil society organisations (Rome). In both cities, they have a positive but limited impact on the effectiveness of farmland protection instruments. Their social acceptability varies, depending on who is really included in the participation process.